Doxorubicin is one of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of various cancers. Despite its high efficacy, it is associated with serious side effects, including toxicity to the reproductive system. The main mechanism of these damages is attributed to increased oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant capacity, tissue destruction, and disruption of reproductive processes, including spermatogenesis in males. On the other hand, the use of plant compounds with antioxidant properties can be considered as an effective strategy to reduce these side effects. Echinacea purpurea is a medicinal plant rich in polysaccharides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, and its protective role against oxidative stress has been reported in numerous studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Echinacea purpurea on doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in NMRI male mice. In this experimental study, 28 male mice with an average weight of 25 to 30 grams were randomly divided into four groups of seven: the control group that received saline, the Echinacea extract group (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally every other day), the doxorubicin group (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally once a week for four weeks), and the combination group that simultaneously received doxorubicin and Echinacea extract by the above methods. After 28 days, the animals were anesthetized and blood and tissue sampling was performed. The indicators studied included testosterone levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, spermatogenesis parameters, and testicular histological changes. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. The results of this study showed that the use of doxorubicin significantly reduced the percentage of sperm with progressive movement and viability, decreased the level of testosterone hormone and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and increased the percentage of non-motile and non-progressive movement sperm, as well as increased the level of malondialdehyde in the serum of mice (p?0.05). The use of Echinacea extract alone improved the parameters of sperm motility and viability, increased testosterone levels, increased SOD activity and decreased MDA (p?0.05). In the group receiving Echinacea extract and doxorubicin simultaneously, the negative effects of doxorubicin on sperm motility and viability and oxidative stress indices were slightly modified, so that the percentage of live and non-motile sperm and MDA levels improved compared to the doxorubicin group, although the increase in SOD activity was not significant. Histological examination of the testes showed that doxorubicin caused structural damage, but concomitant administration of Echinacea extract was able to significantly modulate this damage, indicating the protective effect of Echinacea extract against doxorubicin toxicity on testicular tissue. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that Echinacea hydroalcoholic extract, with its antioxidant properties, is able to modulate part of the damage caused by doxorubicin on the male reproductive system and can be considered as a potential complementary option to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy.

      طب سنتي يكي از علوم تجربي است كه با ظهور و پيدايش علوم مدرن همچنان اهميت و جايگاه خود را مانند گذشته حفظ كرده است. طب سنتي كه در گذشته حاصل كسب تجارب در زمينه­ي استفاده از روش­هاي درماني مختلف بوده است امروزه به صورت آكادميك و سازمان يافته شده تدريس و مورد بهره برداري قرار مي­گيرد. طب سنتي بنابر تعريف ارائه شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهاني عبارت است از مجموعه­اي از مهارت­ها، دانش و روش­هاي مبتني بر تجربه كه به منظور پيشگيري، كاهش و درمان انواع بيماري­ها مورد استفاده قرار مي­گيرد. كتاب الصيدنه في الطب (داروشناسي در پزشكي) آخرين اثر ابوريحان بيروني است كه به صورت تنها نسخه­ي اصلاح نشده به زبان عربي به ما رسيده ‌است. اين اثر گرانبها منبعي در داروشناسي سده‌هاي ميانه­ي خاورزمين است كه در آن بيش از هزار دارو با منشا گياهي، حيواني و معدني با اشاره به نام‌هاي آن‌ها به بسياري از زبان‌ها و گويش‌ها توصيف شده‌ است. در صيدنه اثري از مدح و اهدا نامه معمول ديده نمي‌شود و از هدف‌هاي نوشتن آن نيز مستقيما سخني نرفته ‌است. بيروني با درك اهميت زياد اين مسئله، حدود ???? نام گياه، حيوان، ماده­ي معدني و فراورده‌هاي آن‌ها را به زبان‌هاي عربي، يوناني، سرياني، هندي، فارسي، خوارزمي، سغدي، تركي و جز اين‌ها گرد آورده و توضيح داده ‌است و بدين ترتيب گام جديدي در راه تنظيم و ترتيب اصطلاحات دارويي زمان خود برداشته ‌است. با توجه به اين كه تا كنون يك بررسي جامع در خصوص اين كتاب انجام نشده است اين پژوهش انجام شد و اميدواريم كه در آينده بتوانيم اطلاعات موجود در اين كتاب ارزشمند را استخراج و در صورت امكان به صورت يك پايگاه داده­ي مناسب درآوريم.    واژگان كليدي: طب سنتي، الصيدنه في الطب، پايگاه داده.       طب سنتي يكي از علوم تجربي است كه با ظهور و پيدايش علوم مدرن همچنان اهميت و جايگاه خود را مانند گذشته حفظ كرده است. طب سنتي كه در گذشته حاصل كسب تجارب در زمينه­ي استفاده از روش­هاي درماني مختلف بوده است امروزه به صورت آكادميك و سازمان يافته شده تدريس و مورد بهره برداري قرار مي­گيرد. طب سنتي بنابر تعريف ارائه شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهاني عبارت است از مجموعه­اي از مهارت­ها، دانش و روش­هاي مبتني بر تجربه كه به منظور پيشگيري، كاهش و درمان انواع بيماري­ها مورد استفاده قرار مي­گيرد. كتاب الصيدنه في الطب (داروشناسي در پزشكي) آخرين اثر ابوريحان بيروني است كه به صورت تنها نسخه­ي اصلاح نشده به زبان عربي به ما رسيده ‌است. اين اثر گرانبها منبعي در داروشناسي سده‌هاي ميانه­ي خاورزمين است كه در آن بيش از هزار دارو با منشا گياهي، حيواني و معدني با اشاره به نام‌هاي آن‌ها به بسياري از زبان‌ها و گويش‌ها توصيف شده‌ است. در صيدنه اثري از مدح و اهدا نامه معمول ديده نمي‌شود و از هدف‌هاي نوشتن آن نيز مستقيما سخني نرفته ‌است. بيروني با درك اهميت زياد اين مسئله، حدود ???? نام گياه، حيوان، ماده­ي معدني و فراورده‌هاي آن‌ها را به زبان‌هاي عربي، يوناني، سرياني، هندي، فارسي، خوارزمي، سغدي، تركي و جز اين‌ها گرد آورده و توضيح داده ‌است و بدين ترتيب گام جديدي در راه تنظيم و ترتيب اصطلاحات دارويي زمان خود برداشته ‌است. با توجه به اين كه تا كنون يك بررسي جامع در خصوص اين كتاب انجام نشده است اين پژوهش انجام شد و اميدواريم كه در آينده بتوانيم اطلاعات موجود در اين كتاب ارزشمند را استخراج و در صورت امكان به صورت يك پايگاه داده­ي مناسب درآوريم.    واژگان كليدي: طب سنتي، الصيدنه في الطب، پايگاه داده.   

   Natural products, including herbal formulas and extracts, have been used to treat human diseases for thousands of years, serving as valuable resources for treating diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of eugenol and ascorbic acid on the expression of genes involved in the regulation and tra  ort of glucose in diabetic rats treated with alloxan. To carry out this study, first after preparing the rats, keeping them and adapting them to the environmental conditions, the target groups were made diabetic by injecting 180 mg/kg body weight of the chemical substance alloxan and after making sure that they had diabetes; treatment with gavage of 10 mg/kg of body weight of eugenol and injection of 100 mg/kg of body weight of ascorbic acid to the target groups continued for 45 days. In the next step, the rats were anaesthetized, and after dissection, their liver and pancreas tissues were separated. After quick freezing with liquid nitrogen, they were placed in a -80 degree refrigerator. In the continuation of the work, RNA was isolated from all liver and pancreas tissues and cDNA synthesis was performed for all treatment and control samples. Then the expression of genes in pancreatic and liver tissue was checked using the Real-time PCR method. The results showed that the expression of Ins1/2, InsR, Glut2, and Pdx1 genes in the pancreatic tissue of treated rats increased significantly (P ? 0.05) compared to the diabetic control group, and the expression of Tnf? gene in the pancreatic tissue compared to the control group Diabetic showed a significant decrease in expression. In addition, in the liver tissue of the treated group, the expression of Glut1 and Glut2 genes significantly decreased compared to the diabetic and non-diabetic control groups, the expression of Tnf? gene compared to the diabetic control group without significant change, and increased compared to the non-diabetic control group, the expression of InsR gene showed no significant change compared to the diabetic control group and a significant decrease compared to the non-diabetic control group. Therefore, investigating the simultaneous effect of eugenol and ascorbic acid on the expression of genes involved in the regulation and tra  ort of glucose in diabetic rats showed that these natural products have an effect on blood sugar levels and also the antidiabetic capacity of the samples Treated with these products compared to tissue samples of diabetic control, they showed a significant increase in expression and a decrease in expression compared to non-diabetic control. Keywords: eugenol, ascorbic acid, rats, diabetes, glucose tra  ort

Abstract    Today, infertility is considered one of the most important problems in men, in such a way that clinical and epidemiological evidence has confirmed the increase in infertility in men. Several factors such as ionizing rays, magnetic fields, smoking, and some drugs lead to an increase in infertility in men. On the other hand, due to the effectiveness of some herbal medicines and chemical compounds in increasing male fertility, extensive research has been done to discover biologically active substances that can overcome the problem of male infertility. Also, due to the wide applications of stem cells, especially spermatogonial sperm cells (SSCs), and the use of natural substances, it has provided new hope for the treatment of many human diseases, especially infertility and maintaining fertility in men. vitamin C, due to the glutathione enzyme dependent on dehydroascorbic acid reductase, keeps the amount of vitamin C in the testicular tissue at a high level, in increasing the activity of sperm movement, increasing the quality Semen and fertility of rats play an important role, also Eugenol is a phenolic compound derived from clove extract, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects, Few studies have been done on the effect of these two compounds on SSCs. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim of studying the effect of vitamin C and eugenol treatment on fertility and the expression of genes involved in self-renewal (Plzf, Sox2) and differentiation (Dazl) of spermatogenic stem cells in rats. For this purpose, after treating the animals, their testicular tissue was separated. The expression patterns of different molecular markers in the testis were investigated using RT-PCR methods and histomorphological analyses of the testis tissue and the counting of its spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids.The results of this study showed an increase in the number of spermatogonial, spermatocytes, and spermatids cells in testicular tissue. In addition, it was found that the genes involved in self-renewal (Plzf, Sox2) and differentiation (Dazl) are expressed at the transcript level. Also, this study indicated that the use of eugenol alone had a greater effect than its treatment with other compounds, in addition, it was determined that vitamin C in the body according to the environmental conditions of the cell and the presence of free transition metals such as copper and iron. In addition to its antioxidant properties, it can also have a pro-oxidant effect.Overal, this study has presented a new perspective on the effect of natural substances and antioxidants on the expression pattern of molecular markers in SSCs and the increase in the number of sperm progenitor cells in rat testicular tissue.  Keywords: Treatment, Vitamin C, Eugenol, Self-renewality, Differentiation, Spermatogonial stem cells, Rat, Fertility  

Over the past three decades, the increase in the number of people with diabetes has made it one of the most important challenges to all nations. The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly following lifestyle changes. Type2 diabetes mellitus is a complex multifactorial disease characterized by the interaction between multiple genetic loci and various environmental factors. Differences in the risk of developing type2 diabetes between different ethnic groups indicate the influence of genetic predisposition to developing it. The OPRM1 gene encodes the mu-opioid receptor, which is the major target for both endogenous and exogenous opioids in the pain relief process. Several studies examining the association between type2 diabetes and the 6q24-q27 region have suggested a role for the OPRM1 gene, based on its chromosomal location, in the risk of developing the disease. Another research suggests that the mu-opioid receptor may modulate genes involved in glucose metabolism, leading to lower plasma glucose levels. The most common single nucleotide polymorphism (  ) in the coding region of the human OPRM1 gene is the A118G variant, which results from the replacement of adenine with a guanine. This variant has been reported to alter both endogenous ligand (?-endorphin) binding and receptor signalling following this binding. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of A118G polymorphism in the OPRM1 gene with type2 diabetes mellitus because according to the above, the study of the gene polymorphisms can provide a new strategy for the prognosis of the disease and improvement of treatment strategies. In this study, 207 diabetic and 201 non-diabetic individuals (as controls) were selected and blood samples were taken from these individuals. Blood samples were used to extract DNA. The extracted DNA was used for PCR reaction to analyze for polymorphism using primers pre-designed by Primer1 online software, and then the PCR product was used for sequencing studies. Finally, the results of sequencing were analyzed to examine the presence of the    in different individuals. Sequencing results showed the presence of the corresponding polymorphism in the diabetic samples, while it was not found in control samples. Therefore, given the role of the OPRM1 gene in glucose metabolism, the presence of this polymorphism may be related to the risk of developing type2 diabetes; However, definitive results require further research.   

  Human serum albumin nanoparticles as an effective exemestane drug delivery system to treat breast cancer: preparation and analysis

   خانواده سوسماران مانيتور يا   Varanidae يكي از نه خانواده سوسمار­هاي ايران است كه تنها داراي يك جنس (مونوفايلتيك) است اما حدود   73گونه در اين جنس قرار دارد. مانيتور­ها يا بزمچه­ها بزرگترين سوسماران جهان از لحاظ جثه هستند بزمچه­ها داراي بدن كشيده، پوزه بلند، كشيده و دوكي شكل هستند و دم در آنها بلند و حدود 5/1 برابر طول بدن است، زبان بلند و دو شاخه و چشم­ها با پلك متحرك و مردمكي گرد است، بزمچه­ها روز گرد و شكارچي بوده و آرواره بسيار نيرومندي دارند از جنس وارانوس گونه­هاي الف) بزمچه بنگال (1802، Daudin) Varanus Bengalensis ب) بزمچه بياباني (1803، Daudin) Varanus griseus ج) بزمچه نسترو Varanus nesterovi )(B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015)   در ايران مشاهده شده است. مطالعه روي جمجمه سوسماران بر روي مسائل مربوط به اختلافات بين جمجمه در موجودات متنوع و منشاء آنها و علت اين اختلافات، تمركز كرده است. در ايران مطالعه جامعي در مورد اسكلت كامل سوسماران صورت نگرفته، و اين در حالي است كه اسكلت تاثير بسزايي در زندگي، حركت، شكار، تغذيه و ... دارد و محيط نيز تاثير مستقيم بر اسكلت جاندار مي گذارد. در اين مطالعه به بررسي اسكلت ( Varanus griseus (Daudin, 1803 و B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015 Varanus nesterovi مي­پردازيم. در اين پروژه براي بررسي اسكلت، از دو روش استفاده شده است. ?. خارج كردن اجزاء اسكلتي و عكسبرداري از آن­ها. ?. استفاده از روش CTscan. نتيجه استخراج 302 قطعه استخوان ازبدن سوسمار كه 28 قطعه متصل به هم جمجمه جانور را تشكيل مي­دهد. در مرحله بعد با استفاده از تصاوير اسكن استخوان­هاي خارج شده نامگذاري و اتصالات اسكلتي شناسايي شد. مقايسه اسكلت با گونه­هاي ديگر جنس وارانوس و خانواده­هاي ديگر سوسماران انجام شد و نتيجه وجود تفاوت اندك بين گونه­اي و اختلافات چشمگير بين خانواده­ها مي­باشد كه اين اختلاف­ها ناشي از عوامل متعدد مثل جدايي تكاملي، تفاوت در نوع محيط زيست، تغذيه و رفتار جانور است.

  Carbonic anhydrases (EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3? and proton. These enzymes have different distribution in different tissues and subcellular locations, and found in the archaea, eubacteria, animals and plants.These enzymes contributed in vital physiological processes associated with respiration and transfer CO2, secretion of electrolytes in tissues and lungs, pH adjustment, homeostasis, biosynthetic reactions (such as gluconeogenes and lipogenes) and calcification. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a 20px;">Considering all the above data, it can be concluded that binding of 1-(4-chloro-benzenesulfonyl)-4-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid to human carbonic anhydrase II caused changes   in the function as well as in the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein. Keywords: 1-(4-chloro-benzenesulfonyl)-4-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, Human Carbonic Anhydrase II, Inhibition, Thermodynamic Stability, Kinetic Stability, Fluorescence, Quenching

Serum Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood circulatory system. Its main duty determinant of plasma oncotic pressure. According to Crystal structure analysis of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) has revealed that it consist of a 585 amino acid residue and its orders three homologous domains (I–III) that each one divided into subdomains A and B. HSA has an extraordinary ligand-binding capacity, making a depot and carrier for many endogenous and exogenous ligands. As for capable HSA of binding to a wide variety of drugs. Thiazide-type diuretics are a first-line therapeutic for patients suffering from hypertension Hydrochlorothiazide is one of these that developed and introduced for more than 50 years. This study was designed to examine the interaction of Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) as a ligand with Human Serum Albumin (HSA) under physiological conditions .To this aim, we are using different biophysical techniques such as UV-vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD), FT-IR Spectroscopy and also fluorescence spectroscopic methods to investigate the binding HCTZ.The results of fluorescence titration revealed that the HCTZ strongly quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through a dynamic quenching mechanism. Binding constants ( ) and the number of binding sites were calculated by using Stern-Volmer equations. Subsequently, the values of   and   were also calculated, which revealed that the positive enthalpy and entropy values of the interaction of HCTZ and HSA indicate that the hydrophobic interactions played a major role in drug binding process. Computations of the protein surface hydrophobicity (PSH) index by using 1-anilinonaphtalene-8-sulfonate (ANS), also indicated an increased in PSH value upon drug binding. The binding site has been identified by using Warfarin and Ibuprofen as site marker. Also Molecular Docking results indicated HCTZ   is placed at subdomain IIA. The results of study far- and near-UV CD experiments showed some variations in the secondary and tertiary structures of protein upon ligation. Also the results of FTIR illustratived that the drug interacted with HSA and induced a partial compactness in the secondary structure of protein. The results identified by the FTIR are in good agreement with CD spectra.