Reptiles are a group of vertebrates that have evolved the ability to reproduce on land. They comprise four orders: Squamata, Testudines (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles), and Rhynchocephalia (tuataras). Squamates are divided into two suborders: Serpentes (snakes) and Lacertilia (lizards). Lizards are among the most successful vertebrates, inhabiting all parts of the world except polar regions. Iran is a country with high faunal diversity, yet many of its habitats remain unexplored. The Uraman?t region, located in western Iran along the Zagros mountain range, is characterized by its complex topography, climatic diversity, and a variety of habitats ranging from deep valleys to rocky terrains and oak forests. These conditions provide suitable ecological niches for reptiles. In this study, a total of 11 lizard species were identified and reported: Paralaudakia caucasia, Laudakia nupta, Trapelus ruderatus, Mediodactylus heterocercus, Cyrtopodion scabrum, Apathya cappadocica, Lacerta media, Timon kurdistanicus, Ophisops elegans, Ablepharus bivittatus, and Eumeces schneiderii princeps.  

In recent years, environmental pollution with heavy metals and toxic metalloids, including arsenic (As), has become a global challenge for food security and ecosystem health. Arsenic, which enters the environment through natural sources and human activities such as mining and the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, disrupts physiological and biochemical processes in plants. This leads to reduced growth, impaired photosynthesis, oxidative stress, and ultimately decreased agricultural productivity. Thiourea, as an organic sulfur compound, can help mitigate arsenic stress in plants. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is recognized as a suitable method for nanoparticle production due to its non-toxic nature and simplicity. Accordingly, this study investigated the protective effects of thiourea nanoparticles against arsenic stress in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). In this research, thiourea nanoparticles were first synthesized via a hydrothermal method using pomegranate peel extract. Subsequently, under hydroponic conditions, plants were treated with different concentrations of sodium arsenate (0, 200, 400, and 600 µM) and thiourea nanoparticles (0, 200, and 400 mg/L). The results indicated that arsenic stress, particularly at 600 µM, significantly reduced growth parameters, decreased chlorophyll content, and led to considerable arsenic accumulation in plant tissues, especially in the roots. Additionally, markers of oxidative stress, including hydrogen peroxide production and alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities, were observed. However, the application of thiourea nanoparticles effectively improved growth indices, increased chlorophyll content by 34%, reduced hydrogen peroxide by 45%, and decreased arsenic accumulation in roots by 50%. Furthermore, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and peroxidase increased by 25%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that thiourea nanoparticles possess a significant ability to mitigate the toxic effects of arsenic through multiple mechanisms, including neutralization of reactive oxygen species, reduction of arsenic uptake and translocation in plants, activation of the antioxidant defense system, and enhancement of plant metabolism. This study clearly shows that thiourea nanoparticles can be used as a novel, effective, and environmentally friendly strategy for managing arsenic-contaminated soils and improving the growth of crops under stress conditions. The application of this technology not only has the potential to increase agricultural production in polluted areas but also represents a significant step towards achieving sustainable agriculture and maintaining environmental health. Given the high potential of rapeseed for phytoremediation and its economic importance, the use of thiourea nanoparticles could be a promising strategy to address the challenge of soil contamination with heavy metals.    Keywords: Thiourea Nanoparticles, Arsenic, Brassica napus, Heavy Metals, Nanotechnology, Sustainable Agriculture.   

  Doxorubicin is one of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of various cancers. Despite its high efficacy, it is associated with serious side effects, including toxicity to the reproductive system. The main mechanism of these damages is attributed to increased oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant capacity, tissue destruction, and disruption of reproductive processes, including spermatogenesis in males. On the other hand, the use of plant compounds with antioxidant properties can be considered as an effective strategy to reduce these side effects. Echinacea purpurea is a medicinal plant rich in polysaccharides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, and its protective role against oxidative stress has been reported in numerous studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Echinacea purpurea on doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in NMRI male mice. In this experimental study, 28 male mice with an average weight of 25 to 30 grams were randomly divided into four groups of seven: the control group that received saline, the Echinacea extract group (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally every other day), the doxorubicin group (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally once a week for four weeks), and the combination group that simultaneously received doxorubicin and Echinacea extract by the above methods. After 28 days, the animals were anesthetized and blood and tissue sampling was performed. The indicators studied included testosterone levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, spermatogenesis parameters, and testicular histological changes. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. The results of this study showed that the use of doxorubicin significantly reduced the percentage of sperm with progressive movement and viability, decreased the level of testosterone hormone and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and increased the percentage of non-motile and non-progressive movement sperm, as well as increased the level of malondialdehyde in the serum of mice (p?0.05). The use of Echinacea extract alone improved the parameters of sperm motility and viability, increased testosterone levels, increased SOD activity and decreased MDA (p?0.05). In the group receiving Echinacea extract and doxorubicin simultaneously, the negative effects of doxorubicin on sperm motility and viability and oxidative stress indices were slightly modified, so that the percentage of live and non-motile sperm and MDA levels improved compared to the doxorubicin group, although the increase in SOD activity was not significant. Histological examination of the testes showed that doxorubicin caused structural damage, but concomitant administration of Echinacea extract was able to significantly modulate this damage, indicating the protective effect of Echinacea extract against doxorubicin toxicity on testicular tissue. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that Echinacea hydroalcoholic extract, with its antioxidant properties, is able to modulate part of the damage caused by doxorubicin on the male reproductive system and can be considered as a potential complementary option to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Early complications, mortality, reduced life expectancy and financial costs of diabetes have made it a major public health condition. Increased blood sugar increases oxidative stress and, as a result, inflammation, activation of the polyol pathway and damage to various organs of the body, including the liver, which is the largest internal organ of the body. Therefore, liver disease is a common problem in these patients. Medicinal plants have numerous benefits, including their antioxidant properties, which are effective in reducing oxidative stress. In this study, 56 male rats will be used in eight groups of 7 to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of hawthorn and fassa on the treatment of diabetes, as well as its effect on liver tissue structure and blood parameters, with the following groups: control without receiving medication and treatment, diabetic control group receiving streptozotocin, and healthy group receiving hawthorn leaf extract at a dose of 80 mg/kg. Healthy group receiving 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract, diabetic group receiving 80 mg/kg of hawthorn extract, diabetic group receiving 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract, diabetic group receiving 80 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract and 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf, diabetic group receiving insulin. Diabetic groups will become diabetic by injecting 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin, while non-diabetic groups will receive the same volume of saline. And they were gavage for 4 weeks and the blood glucose of the mice was measured every week with a glucometer. After the end of 4 weeks, the mice were euthanized and their blood and tissue samples were taken for the necessary tests. Then, the data obtained from various measurements were analyzed using Graph pad prism software and one-way analysis of variance statistical test. The results showed that the combined consumption of hawthorn and bryonia extracts was able to significantly reduce blood glucose levels, which indicates the positive effect of the plant in controlling blood sugar. Although an increase in insulin levels was observed in the extract-receiving group, this increase was not statistically significant, indicating that the mechanism of blood sugar reduction may occur through pathways independent of the increase in insulin. Also, the combined extract had a positive effect on liver function, causing a significant decrease in the liver enzymes ALT and AST compared to the diabetic group, indicating the protective role of the extract on liver tissue and reducing damage caused by diabetes. Changes in the ALP enzyme were not statistically significant, but its decreasing trend may become important in longer studies. The hematocrit parameter also increased numerically in the treatment group, but this change was not significant. Malondialdehyde assays also showed that consumption of this extract was able to significantly reduce malondialdehyde levels, indicating the positive effect of the combined extract of hawthorn and Bryonia. However, these preliminary results could pave the way for further research in this field.  

Abstract Background and Objective:  Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a chronic metabolic disorder has devastating effects on male reproductive system. Considering the side effects of chemical drugs, the use of medicinal plants as complementary therapeutic approach has gained significant importance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hawthorn (Crataegus pontica) and bryony (Bryonia dioica) leaf extracts on type 1 diabetes treatment and its subsequent impacts on testicular histology and spermatogenesis process in male rats. Materials and Methods:  In this experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats weighing 230 ± 10 g were randomly divided into 8 groups of 7. Type 1 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). Treatment groups received hydroalcoholic plant extracts (60 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Study groups included: healthy control, untreated diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, hawthorn extract-treated diabetic, bryony extract-treated diabetic, combination extract-treated diabetic, and healthy extract-receiving groups. Metabolic indices (glucose, insulin), hormonal parameters (testosterone, estradiol), oxidative stress (MDA) and testicular histopathology were evaluated. Results: ·   Diabetes induction caused significant decrease in body weight (17.2%) and testicular weight (20.3%) (P < 0.05) ·   Blood glucose level in diabetic group reached 338.46 ± 11.67 mg/dL ·   Plasma MDA concentration increased 2.6-fold in diabetic group (0.0265 nmol/mg) ·   Serum testosterone level showed 63.8% significant decrease ·   Hawthorn extract treatment resulted in 72.3% improvement in testicular weight and 48.6% reduction in MDA level ·   Bryony extract caused 39.4% decrease in blood glucose and 54.2% improvement in spermatogonia cell count ·   Combination of extracts showed favorable synergistic effects on reproductive indices improvement Conclusion:  Hawthorn and bryony leaf extracts have significant protective effects against reproductive complications of type 1 diabetes. These effects are exerted through various mechanisms including oxidative stress reduction, hormonal profile improvement and testicular tissue structure regeneration. Using these extracts as complementary therapy alongside standard diabetes treatments is recommended. Keywords:  Type 1 diabetes, Hawthorn, Bryony, Testicular histology, Spermatogenesis, Oxidative stress, Rat   

This study examines antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in the Middle East up to 2024. The results indicate a concerning increase in resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics such as beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones, particularly third-generation cephalosporins, which are used to treat serious infections. Additionally, a high prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing strains was observed, highlighting the increasing complexity in treating infections. Genomic analyses conducted in this study revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance, showing that the transfer of resistance genes and plasmids plays a significant role in the spread of resistance. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains has limited treatment options and poses a serious threat to the effectiveness of new antibiotics. The findings of this research emphasize the necessity of implementing antimicrobial surveillance programs and infection control measures at the regional level to prevent further spread of resistance. Identifying patterns and key determinants of resistance in the Middle East contributes to a better understanding of the genetic dissemination of resistance and facilitates the development of targeted interventions. These results also pave the way for future research and public health initiatives aimed at addressing this critical global health challenge.   

   Wheat plant is the most important agricultural and edible crop in the world, which is cultivated on a wider scale compared to other crops due to its high nutritional value, ease of cultivation, possibility of long-term storage and adaptability to different weather conditions. Meanwhile, the production of this strategic plant is threatened due to various climatic threats, lack of water and increase in the heat of the earth. Based on this, finding solutions to reduce the effect of water shortage as the most important obstacle in achieving wheat production goals is of great importance. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of silicon nanoparticles on increasing the resistance of wheat plants to drought stress. The sample of the research included the Sauers variety of wheat (as a variety used in dry and wet areas). This research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with drought (irrigation regimes of 3, 6 and 9 days) and priming with nano silicon at levels (zero, 400 and 800 mg/liter) in three replications. The primed seeds were affected by different irrigation regimes after germination and reaching the 6-leaf stage. After 36 days, the samples were taken and some growth, physiological and nutritional parameters were measured in the samples. The results of this research showed that the highest proline in the stem is in the treatment of 800 ppm nano silicon and 3 days of irrigation. Regarding the fresh weight of the stem, the highest amount is related to the 9-day irrigation period and 0 ppm concentration of nanosilicon. The highest amount of chlorophyll a is related to the 400 ppm nanosilicon treatment and the 9-day irrigation period, as well as the 3-day irrigation period and 400 ppm nanosilicon concentration.

     Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women, influenced by various factors including growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. These factors can induce changes in cellular pathways, leading to increased growth and proliferation of cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules involved in gene regulation and cellular function. In breast cancer, alterations in miRNA expression can play a significant role in the initiation and progression of the disease. Their roles include regulating the expression of key genes, modulating cellular pathways, influencing treatment resistance, and affecting tumor size and composition. Investigating the role of miRNAs in cellular processes and their expression patterns can enhance our understanding of breast cancer and aid in the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Hypoxia, or oxygen deficiency, is a crucial feature of the tumor microenvironment that can impact tumor growth, progression, and response to treatment. Cobalt chloride II (CoCl2) serves as an artificial hypoxia model in cellular and cancer research. In this study, the effect of CoCl2-induced hypoxia on the expression of genes such as TSG6, IDO1, and TEX10, as well as their targeted miRNAs in breast cancer cells, was examined. Using bioinformatics tools such as Targetscan, miRDB, and miRBase, the binding sites, scoring, and overlap of hsa-miR-23a-3p, hsa-miR-6728-3p, and hsa-miR-576-3p were analyzed, identifying them as target miRNAs for TSG6, IDO1, and TEX10, respectively. In the experimental phase, MCF7 breast cancer cells were treated with CoCl2 at concentrations of 75, 150, and 200 ?M for 24 hours. Following treatment, RNA and miRNA were extracted, and cDNA was synthesized. Gene and miRNA expression changes were then assessed using Real-time PCR. Data analysis revealed that TSG6 expression increased at 75 and 150 ?M concentrations, with a significant increase observed only at 75 ?M compared to the control, suggesting that some gene responses may be concentration-dependent. The expression of miR-23a-3p, the target miRNA for TSG6, decreased at all concentrations, with a significant reduction observed only at 150 ?M. Additionally, hsa-miR-6728-3p and hsa-miR-576-3p also showed reduced expression at all concentrations, with significant decreases at 150 and 200 ?M for hsa-miR-6728-3p and at 150 ?M for hsa-miR-576-3p. It is worth noting that the genes targeted by these miRNAs, IDO1 and TEX10, were excluded due to unsatisfactory results and non-specific bands. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that CoCl2-induced hypoxia can have varied effects on gene and miRNA expression in breast cancer cells. These findings could contribute to a deeper understanding of cellular processes in breast cancer and aid in the development of more effective treatment approaches.   

This study aimed to analyze the pollen samples collected from the provinces of Ilam, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Hamedan in western Iran. The pollen samples were examined to identify their botanical origin and to investigate the chemical composition of the honey bee pollen.The pollen samples were initially sorted by color, and microscopic slides were prepared to examine their morphological characteristics using a light microscope. The results revealed that pollen grains with a yellow to creamy color spectrum were the most abundant and were considered the dominant pollen types. The Brassicaceae plant family was identified as the dominant botanical origin of pollen samples from Kermanshah and Ilam provinces. Additionally, the dominant pollen sources in the Kurdistan, Lorestan, and Hamedan provinces were found to be the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, and Dipsacaceae plant families.Based on the results, the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, and Caryophyllaceae plant families were identified as the most attractive for honey bees. The pollen samples collected from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces exhibited the highest (373.11 mg/g) and lowest (137.06 mg/g) levels of phenolic compounds, respectively. Similarly, the highest (7.70 mg/g) and lowest (2.45 mg/g) concentrations of flavonoids were found in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces, respectively. The highest protein content (16.63 mg/g) was observed in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan province.  

  lants are subjected to stresses during their life cycle, and drought is one of the most important of these stresses. Drought stress affects growth and development and metabolic activities. Silicon improves the tolerance of plants to drought stress by increasing water absorption through the roots and increasing nutrients and reducing the rate of tra  iration. Various types of silicon and nano silicon have been investigated and compared in improving the resistance of this plant to drought stress.The results obtained by silicon increases the tolerance of plants against various stresses, including drought stress. The use of silicon in the conditions of drought stress led to an increase in the fresh and dry weight of the stem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of silicon and silicon nanoparticles on some physiological and biochemical parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgare) of Sarroud cultivar under drought stress. Nanoparticles interact with plant cells and depending on the properties of nanoparticles, they cause many morphological and physiological changes in plants.Nanosilicon is an important metal oxide among different types of nanoparticles, which has characteristics such as reactivity and a high surface-to-volume ratio, easily penetrating the plant. Therefore, nanosilicon, due to its direct and indirect effect on plants, improves the plant's mineral nutrition, increases Plant resistance or detoxification against oxygen free radicals increases plant growth and development in drought stress conditions. According to the results of analysis of variance and comparison of averages, it was observed that drought stress reduced vegetative growth in each barley plant. By examining the wet weight of the upper part of the soil and roots, the effect of drought stress on the wet weight of the upper part of the soil and roots was significant, but no significant difference was observed due to the effect of drought stress.With the passage of time, the barley plant shows a tendency to decrease in terms of wet weight in response to increasing levels of dry treatment, so application on the fourteenth day shows the lowest wet weight and the control day shows the highest wet weight. The measurement results regarding the dry weight of the upper part of the soil and the root show that the effect of drought stress on the dry weight of the root and the upper part of the soil is significantly different. In addition, the examination of changes in chlorophyll a and b proteins under drought stress conditions showed that the effect of drought stress on these characteristics is significant and causes a decrease in protein and chlorophyll in barley plants.

  Qasr Shirin city, due to its hot and dry weather conditions, has its own ecological situation, it is under the influence of three regions of plant geography of Iran - Turan, Sahara-Arabian and Mediterranean. According to the above point, specific taxa have adapted to these conditions in this area. Also, the winds that enter this region from the direction of Iraq affect the atmosphere of this region. The purpose of this investigation was to study allergenic pollens and particles floating in the air. In the above area, the pollens in the air were checked by the Durham method, and the greatest variety of pollens was related to the plants of the families of Amaranthaceae and Asteraceae as well as the pollens of cultivated and decorative plants such as pine. They had a scattered area. In addition, particles of biological origin, including light pieces of various plant parts, such as hairs and pieces of skin tissue, leaves and flowers, seeds and small winged fruits, and pieces or spores of mushrooms. , bacteria and viruses were observed on the surface of the slide. 50 samples of the important plants of the region were collected and then transferred to the herbarium of Razi University and identified, and the " Acetolysis - Erdtman" method was used to examine the pollen with the help of a light microscope (LM). These studies included the size of the polar and equatorial axis, shape, valve condition and surface decorations of the pollen grains and showed that the studied pollen grains were small, medium, large and very large in terms of size, for example, the largest seed Pollen is a type of Scabiosa sp. from the family of Dipsacaceae and the smallest is related to some Boraginaceae plants. These pollens, in terms of apertures (colpus and pore), included: Monoporate, Triporate, Pantoporate, Pantoporate, Colpate, Colporate (Zonocolpate and Pantocolpate). Also, in terms of surface decorations, using an optical microscope, in the form of: Striate, Striate- Granulate, Microechinate, Microechinate-Perforate, Macroechinate, Macroechinate-Perforate, Psilate, Psilate-Vrrucate and Rticulate were observed. Key words: Atmosphere, allergenic pollens, acetolysis method, Dorham method, Kermanshah

  Reproduction is one of the most importante events in an organism lifetime in which the survival and the transfer of genetic pool depend on it. The succsessful maturation of the oocyte is the beging point of this complex process that includes nucleus and cytoplasm maturation. In vitro maturation is an artificial process and aimes to start the oocyte internal mechanisms for completion of maturation in vitro. The essentials for starting, continuing and the completion of oocyte maturation is the availability of energy. This energy is provided by mitochondria and also calcium homeostasis that plays an important role in maturation is controlled by mitochondria as well, but during in vitro culture the gathering of oxidative stress becomes an obsticle for maturation and reduces the oocyte maturation rate. Empagliflozin is an antidiabatic drug with antioxidant properties that through different ways such as improving the energy metabolism, activating the AMPK signaling pathway which is an important signaling pathway in starting the oocyte maturation process, preventing damage to mitochondria, improving calcim homeostasis and providing energy, aides oocyte maturation in vitro. In this research we separated the NMRI 6-8 weeks mice with 27 gage syringe and put the oocytes in 25 microlitter MEM alpha media culture with 50 nanomole, 100 nanomole, 10 micromole and 1 micromole of Empagliflozin doses and incubated them for 24 and 48 houre in an 37 degree, 5% CO2 incubator. After 24 and 48 houre of incubation, we investigated the oocytes under an inver microscope. In order to investigate the results we used Chi-square test. The percentage of maturation in controle group, 50 nanomole, 100 nanomole, 10 micromole and 1 mictomole after 24 houre were 26/70, 38/54, 27/33, 31/34 and 29/05 respectively, and 50 nanomole had meaningful difference in comparison to controle group (P?0.05). After 48 h of incubation the results were 44/50, 59/37, 48/66, 46/26 and 37/16 respectively which 50 nanomole had meaningful difference in comparison to controle group (P?0.05). Our findings in this research show that Empagliflozin is an effective element in oocyte in vitro maturation and it could affect oocytes in order to achive MII phase dose depending, and it could be used as a suppliment in oocyte culture media. Key words: in vitro maturation, empagliflozin, oocyte, mouce

   In the tumor microenvironment, differences in cancer cells' access to nutrients and oxygen modify cellular metabolism. Hypoxic cancer cells turn to glycolytic metabolism to survive and proliferate, producing large amounts of lactate that must be tra  orted out of the cell. During a metabolic symbiosis, oxidative cancer cells import the excess lactate and use it as a preferred fuel instead of glucose. Lactate tra  ort is facilitated by monocarboxylate membrane tra  orters (MCTs) belonging to the solute carrier gene family-16, which is a proton-dependent process and plays a role in intracellular pH regulation. The export of lactate from the cell is mainly facilitated by MCT4, while MCT1 mediates its intracellular uptake. Overexpression of these tra  orters has been shown to be associated with a variety of malignancies, including breast, gastric, lymphoma, brain, lung, skin, and soft tissue cancers, and targeting them could be a potential treatment for some types of cancer. In this study, we used various virtual screening techniques including pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to identify effective and potential drug candidates against human MCT1. The atomic coordinates of the protein in outward-open conformation were downloaded from the protein data bank with the code 6LYY, and a library of chemical compounds including 12 million molecules purchasable from the ZINC database and 4683 FDA-approved drugs was created. After performing the preparation steps, molecular docking calculations were performed based on a consensus approach using AutoDock Vina, Molegro, and DOCK programs. Ligands with high binding energy were analyzed in successive steps, and their interaction with key residues of the protein active site was investigated. Finally, seven ligands that showed promising results were selected for the molecular dynamics simulation study. For each protein-ligand complex in the membrane bilayer, calculations of protein backbone RMSD, ligand RMSD, RMSF, and interaction analyses were performed. The results showed that Olmesartan, an angiotensin II receptor inhibitor, can have an inhibitory effect on human MCT1 with a strong and stable binding and pave the way to inhibit this tra  orter. Since this study is based solely on computational tools, further evaluation in experimental conditions is necessary to confirm its effectiveness.

  Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that may be detected in water and plants. Wheat, as a food consumed by 60% of the world's population, may absorb a large amount of cadmium through its roots and transfer cadmium to the branches and seeds, thus causing risks to human health. Biochar is known to protect plants against water salinity and heavy metal stress. Biochar can be an effective amendment that can immobilize heavy metals in water, reduce metal uptake by plants and increase crop yield. However, there are only limited studies on the application of biochar in this field. Uncertainty remains in the results because these studies have a wide range of biochar properties, environmental conditions, and study design parameters. To investigate the effectiveness of biochar under field conditions, this study reviewed 34 biochar field trials published before June 30, 2020. Cd mobility was analyzed in depth because most of the available data were on cadmium contamination. The results showed that in all studies, the addition of biochar to water led to an average decrease of 33 and 28% in the exchangeable fraction of cadmium in water and cadmium enrichment of plant tissues. Product yield increased by an average of 21%. The efficiency of biochar varies depending on water characteristics, biochar characteristics such as raw materials, biochar dosage and weather factors such as precipitation. It was found that rice straw or hardwood-derived biochar may be the best for Cd stabilization in water. Increasing the pH and OC of water due to the addition of biochar significantly reduced the mobility of cadmium in water. In the aerial part, including the stem, the water was contaminated with cadmium. Finally, in wheat that is irrigated with water containing cadmium, the accumulation of cadmium was higher than the control and its accumulation was higher in the root.Key words: biochar - cadmium - Sardari wheat - heavy metals - water

   ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of chemical and medicinal herbs is one of the methods used today in the control of pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of root juice, hydroalcoholic extract and red radish seed oil by formalin test in male mice. methods: This study was performed on 42 mice weighing 25 to 30 g NMRI, which were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6, including control group, morphine group 10 mg / kg, radish seed oil group by rubbing, group Radish root water 30 ml / kg, and groups receiving hydroalcoholic extract of radish seeds were divided into doses (400, 200, 100 mg / kg). In this study, the effect of intraperitoneal injection of radish root juice and hydroalcoholic extract of radish seeds in the desired doses and also the effect of radish seed oil by rubbing, reducing pain using formalin test (20 ?l formalin 2.5%) for 1 hour One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used to evaluate the results and all values ??with P less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: In this study, it was found that all experimental groups were significantly different in both acute and chronic phases compared to the control group (p <0.001). But compared to the morphine group, they showed less analgesic effects and Only the groups receiving radish root juice and the dose of 400 radish seed extracts in the acute phase were not significantly different from the morphine group. Also, the lowest and highest analgesic effects among the experimental groups were rubbing oil group and dose of 400 hydroalcoholic extracts of radish seeds, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study, which was performed by formalin test, showed that root juice, hydroalcoholic extract and red radish seed oil in both acute and chronic phases probably have analgesic effects through central and peripheral mechanisms. Keyword : Radish seed extract, radish seed oil, formalin test, rat, pain

Lizards belong to the order Squamuta and sub-order Sauria and include the largest number of reptiles. According to the studies of Iranian plateau researchers, with 9 families and more than 148 species, it has one of the richest and most diverse collections of the lizard family in the world. . Due to its geographical conditions such as the existence of many mountains and plains, numerous rivers and temperate climate, Kurdistan province has a high diversity of animals, including a large variety of lizards. So far, little research has been done in this province on the various families of lizards. In the present study, based on desert work from September 2016 to December 2016, a number of lizards related to the family, which is one of the most diverse and abundant families of lizards in Iran with more than 15 species, from 9 stations in the cities of Kurdistan province. In particular, the city of Kamyaran was collected and in the present study, three species of the Cinedidae family including: Ablepharus pannonicus, Mabuya aurata transcaucasia, Eumeces schneiderii zarudnyi were identified in this province.  

Abstract    The glycemic index describes the change in blood glucose levels after eating foods compared to a standard meal.There is a growing interest in low glycemic index products due to the prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Therefore, adding oak and oat products, which are rich in terms of secondary compounds, is recommended in to the food basket. Since bread is one of the main food sources in Iran and Due to the role of oak flour and oat on improving the glycemic index of bread and its effect on quality, The purpose of this study was to investigate the glycemic index and physicochemical properties of oak and oat bread. In this way, to determine the GI, 13 healthy and 7 diabetics person -individual consumed on separate occasions in separate case six bread types (bread containing 70% wheat flour and 30% oak flour, bread containing 80% wheat flour and 20% oak flour, bread containing 90% wheat flour and 10% oak flour, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 15% oak flour and 5% oat flour, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 10% oak flour and 10% oat flour and, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 5% oak flour and 15% oat flour ) and reference food (white bread) containing 50 g of carbohydrates.   The blood samples were collected Finger-prick fingertip at fasting (0 min) and at 60 and 120 min after meal consumption. In this study, types of breads were evaluated on the basis of physico-chemical properties.    There were significant differences in the Glycemic Index between the White bread by and bread types( bread containing 70% wheat flour and 30% oak flour: 89.51±5.264, bread containing 80% wheat flour and 20% oak flour:89.40±2.585, bread containing 90% wheat flour and 10% oak flour: 93.53±5.006, bread containing 80% wheat flour,15% oak flour and 5% oat flour: 88.51±3.024, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 10% oak flour and 10% oat flour:88.83±4.858 and bread containing 80% wheat flour, 5% oak flour and 15% oat flour:91.27±3.966) in healthy individuals subjects but there was no significant difference in diabetic patients.    The Glycemic index of the types bread tested on diabetics are listed below is as follows: (bread containing 70% wheat flour and 30% oak flour:98.6±3.091, bread containing 80% wheat flour and 20% oak flour: 99.39±2.978, bread containing 90% wheat flour and 10% oak flour:100.2±2.690, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 15% oak flour and 5% oat flour:97.16±4.526, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 10% oak flour and 10% oat flour: 98.44±2.542 and bread containing 80% wheat flour, 5% oak flour and 15% oat flour 99.14±3.764). The use of Using large amounts of oak and oat flour may impair the quality of the product. such as insufficient rise in of volume, relatively firmer texture, poor aroma and flavor and rapid staling.    Key words: Glycemic Index, Oak bread, Oak flour, Oat, diabet.   

The importance of medicinal plants and recognizing their vital role in advancing national, regional and global goals for achievinghealth, medicinal self-sufficiency, job creation and economic development is not hidden from anyone. Many people believe thatmost herbal supplements have no side effects because of their naturalness or their side effects are very mild. Although plantproducts are expected to have fewer chemical side effects than chemical compounds, it is a mistake to believe that plant productshave no side effects. Due to the fact that oak is one of the plants that in addition to nutritional properties, has therapeuticproperties, in the present study, the effects of oak and its husk aqueous extract on the liver function and lipid profile pattern inmale balb/c mice were investigated.In this regard, 19 male balb/c mice weighing approximately 12 - 00 g were prepared and kept in the animal room at 112C–122Cunder a 91-h light/dark cycle with food and water provided ad libitum. These animals were divided into 90 groups (n=2) asfollows: The first group: control group, had no treatment, the second group: was treated with a diet containing 931 oak; The thirdgroup: was treated with a diet containing 131 oak; The fourth group: was treated with a diet containing 031 oak; The fifthgroup:was treated with a diet containing 03 mg/l oak husks aqueous extract; The sixth group: was treated with a diet containing03 mg/l oak husks aqueous extract; The seventh group: positive control, was treated with intraperitoneal injection of Triton WR-9001; The eighth group: was treated with intraperitoneal injection of Triton and treated with a diet containing 931 oak; The ninthgroup:was treated with intraperitoneal injection of Triton and treated with a diet containing 131 oak; The tenth group:was treatedwith intraperitoneal injection of Triton and treated with a diet containing 031 oak; The eleventh group: was treated withintraperitoneal injection of Triton and treated with diet containing 03 mg/l oak husks aqueous extract; , The twelfth group: wastreated with intraperitoneal injection of Triton and treated with diet containing 03 mg/l oak husks aqueous extract; The thirteenthgroup: was treated with intraperitoneal injection of Triton and 02 mg/kg fenofibrate.The treatment period with oak or oak husks aqueous extract or fenofibrate was 22 days. At the end of the treatments, the bloodsamples were prepared from the animals with cardiac puncture and serum was examined for biochemical analysis of liverenzymes and lipid profile.Then, the data obtained from the measurement of various parameters were analyzed by using GraphPad prism software and oneway analysis of variance and Tukey’s test.The results of this study showed that the amount of liver enzymes in the groups treated with oak and its husk aqueous extract hada significant increase compared to the control group. While in the groups under intraperitoneal injection of Triton and treated withoak and husk aqueous extract, the amount of liver enzymes was significantly reduced compared to the positive control group. Alsoaccording to the dose and concentration used in the groups, lipid profiles showed a significant decrease compared to the positivecontrol group in groups under injection with Triton and treated with oak and husk aqueous extract. The results of this study showthat the aqueous extract of oak husks can play a protective role in hyperlipidemic individuals according to the dose used andreduce liver enzymes and blood lipid profile, especially in the presence of hyperlipidemic agents, while in Normal people has littleeffect and can even have the adverse effects.Keywords:Oak, Oak husks aqueous extract, Fenofibrate, Balb / c mice, Triton WR-9001, Hyperlipidemia, Liver enzymes

   Lizards belong to the order Squamata and suborder Sauria. They make up the majority of reptiles. so far, according to researchers, 33 genera and about 147 species of lizards have been identified in Iran. Sampling has been done in Divandere region and from the villages of Aliabad, Ebrahimabad, Kalkan, Sharifabad and the mountains around Siah Zagh dam. Done. Divandere city is the center of Divandere city in Kurdistan province in western Iran. The city is surrounded on one side by the Hawazu Mountains and on the other by the Bijar Gross and Tilko areas. Divandere is a city with a mountainous climate in terms of geographical location and climate, which has cold winters and mild and mild summers and rainy springs. Large samples were first fixed by injecting 10% formalin in various parts of the body and then stored in 10% formalin. Some large specimens and all small specimens have been fixed by injecting 96% alcohol into all parts of the body. And then kept in 96% alcohol. In this study, a total of 2 families, 3 genera and 3 species of lizards were collected and identified from the study areas. Among the family Agamidae, two genera of Laudakia and Trapelus were identified. The species of Laudakia, L. caucasia and the species of Trapelus, T. lessonae were identified and collected. Genus Laudakia, of this genus, L. caucasia was identified in Divandere region and Aliabad, Ebrahimabad and Yapal villages. The genus Trapelus, of which only T.lessonae was collected and studied. The family Lacertidae was collected from this family of the genus Ophisops and the species O.elegans. The genus Ophisops, of this genus of lizards, there is only one species and has a very specific trait compared to other lizards of the family Lacertidae. Because this genus is the only genus in this family that does not have eyelids.

   Abstract Apple syrup or cider varies by type of apple juice and its degree of sweetness and alcohol content by 1.2-1.7% and can be considered as a fermented apple drink. Cider is an excellent fermented, tasty and healthy fermented product that can be a good substitute for harmful carbonated beverages that have been enjoyed in the Iranian table. The important thing about this probiotic drink is that it has all the unique properties of apples, plus the factors that are added during fermentation (such as oligofructants, malic acid, etc.) that make this product completely healthy and unique. Despite Iran being one of the largest apple growers in Asia and annually destroying large quantities of apples grown in orchards, especially in the city of Urmia, Cider has no production or consumption in Iran. The cider production process generally consists of three stages: crushing the apple and extracting the water and ultimately the most important stage being fermentation. Fermentation involves classical alcoholic fermentation of sugars into ethanol by yeast strains and malolactic fermentation by lactic acid bacteria in the ripening phase. In this study, apples were harvested from standard farms and gardens around Boroujerd early in the autumn and then washed and transferred to the laboratory, shredded carefully, free of tails and nuclei, and the chopped pieces are poured into the fermentation vat and the fermentation process is managed according to the study design. It is worth noting that during this process, some alcohol is also produced, which is noticeable. In this study, six apple samples in orchards around Boroujerd were studied and their constituents were identified and measured. Mean percentages of fiber, fat, ash, protein and moisture content in apple samples were as follows: ? 0.1, 0.17, 0.30, 0.21, and 94.79 (g /100), respectively. Another objective of this project is to investigate the presence or absence of probiotic bacteria, especially lactobacilli in this fermented beverage, which results after testing and cell culture on MRS-agar medium. There was no probiotic bacteria, especially lactobacilli, in this drink. Another goal we have in this project is the problem of the solvency of this drink, namely the amount of alcohol produced during the fermentation process should not be more than 2.5 to 3% to make sure we provide a healthy and solvent drink. And it can be used by everyone in the community. Accordingly, the percentage of alcohol in samples A2 (13.5), A3 (zero), A4 (zero), A7 (1.6), A8 (zero) and A10 (1.8) obtained. Another parameter to consider in this project is the organoleptic evaluation of this fermented beverage. According to a survey of 14 people, the taste of the beverage was acceptable and tasty.

  Chromium, as an unnecessary and toxic element in high concentrations, causes stress in plants and thus affects physiological and biochemical processes. The use of organic acids externally in stressful plants can increase growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of chromium and organic acids malic and citric on the physiological and biochemical properties of hyperaccumulator plant, Isatis cappadocica. For this purpose, an experiment was designed in the form of a randomized factorial design with zero, 50, 150 and 450 ?M chromium concentrations and 250 ?M concentrations of malic and citric organic acids in hydroponic culture conditions. After the treatment period, samples were taken and growth parameters, plant pigment content, hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant enzymes, total protein, proline as well as the concentration of chromium, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were measured in them. The results showed that increasing chromium treatment levels reduced growth parameters, photosynthetic pigmentation and also decreased uptake of potassium, calcium and phosphorus elements in the plant, but the content of hydrogen peroxide, soluble protein, proline, antioxidant enzyme activity and chromium uptake. And sodium increased under the influence of increased chromium concentration in the culture medium. On the other hand, malic and citric organic acids, by having a positive effect on the growth and absorption of plant elements, as well as increasing the antioxidant defense of the plant, increased the plant's resistance to stress caused by chromium toxicity in Isatis cappadocica. The most important effects of malic acid against chromium are increased root weight (150 micromolar chromium treatment) and 85% chromium peroxidase enzyme activity (50 micromolar treatment), reduced air chromium concentration (150 micromolar treatment). Chromium (53%), decreased sodium concentration in most treatments, 2-fold increase in root potassium concentration (150 micromolar chromium treatment), decreased calcium concentration as well as increased aerial phosphorus concentration (150 ?M chromium treatment) and plant root (50 ?M chromium treatment) 5 and 5.3 times, respectively, compared to the absence of malic acid. Citric acid, in contrast to chromium, increases the activity of glutathione S-transferase root (50 and 150 ?M chromium treatments) by 97 and 67%, reduces the concentration of heavy metal chromium in the aerial part of the plant (50 ?m chromolar treatment) by 50%, 2-fold increase in the concentration of sodium in the aerial part, 50% increase in the concentration of root potassium (treatment of 150 micrograms of chromium), 61% decrease in the concentration of calcium in the roots (treatment of 50 micrograms of chromium), increase in the concentration of phosphorus in the aerial part (treatment of 150 micrograms) (50 micromolar chromium), respectively, 5 and 4.8 times the absence of citric acid, respectively. In addition, the highest incremental effect of malic and citric organic acids on the parameters measured in the absence of chromium was observed on the concentration of root phosphorus and 13 and 18 times the control, respectively. Therefore, it seems that malic and citric organic acids, by influencing the growth and resistance parameters of Isatis cappadocica plant, played a key role in reducing the stress effects caused by 50 and 150 ?M chromium concentrations.

  Carbonic anhydrases are well known zinc metalloenzymes involved in the catalysis of carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and proton. The physical and chemical properties of phenolic compounds make these molecules capable of interacting with a wide range of targets, such as the Carbonic anhydrases. In this study the inhibition of two human carbonic anhydrase isozymes II and IX, with a series of phenol derivatives was investigated by using the esterase assay, with p- nitrophenyl acetate as substrate. The IC50 values of quercetin (Q) and its sulfonamide derivative (QD) were 15.99 and 5.13, for carbonic anhydrase II, 54.45 and 28.52 for carbonic anhydrase IX, respectively. These ligands can quench the intrinsic fluorescence of CAII by dynamic quenching mechanism. As the conclusion, binding of these phenolic compounds to the active site of CAII is accompanied by a competitive inhibition of the enzyme. According to the results, these phenolic compounds were more potent inhibitors for CAII Compared to CIX.

Aegilops Tauschii, Hyper accumulation, copper

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   Arsenic as a semi metalloid and chemical pollution contaminate which absorbed by plants and entering the food chain. Therefore As poisoning events of the human being and livestock occur frequently. As has been shown to cause many morphological, physiological, biochemical and structural changes in growing plants. Meanwhile, some plant species can grow in arsenic contaminated soil and they are able to reduce arsenic toxicity by applying two mechanism including avoidance and tolerance. Nowadays, phytoremediation as a new and friendly environmental technique employs the use of plants to remediate contaminated soil. Previous studies showed that Isatis cappadocica is a arsenic hyperaccumulator plant. Seed of this hyperaccumulator species were collected frome arsenic contaminated area (zarshuran, West Azerbaijan, Iran). Accordingly, we conducted thise study to compare the interaction of arsenat, arsenite and silicon on some physiological and biochemical parameters of Isatis to better understanding the mechanisms applied for resistance of Isatis cappadocica. Therfore, the plants were grown for 6 weeks in a medium, embedded with combinations of 0, 5, 25, 125 & 625 ?M arsenat, 0, 5, 25, 125 & 625 ?M arsenit and 1 and 2 mM silicon respectively. The physiological and biochemical parameters and the arsenic and silicon concentration of harvested plants were measured. The results of arsenate and arsenite treatments on growth parameters showed that higher levels of both types of arsenic resulted in decreased growth parameters and the effect of this growth decline, especially on the biomass of the plant was observed. The decreasing of these parameters was significant for arsenite treatments, while for plants under arsenate treatments it was not significant at most levels, that indicates high resistance of I. cappadocica to arsenate. In general, the results of this study showed that in spite of high plant resistance to both types of arsenic in different treatments, 650 ?M treatment had a toxic effect on plant growth, which was more pronounced in arsenite treatments and caused the plant to die. The highest concentration of arsenic was obtained in plants treated with 625 ?M As. Increased levels of phosphate in the nutrient solution caused a significant reduction in arsenic concentration. Increasing arsenic concentration in the medium lead to increase of proteins, proline, hydrogen ­peroxide and the most antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, flavonoids and anthocyanins content. The increase of these parameters was significant for arsenite treatments. Increasing the concentration of arsenate and arsenite leads to a decrease in the absorption of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus by the plant, with the use of silicon, this reduction process is relatively improved. Furthermore the overall increase in arsenat, arsenite and silicon treatments lead to activation of antioxidant enzymes. High efficient antioxidant system and enhancement of compatible solutes are mechanisms which prevent oxidative damage and improve I. cappadocica against arsenic toxicity.    Keywords: Arsenate, Arsenite, Silicon, Isatis cappadocica, Hyperaccumulator      

آتروزاسكلروزكه ناشي از رسوب ليپيدها در آندوتليوم سرخرگ‌هاي بزرگ و متوسط مي‌باشد، عامل بسياري از مرگ وميرها به شمار مي‌آيد.

مقدمه: مطالعه بر روي گياهان ضددرد از جمله گياهاني كه در طب سنتي به­عنوان گياهان ضددرد شناخته شده­اند مثل ميخك، سقز و سياهدانه در فيزيولوژي رفتار و درمان درد اهميت دارد.   درد دهاني- صورتي يكي از مشكلاتي است كه با صورت و دهان ارتباط دارد.   تبعات ناشي از درد دهاني- صورتي بر جنبه­هاي مختلف زندگي روزانه تأثيرگذار است. هدف: هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسي اثر روغن­هاي ميخك، سقز و سياهدانه بر درد اعصاب صورت در موش سوري نر بود. روش كار: در اين مطالعه تعداد 63 سر موش سوري آزمايشگاهي مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و حيوانات به 10 گروه كنترل، دريافت­كننده مورفين، وازلين، روغن ميخك+ وازلين، روغن سقز + وازلين، روغن سياهدانه + وازلين، روغن ميخك +روغن سياهدانه + وازلين، روغن ميخك +روغن سقز + وازلين، روغن سياهدانه + روغن سقز + وازلين و روغن ميخك +روغن سقز + روغن سياهدانه + وازلين تقسيم شدند.   در گروه مورفين، مورفين با دوز 10 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن به صورت   داخل صفاقي تزريق شد و براي تست درد، فرمالين 5/2 درصد به به حجم 10 ميكروليتر به ناحيه سمت راست لب بالاي موش تزريق شد. نتايج: داده­هاي اين پژوهش نشان داد كه روغن ميخك، روغن سقز، روغن سياهدانه (001/0    ) باعث كاهش معناداري در درد حاد مي شوند.   البته در درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز و سياهدانه(001/0    )چشم­گيرتر از روغن ميخك (05/0   (Pبود.   استفاده هم­زمان روغن ميخك و سقز اثرات متفاوتي را نشان داد به طوري كه در كاهش درد حاد اثر روغن ميخك و در كاهش درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز بارزتر بود.   استفاده هم­زمان روغن ميخك و سياهدانه تأثير معناداري در كاهش درد حاد و مزمن نشان ندادند.   و استفاده هم زمان روغن سقز و سياهدانه تأثير آن­ها در كاهش درد حاد كم­تر شد اما در كاهش درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز بارزتر بود.   و استفاده هم­زمان سه روغن با هم در درد حاد تأثير روغن ميخك و سياهدانه مشهود بود و در درد مزمن تأثير روغن سقز بيشتر نمود پيدا كرد. نتيجه گيري: نتايج اين پژوهش اثر ضد دردي و ضد التهابي فوق­العاده­ي روغن سقز در مقايسه با ساير روغن ها را در كاهش درد حاد و مزمن تأييد كرد كه اين اثر ضددردي را مي­توان به دليل بالا بودن ميزان توكوفرول در اين روغن دانست.   اين پژوهش هم­چنين تأثير فوق­العاده­ي روغن سياهدانه در كاهش درد مزمن را نيز تأييد كرد.   كلمات كليدي:   روغن ميخك، روغن سقز، روغن سياهدانه، درد اعصاب صورت، موش

study of Intraction between Selenium and sulfur on physyologcal  responses, Micro and Macro Nutreinte density and Arsenic Acumulation in Isatis Cappadocica. 

Iridaceae family have important herbs, some of which are widely used by humans and many of them are distributed in rangelands and used by livestock. Since the plants have a swollen underground, they can be invaded by many diseases such as fungi, viruses and bacteria. For this reason, it is very important to identify different species of this family in Iran, especially in western Iran. Also, due to the diversity of herbaceous herbs and the importance of palynology in the dissociation of this family taxon, the study of pollen morphology with the aid of light microscopy (LM) and in particular the electron microscopy of transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) is scientifically significant. Pollen grains were studied by LM (14 species), SEM (6 species), and TEM (5 species). Pollen grains of the studied species are very large (Iris hymenospatha), large (10 species) and medium (3 species), in spherical, spherical, oval and oval forms, with maroreticulate, reticulate, barbed echinate-perforated. In addition, the species differed in terms of the sulcus surface, width of muri and the size of lumen. Using the transient electron microscope, the ectexine thickness (thickness of the tectum, foot layer thickness and length and width of the columns), different layers of the intine, and the presence or absence of the endexine, the shape and diameter of the caput of cullumella were shown in the studied specimens. The highest thickness of the tectum was (I / I 33.1-66.3) in Iris reticulata micron and the lowest was in Crocus pallasii (0-4 / 57) microns. The shape of the columns in most of the studied species was fungal and the microrelief (the surface of tectum) were smooth in all species. Endexine was absent in all studied species and only in species I. Reticulata and Gynandriris Sisyrinchium were fragmented and thin. Using the plotted chart, with the aid of LM data, it can be seen that the different studied species of each genus were next to each other and the Gynandriris genus was closely related to the Iris. So, the palynomorphological data showed a large variation in pollen grain size. In this study, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from this underlying underground part, which were identified by their morphological characteristics. Therefore, due to the importance of preserving irrigated ornamentation of iridaceae family and the use of these plants in the production of various herbal medicines, identification of pathogens and species associated with these plants is important.Keywords: Iridaceae, LM, SEM, TEM, Fusarium solani،   Rhizoctonia solani

  Evaluation the effect of nitric oxide on antioxidative responses of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and Camelina )Camelina sativa L.), under salt stressQuick Reply

  Abstract:Because uterus is oocytes and implantation place, position and location of fetal growth and development is important, however, due to certain conditions prone to infection and contamination this member is important. One of the most common types of reproduction infections is fungal infection. To Fungal infection say Candidisis that is created by a fungus called Candida albicans. Currently used of antibiotics to treat this infection Because of increasing drug resistance and the loss of other beneficial microorganisms, better than alternative methods such as the use of medicinal plants including medicinal plants Salvador persica be used. This plant does not have the side effects of antibiotics and its anti-fungal property has been proved conclusively. In this study, first prepare Salvador persica plant and was carried out process its extract then work of cultured Candida albicans fungus (type of pathogenic and non-pathogenic) was done in the field of the culture medium of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. And evaluate the effect different concentrations of medicinal plants Salvador persica (5, 15, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 250 mg on ml) on fungal infection type pathogenic and non-pathogenic Candida albicans. By doing several experiments in invitro culture minimum effective dose of extract on Candida albicans fungal type of pathogen 150 mg / ml determined and in non-pathogenic fungi 75 mg / ml gave a positive result and fungal growth was stopped and treated. Then in invivo culture, first was performed counting the number of fungus-based half McFarland standard using a spectrophotometer (at least one million fungi in one ml) and 8 groups of 5 mice were infected with both pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. After 48 to 72 hours after the assurance of being infected mice (with diagnostic procedures such as macroscopic properties, smear and culture smear on the field of agar) treatment of fungal infections with the plant extract Salvado persica was carried at specified intervals (every 24 hours) and out for a week. Upon completion of the treatment and recovery animal (based on visual observations) proceeded to isolate, sectioned and stained uterus tissue and finally was carried out Lahm preparation of uterine endometrium tissue. Work measurement Textural parameters of samples, such as situation nucleus, cytoplasm, glands, epithelium, etc., in three groups of infected tissue, tissues treated with the plant extract and control samples, was carried out by software dino capture. Based on results of the evaluation endometrial layer uterine tissue dose150 mg / ml of Salvador persica extract on fungi pathogen Candida albicans was effective and in fungal infection type of non-pathogenic dose in 75 mg / ml became effective.Keywords: Candida albican, Salvador persica, uterine endometrium

  Wilting and decaying diseases of Fusarium ordinary peas root caused by fungi (Fusarium oxysprum f.sp.cicer and F. solani f.sp. pisi) were of the most important diseases this plant in different countries and Iran and their control are difficult and costly. Continuous use of fungicides is caused the development, rebellion and resistance the pathogen against fungicides, Biocontrol of plant fungal diseases by bacteria antagonist is a powerful replacement for chemical pesticides. In this study, control factors this disease by ordinary pea plant growth promoting bacteria has been studied in laboratory and greenhouse. Isolation of bacteria was done in the farms of Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces, and screening was performed in the laboratory by inhibiting zone. Number of 100 bacteria were isolated and with screening in the laboratory by inhibiting zone 16 isolates that formed halo, were selected and B6 isolate with 10 mm inhibitory zone introduced as the best isolate. In the results greenhouse B2 and B13 isolates against pathogenic of F. o had the greatest influence and decreased disease more than 90%. B2 isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/73 times and root length of 2/41 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 3/5 times and root dry weight of 2/17 times and B6 isolates against the pathogen with least control, the disease was reduced by 40%. B2 isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/44 times and root length of 1/75 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 5/03 times and root dry weight of 2/99 times and in the greenhouse results B6 isolates was effective against pathogenic of F. s and patients over 70 reduced. This isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/3 times and root length of 1/38 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 5/27 times and root dry weight of 4/48 times. identify R DNA 16S showed that isolates were as B1, B2, B6, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14 and B15 belong to species syringae Pseudomonas, Bacilus subtilis, B6, P. putida, P. syringae, B12, Bulkholderia cepacia, B. subtilis, B. cepacia were. In total isolates B6 and B2 is introduced as superior isolate.Key words: Biological Control, Fusarium Oxysprum, Fusarium Solani, Zone of Inhibitory, Bacillus, Pseudomonas.

AbstractFusarium wilt is one of the most important pea diseases in the world being able to impose negative effect on growth and productivity. The disease control using plant extracts was considered as a safe and green method. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antifungal activity of some plant extracts) Scrophularia striata, Scrophularia elymaitica and Verbascum thapsus (against Fusarium oxysporum and fusarium solani prepared with different solvents. In test 1, four concentrations of hydro alcoholic extract (0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm) and five aqueous extracts (0, 2500, 3000, 3500 and 5000 ppm) prepared and added to autoclaved PDA media. The aim of test 2 was to investigate the effects of medicinal plant extracts on growth and physiological parametres of pea plants under Fusarium contamination.The experiment was performed in factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed that the plant extracts of all samples were effective against the growth of this fungus. The Maximum inhibitory concentration of each extract was observed in high extract concentrations. Although two extracts preparation methods inhibited Fusarium growth, hydroalcoholic extract provided better protection compared to aqueous extracts. In low concentrations extracts derived from S. striata were the most effective to inhibit the growth of tested fungi in compared with control. In test 2 statistical analysis showed that treatment had a significance effects on the root and shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot and root height and chlorophyll and carotenoid content. The treatment with all medicinal plants resulted in significantly higher values of all morphological parameters in compared with un-treated plants. Plant extract application improved growth parameters and increased chlorophyll content of pea plants subjected to fusarium contamination and provided significant protection against fusarium fungus. In general results indicated that these medicinal plant extract can be used as natural fungicide to control F. solani and F. oxysporum.Key words: Bio-control, Fusarium, Scrophularia, Verbascum, hydro alcoholic extract, chlorophyll.

  Effect of salicylic acid and zinc on some physiological parameters of pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars