In this thesis morphology, structural and optical properties of three layers of ITO / Metal / NiO were investigated. NiO thin films were prepared by sputtering method in power of 100 w on the glass substrate which has thin films of ITO and metal on it. Metal thin films include two metals, silver and copper, which were deposited by thermal evaporation method. Two samples of ITO / Ag / NiO and ITO / Cu / NiO thin films were prepared which showed a weak crystaline peak on the Bragg plate (200) for Ag thin film and Bragg plate (111) for Cu thin film. The surface morphology of thin films displaied that the average size of NiO nanoparticles were about 14 nm and they had a uniform and regular growth. Also, optical studies indicate that the prepared three layers of ITO / Metal / NiO had good tra  arency of about 65% in the visible and infrared regions and absorption severely occurred in the ultraviolet region.

ABSTRACT (Silicene)is the two - dimensional silicon with a structure like graphene. Silicene is a two - dimensional honeycomb - free network of silicon atoms with a bend of the plane which causes the subnet to be positioned in two parallel planes that are perpendicular to each other. That is, the shape is not quite flat and the corner of the hexagon is upside down and down. Moreover, when silicon atoms are formed in two dimensions, they are subjected to stress and are not as stable as carbon. Since Silicene is unstable, it should be protected from it, which makes it difficult to manipulate and work with. The structure of the material brings the ideal electrical characteristics to it in this thesis, we studied the Silicene structure of electron tra  ort properties with injection of carbon impurities and without them. the structural and structural properties of Silicene are studied using the WIEN2K computational code within the framework of the density function. For functional energy function, the correlation is used to approximate the gradient approximation (GGA). density curves and band structure are plotted in each case. our calculations show that pure سيليسين has metallic properties, and with the injection of   oron impurities and carbon Silicene, the semi condouctor property with gap is about 0.143   

   Geophysical methods are the best techniques to identify and explore groundwater reserves without destructive environmental impacts. Among these methods, electrical resistivity with low cost and acceptable accuracy can play important roles in groundwater exploration. The electrical resistivity method with the Schlumberger arrangement is known as the most common and the most practical geophysical method in groundwater exploration studies. Accordingly, a site investigation was performed in Zangovan plain of Sirvan city located in the Ilam province. The purpose of the geoelectrical study in this plain was to investigate the groundwater status based on the values of apparent electrical resistivity measured using the Schlumberger arrangement, as well as to determine the best location for drilling the wells toward the groundwater exploitations. In this plain, 73 electrical soundings were carried out along ten profiles with Schlumberger arrangement, which were drawn based on the apparent resistivity data obtained from site investigations by GeoSoft software. Besides, the geoelectric sections for each of the profiles were obtained by 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional inversion methods using ZondRes2D software. Finally, the most suitable places for drilling wells were suggested based on the interpretation of the apparent resistivity maps, apparent resistivity sections, geoelectric sections, as well as considering the geological location of the study area.

     در سونداژزني به­روش شلومبرژه هنگام افزايش عمق اكتشاف به­وسيله افزايش فاصله الكترودهاي جريان، گاهي اوقات براي ثبت اختلاف پتانسيل لازم است كه فاصله ميان الكترودهاي پتانسيل نيز افزايش پيدا كند. اين افزايش باعث تكه­تكه شدن منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه برحسب فاصله الكترودي مي­شود. تكه­تكه شدن منحني تحت تأثير دو عامل، تغيير هندسه­آرايش و ناهمگني­هاي نزديك الكترودهاي پتانسيل است.       پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اثر افزايش فاصله الكترود­هاي پتانسيل بر روي منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه الكتريكي در اندازه­گيري­هاي سونداژ مقاومت ويژه به روش شلومبرژه انجام گرفته­است. در اين پژوهش با مدل­سازي پيشرو روي زمين لايه­اي مشخص گرديد كه تغيير هندسه آرايش و تغيير نسبت فاصله الكترودهاي پتانسيل به فاصله الكترود­هاي جريان اثر بسيار كمي   برشكل منحني ­مقاومت­ويژه دارد. درواقع عامل اصلي تكه­تكه شدن منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه شلومبرژه، اثر ناهمگني­هاي نزديك سطح مي­باشد.    در اين پژوهش براي تصحيح اثر افزايش فاصله الكترودهاي پتانسيل از روش ماندري استفاده شد. اين روش قبلا براي تصحيح نمودار مقاومت­ويژه، در تفسيرهاي سونداژ مقاومت ويژه به­وسيله تطبيق با منحني­هاي سرشتي، استفاده مي­شد. براي اين كار منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه در نسبت­هاي كم فواصل الكترودي با منحني­هاي بخصوصي برازش داده شد. سپس با استفاده اين برازش منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه براي نسبت هاي بزرگ فواصل الكترودي تصحيح گرديد.    نتايج به دست آمده از تصحيح ماندري، روي منحني­هاي حاصل از مدل­سازي پيشرو و داده­هاي صحرايي نشان ­داد كه استفاده از اين روش تصحيح براي كاهش اثر تغيير هندسه آرايش، دركنار استفاده از جابجايي عمودي نمودار براي تصحيح اثر ناهمگني­هاي نزديك سطح اثر قابل توجهي در يكپارچه شدن منحني مقاومت ويژه دارد. همچنين مشاهده شد، در اين تصحيح هنگامي كه بيشتر از دو نقطه براي برازش منحني استفاده ­شود، نتايج بسيار دقيق­تر از حالتي است كه از دو نقطه براي برازش استفاده مي­شود.     

  We have studied the fusion cross section for heavy ions interaction. We calculated the scattering potential as the sum of Coulomb and Proximity potential. For spherical and deformed states of projectile and targets nuclei, we calculated fusion cross section and compared with experimental data. Calculations are done for   ,   ,   ,   and   ystems in above and below the fusion barrier. With regard to the deformation parameter for the nuclei, the consistency between theoretical and experimental data is improved especially in the energies below the barrier.

  Inthis research, muon catalyzed fusion in solid systems D-T   (deuterium-tritium), H-D-T   (Hydrogen-deuterium-tritum) andthree-layer HT-D2-DT   are studied In particular the role of muonichelium atoms in all mentioned system has been inrestigated.Thepoint kinematic equtions are numerically solved to calculate muon cyclingcoefficient muon cycling rate and the effective sticking coefficient for theproposed system. The obtained results are compared with It is shown that themuon cycling coefficient in three-layer decrease. Also to consider muonichelium atoms in fusion cycling reduces fusion yield in mentioned systems.

پس از موفقيت گرافن مواد دوبعدي شبه‌گرافن جهت استفاده از خواص غيرمعمول آنها در الكترونيك مورد بررسي قرار گرفته‌اند. در اين پايان‌نامه تك‌لايه و دولايه شبه‌گرافن‌هاي SiB و CdS با استفاده از كد محاسباتي Wien2k به روش امواج تخت بهبود يافته خطي با پتانسيل كامل در چارچوب نظزيه تابعي چگالي مورد برسي قرار گرفتند كه در نتيجه هر دو ماده غيرمغناطيسي هستند، همچنين SiB فلز اما CdS نيمرساناست كه با پژوهشهاي قبلي سازگار است.

‎In this work‎, the transfer energy between molecules near a spherical multilayer nanoparticle and a coated-graphene nanoparticle is investigated.‎The process of energy transfer from a molecule which called donor to another molecule wich called acceptor has many applications in physics and biology.the most intresting example is the desig n of biosensors based on the energy transfer.‎The donor and acceptor molecules are considered as the point dipole in the vicinity of a plasmonic nanoparticle increases the extend of the energy transfer.‎The effect of parametrs such as the refractive index of the enviroument, the size of nanoparticle,the type of metal,the distance of molecules is shown. also, the influence of the graphene on the transfered energy from the donor molecule to the acceptor molecule is studied.

A fully quantum mechanical model of two-component Manakov solitons is developed in both the Heisenberg and Schr?dinger representations, followed by an analytical, linearized quantum theory of Manakov solitons in the Heisenberg picture. This theory is used to analyze the vacuum-induced fluctuations of Manakov soliton propagation and collision. The vacuum fluctuations induce phase diffusion and dispersion in Manakov soliton propagation. Calculations of the position, polarization angle, and polarization state fluctuations show an increase in collision-induced noise with a decrease in the relative velocity between the two solitons, as expected because of an increase in the interaction length. Fluctuations in both the polarization angle and state are shown to be independent of propagation distance, opening up possibilities for communications, switching, and logic, exploiting these properties of Manakov solitons.

  Internal solitons generated at the Columbia River plume front during ebb tides are revealed in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Scale analyses indicated that these internal waves belong to the finite-depth category. Based on the study by Zheng et al. [2002], a theoretical model for the finite-depth category was developed that relates radar backscatter cross-section to dynamic parameters of internal solitons. Using the theoretical model and in-situ density data collected by the River Influences on Shelf Ecosystem (RISE) project cruise in July 2004, we obtained the half width, amplitude, phase speed, and wave energy per crest length of the internal solitons at four.

Air pollution is one of the most important recent environmental problems which is the presence of gaseous, liquid, and solid compounds or a mixture of them in the air. Therefore; it can endanger human health directly or indirectly and it also causes harm to animals, plants, buildings and bodies.  The main air pollutants include particulate matters and gases. Particulate matters are solid or liquid particles that are suspended in a gas (usually air). Since particulate matter pollutant nowadays have become a critical pollutant of metropolises , the evaluating of particulate matters concentration in indoor and outdoor environments in Kermanshah province has became necessary. The results of extensive studies on indoor air pollution indicate that the effect of air pollution in indoor environments is more than air pollution in urban environments, as most people in the urban community spend about 80% to 90% of work and life time in indoor environments and are exposed to air pollution in these environments. As a result, this study aimed at investigating significant indoor pollutants, their sources and their effects on health, the introduction of some of the indoor pollutants resources and the study of the limitations of indoor pollutants in the world as well as Iran. As Kermanshah province is the second province that is involved with the dust storm, and the quality of indoor air is influenced by out, this study examined the indoor air quality using Lighthouse HANDHELD 3016 Particle Counter under dusty and clean conditions, in the environments equipped with water and gas air conditioners over 5 minute periods (22 time cycles).  The results of the research showed that in all measurements, the particles with the diameter of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 micron had the most frequency, respectively. Also, as particles with a diameter of more than 1 micron (very large particles) can enter the atmosphere through dust, by making comparison between the number of particles with a diameter greater than 1 micron in the indoor environments equipped with water and gas air conditioners under dusty and clean conditions, it was found that these particles in dust conditions in environments with water conditioners increased up to 3 times in some cases than those in gas air conditioners. That is to say, water air conditioners bring much more dust particles into indoor environments. Regarding various studies, photocopiers and printers can be considered as an important source of particulate matters (ultrafine and fine particles) in office environments. In order to investigate this, the concentration of particles 0.3, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 micrometers in diameter was measured before the devices were turned on, as well as during the operation of the machines in the printing office with the largest number of photocopiers and printers in Kermanshah province. The results showed a significant increase in the concentration of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 micron particles, fine mode, during the printing process in the printing office air.

Today in Iran, air pollution is the first issue of environmental pollution and urban tra  ortation system is the one of the main causes its release, Aerosols and gases are the most important known pollutants in the air. Air pollution has many reasons in different cities of Iran such as increase traffic, deforestation, forest fires, increased establishment of factories and power plant, natural factors such as dust storms. Pollution of geo graphical environments in Iran by Aerosols and gases is one of the most important issues in this country. Air pollution has 2 type of pollutant: a) Particle   b) Gas , particularly   there are Jobs and various industrial activities that produce this pollutants. Therefore, measurement of this pollutants is very important because they are effective on health and environmental degradation, Therefore, we must use efficient methods for reduce the concentration this pollutants.In this study, after a brief review of air pollution;, in summary, we defined air pollution, then, we   measured Aerosol   with Cascade Impactor 8 stages and i   the next step, we analyzed   the physical and chemical data in different places of Kermanshah city. In determining the chemical composition, results show that among the five elements V, Cr, Hg, Cd and pb, Hg has the highest mass. In determining the Aerosol size distribution, results show that in Dust storm and Urban traffic the most particles are in the range of Coarse Mode and Accumulation Mode. In the next section, we defined concentration of gaseous pollutants in different places of Kermanshah city , results show that printer home produces O3 and NO2 and heavy traffic produces CO,CH4,Ben and NOx. At the end, the ways have been suggested for reduction of air pollution.

  In recent decades, study on soliton systems was very controversial and has attracted attention of many researchers, including Iranian researchers. The study in this field in order to study their behavior plays a significant role. Therefore deal knowing or combine or create them have most important. This thesis, first with a brief overview on soliton concepts and importance of their study started and then types studies and computational and numerical methods examined for it. Studies on considered samples were very long, and beyond the scope of this thesis, therefore, only be satisfied on a brief review. According to the conducted surveys, several systems already have been examined. Therefore, based on our knowledge of those studies should in provide a new method and of course reliable proceeded.

همجوشي هسته اي از طريق كاتاليزور   ميوني يكي   از روش هاي انجام   همجوشي براي توليد   انرژي است. اين روش به دليل انجام شدن در دماي محيط و عدم توليد پسماند هاي راديواكتيو مضر، در سال هاي اخير مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در اين پايان نامه ما با استفاده از روش برنامه نويسي فرترن به حل معادلات ديناميكي پرداختيم و بازده كاتاليزور ميوني را براي سيستم هاي D-T و H-D-Tدر شرايط جامد و مايع محاسبه نموده ايم و شرايط بهينه براي انجام همجوشي را   به دست آورده ايم. هم چنين   مشاهده كرديم كه با افزايش   غلظت تريتيم، بازده كاتاليزور ميوني در سيستم   H-D-T افزايش مي يابد، در حاليكه در سيستم D-Tيك قله در نمودار ديده مي شود. اما با افزايش چگالي   محيط، بازده در هر دو   سيستم افزايش مي يابد. هم چنين آهنگ   چرخه ي ميون، طيف زماني نوترون هاي حاصل از   همجوشي و ضريب چسبندگي مؤثر سيستم ها را نيز محاسبه نموده ايم. در انتها نيز اثر اسپين بر بازده همجوشي كاتاليزور ميوني بررسي كرده ايم و مشاهده كرديم كه با وارد كردن اسپين در معادلات ديناميكي، بازده همجوشي اندكي كاهش مي يابد.

study magnetic susceptibility of bhlaer graphen nanoribbon up to second neighbor approximation

  The electronic and magnetic properties of the hydrogenated zigzag GaN nanoribbons with different widthes 3, 5, 7, 9, have been stadied. The methode of the study was density functional theory with full potential and   augmented plane wave approach. And the Generalized gradient approximation, GGA, are used for exchange- correlation functional. The curves of density of states and electronic density of the nanoribbons were drown. The results show all of the nanoribbons have semiconductor behaviour, The value of the gap energy of the nanoribbons are from 2.687 eV to 2.008 eV. With increase the width of the nanoribbon, the band gap of it is decreased. Also all of the nanoribbons don?t have any magnetic property.

  By the density functional theory whit augmented plane wave and generalized gradient approximation, the electronic and magnetic properties of SiB zigzag hydrogenated nanoribbons whit different widths have investigated. The results showed that all of the nanoribbons have metallic behavior. Also the systems did not have any magnetic property.

In recent years, much attentions have been paid to the metal-semiconductor nanostructures due to their potential applications in science and technology, and also in enhancing the nanoscale sensors and optical devices. In addition, the exciton-plasmon interactions makes them a hot topic in the field of nanoscience and plasmonics. Interaction ‎between ‎noble ‎metal ‎plasmons ‎and ‎semiconductor ‎exciton‎s could lead to interesting nonlinear optical effects such as electromagnetically induced tra  arency (EIT) and slow light. Moreover, this phenomena would open a new route for designing new optical sensors and devices based on plasmon-exciton interaction. In this study, the electrodynamic of concentric cylindrical nanoshells in the framework of the Mie formalism has been investigated theoretically . By introducing the TE and TM modes in cylindrical geometry, the scattering coefficients for core-shell and multishell nanoparticles has been calculated. By considering an effective dielectric function for the system and using the Clausius-Mossoti relation, the group velocity in the medium has been formulated. Furthermore, the induced electromagnetic tra  arency in a system consisting of a dielectric slab doped with cylindrical nanoparticles sandwiched between two metallic parallel plates has been investigated.The influence of some key parameters such as the thickness of layers, the size and composition of nanoparticles and slabs on EIT has been shown and analyzed.

In decays of the Z0, the dominant mechanism for the direct production of charmonium states is the decays of the Z0 into a pair heavy   anti quark b or c followed by its fragmentation into the charmoniom and butmoniom states. First we calculate the fragmentation functions describing the splitting of   heavy anti quarks into S-wave quarkonium states to leading order in the QCD coupling costant. We use our   fragmentation functions to calculate the production rate of heavy quarkonium states in Z0 decay and   so decay rate of Z0 to the pair heavy quark   cc ,bb.       PACS No.13

  CdTe and ZnTe monolayer crystals in bulk and stability of the structure Almasyand properties band gap semiconductor with ev 5/1 (CdTe) = and ev26 / 2 = (ZnTe) are. HgTe in bulk crystalline diamond-like metal structure with zero energy band gap semiconductor layer in single mode, with different properties than the bulk of it. The material in the manufacture of hard x-ray detectors and radiation ? many applications. Restructuring in the future with other materials such as CdTe or Hg, and Zn for entering an infrared detector and energetic particles, which referred astronomical use of the materials used. The subject of this thesis study Structural and electronic properties and other properties of the compound using density functional theory and application of augmented plane wave with code Vienna.

  Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum is a compound of silicon and carbon with chemical formula SiC. In 1893, Henri Moissan discovered the very rare naturally-occurring SiC mineral. Moissan also synthesized SiC by several routes, including dissolution of carbon in molten silicon, melting a mixture of calcium carbide and silica, and by reducing silica with carbon in an electric furnace. The first use of SiC was as an abrasive. This was followed by electronic applications. In 1907 Henry Joseph Round produced the first LED by applying a voltage to a SiC crystal and observing yellow, green and orange emission at the cathode   Under the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), the electronic properties are studied for Sic nanoribbon armchair edge (ASiCNR) by using the first-principles projector-augmented wave (PAW) potential within the density function theory (DFT) framework. The results show that the H-terminated ASiCNRs are always semiconductors independent of their width but the edge states do not appear at the Fermi level, due to the Si-C dimer bonds at the edges.     Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum is a compound of silicon and carbon with chemical formula SiC. In 1893, Henri Moissan discovered the very rare naturally-occurring SiC mineral. Moissan also synthesized SiC by several routes, including dissolution of carbon in molten silicon, melting a mixture of calcium carbide and silica, and by reducing silica with carbon in an electric furnace. The first use of SiC was as an abrasive. This was followed by electronic applications. In 1907 Henry Joseph Round produced the first LED by applying a voltage to a SiC crystal and observing yellow, green and orange emission at the cathode