بينش امروزي ما پيرامون جهان هستي مبتني بر مدل استاندارد ذرات بنيادي مي‌باشد. مطابق اين جهان از يك مجموعه فرميون‌هاي بنيادي اسپين 12   به نام كوارك‌ها و لپتون‌ها تشكيل شده است و برهم كنش‌هاي ميان اين سنگ‌هاي اوليه طبيعت عبارتند از: برهم كنش الكترومغناطيسي، برهم كنش هسته‌اي قوي، و برهمكنش هسته‌اي ضعيف است كه از طريق مبادله بوزون‌هاي پيمانه‌اي به نام فوتون، گلئونW±   و‏Z0   صورت مي‌گيرد. اين مدل در نيمه دوم قرن بيستم در نتيجه ي تلاش مشاركت آميز دانشمندان در عرصه جهاني شكل گرفت. فرمول بندي كنوني آن در اواسط دهه ???? ميلادي پس از تاييد تجربي وجود كوارك‌ها نهايي شد.

   The scattering is one of the most important subject in different sciences, include nuclear physics. In this thesis, consider the scattering and interaction of charged particles, which named ionizing radiations by the atoms of the target environment and specific its electrons. This review treated in two viewpoint of align="left" >The quantities using in both viewpoint, but with different definition of other is momentum transfer vector and cross-section of the collision. Because they are obtained in terms of quantities that is measurement in laboratory. The particle momentum transfer to the material is marking of internal structure of the material. As much as the transfer momentum become grader is means that the particle contact to much depth of substance. The quantities we will obtain are the result of the measurement. But two much important and key quantities obtained from the analysis of these interactions are called form factor and stopping power. The form factor represents the internal structure of the system and is a quantity to get by the charged particles in the scattering experiment.   Also, the stopping power is the amount of average energy that incident charged particles to loses in collision with target medium per unit path length of that. In this process, the kinetic energy of the incident particles to the heat energy of the scattering medium, which is also called the weakening medium is converted. In other words, this energy transfer is usually called incident particle energy loss. But for solve the collision problem and obtain the stopping power formula, we have to does simplification and modeling. Without modeling, it is not possible to obtain a formula of stopping power that can be used in laboratory conditions. The stopping power is generally divided into three align="left" >but, in various branches of physics, such as nuclear physics, the electronic stopping power is very important, because by knowing the value of this quantity, the kinetic energy of charged particles emitted from radioactive materials and their range in matter can be determined with a high approximation. By knowing these two values ??of particle radiation, the important information about the detection of radioactive rays can be obtained. And especially these values ??are used in technologies about protection against the radioactive rays and radiotherapy. In this research, the electronic stopping power is consideration especially.

  Abstract: Einstein's field equations predict the existence of four-dimensional black holes. The first uncharged and charged four-dimensional black hole solutions are known as Schwarzschild and Riesenordstrom black holes, respectively. The first three-dimensional black hole solution known as BTZ (Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli) black holes was obtained in 1992 by solving the field equations in the presence of the negative cosmological constant. In the first part of this thesis, we obtained three-dimensional black hole solutions, with spherical symmetry, in Einstein's gravity, and after calculating thermodynamic quantities, we show that the first law of thermodynamics is true for these black holes. Then, using the canonical ensemble method, we check the thermodynamic stability of these black holes. In the second part, we extend the above idea to dilaton black holes (in Einstein-dilaton gravity). For this purpose, we obtain the black hole solutions of the field equations in the presence of a scalar field and considering the Lagrangian of the electromagnetic field as a material field and examine their geometric properties. Then we calculate the thermodynamic parameters of these black holes (mass, electric charge, temperature, entropy and electric potential) in appropriate ways. We show that the obtained quantities apply to the first law of thermodynamics of black holes and at the end we analyze the thermodynamic stability of dilatonic black holes using the canonical ensemble method. Keywords: 3D black holes, linear electrodynamics, Einstein-dilaton gravity, dilaton black holes, coupled gravity.

ميلياردها سال پيش انفجاربزرگ اتفاق افتاد،وجهان ما اغاز شد.علت انفجاربزرگ ، بزرگترين رازي است كه بشرهنوز نميداند،اين نظريه يكي از مهمترين موفقيت هاي علمي قرن بيستم است امروزه نمي توان جهان را بدون درك انفجار بزرگ شناخت ولي اين نظريه به نواحي كه فيزيك آن قابل فهم وآزمايش است محدود مي شودوتوضيحي براي نحوه ي تحول عالم در زمان هاي   ابتدايي تر وداغ تر ندارد. براي شناخت كيهان شناسي نوين بايد به اوايل قرن بيستم برگرديم،زماني كه انيشتين نظريه نسبيت عام خود را در سال1915 ميلادي منتشر كرد طبق اين نظريه بيان ميكند كه هندسه ي عالم با توزيع ماده ي درون عالم ،مشخص مي شود.در سال 1922 فريدمن جواب   معادلات كيهان شناسي انيشتين را برپايه ي يك عالم همگن وهمسانگرد بدست آوردكه به متريك FRW معروف شد.اين متريك نشان ميداد كه برخلاف تصور معمول آن زمان ،عالم درحال انبساط است. هابل در سال 1929بطور تجربي انبساط عالم توسط مشاهدات را تاييد كردو از ان پس متريك فريدمن به ابزار اصلي نظريه هاي كيهان شناسي تبديل شد.دراواخر دهه ي 1940،جرج گاموف وشاگردانش پيش بيني كردند كه جهان امروز بايد از تابش جسم سياه پر شده باشد ولي مشاهده ي تجربي اين پديده در سال 1965 انجام گرفت. در دهه ي 1970مشخص شداين تابش كه تابش ريزموج زمينه ي كيهانيCMB نام گرفت،به لحاظ توزيع فركانسي   داراي طيف تابش جسم سياه است.سرانجام جامعه ي علمي قانع شدند كه اين تابش باقي مانده اي از انفجار بزرگ است. بدين ترتيب مدل مهبانگ بعنوان مدل استانداردانفجار بزرگ پذيرفته شد. با كشف ويژگي همگني وهمسانگردي تابش زمينه ي كيهاني ،مشكلاتي چون تختي عالم،مشكل افق،مشكل تك قطبي ونيز منشا افت وخيزهاي اين تابش مطرح شدند كه كيهان شناسي استاندارد پاسخ قانع كننده اي براي اين مشكلات نداشت. كيهان شناسي تورمي اولين باربعنوان مدلي براي حل مشكلات نظريه ي استاندارد انفجار بزرگ ارائه شد.در اين الگو فرض مي شود كه ماده ي غالب جهان در لحظات اوليه پس از انفجار ،يك ميدان اسكالر است كه ميدان اينفليتون نام دارد.وجود اين ميدان باعث شده است كه انبساط عالم داراي شتابي مثبت باشد وبدين ترتيب در بازه ي بسيار بسيار كوچكي از زمان،شعاع عالم به مقدار زيادي رشد كرده است. يكي ازمسايل اساسي در كيهان شناسي نوين ،منشآ افت وخيز هاي اوليه ي ميدان تورمي زا در طول اين دوره ،بعنوان هسته ي اوليه ي تشكيل ساختارها مي باشد كه اين الگوي تورمي داراي پيش بيني هايي براي توزيع ناهمسانگردي ها واختلالات مشاهده شده در عالم است. در واقع ساختار هاي بزرگ مقياسي كه در جهان امروز مشاهده مي شوند،از افت وخيزهاي كوانتومي يك ميدان اسكالر در طي دوران تورمي در جهان اغازين ناشي شده اند .اختلال هاي نخستين كه در طي دوره ي تورم ايجاد شده اند، اثرشان روي توزيع ماده وتابش كاملا مشهود است. يكي از مهمترين نتايج مدل هاي تورمي اين است كه وجود طيف هايي براي اختلالات اسكالر واختلالات تانسوري كه به ترتيب عامل ايجاد ناهمگني چگالي ووامواج گرانشي هستند، پيش بيني مي كنند. اختلال هاي نخستين كه در طي تورم ايجاد شده اند ،اثرشان را روي طيف توان CMBنشان مي دهند وقيود قابل مشاهده اي را روي اين طيف ايجاد مي كنند .اثرات اين اختلالات را مي توان با محاسبه ي پارامترهاي اختلالي مدل هاي تورمي روي طيف توان CMB،مشاهده كرد. دراين پايان نامه مطالب، به شرح زير ارائه مي شوند:

in 1916 , einstein expressed his theory of gravity as a second - order symmetric tensor , which is based on the theory of gravity as the curvature of spacetime .one of the ويژگيهاي of this theory is known as the بيني of the black hole as the field equation , the most simple جوابها in the four - dimensional case is called شوارتزشيلد and رايزنر - نوردستروم solution .the search for جوابهاي سياهچالهاي in space - the three - dimensional space in 1992 ended .بانادوس and his colleagues ( Banados - Teitelboim - Zanelli ) demonstrated that the field equations in the presence of the negative cosmological constant have also a non - stationary response ( if einstein used the cosmological constant to say that the universe is static , but it is later used to show the universe that is expanding ) [ 2 , 1 ] … this is called سياهچالههاي سياهچالههاي .later , سياهچالههاي BTZ were also obtained from solving the gravitational field equations coupled with maxwell 's electrodynamics [ 3 ] .next , the three - dimensional سياهچالههاي was introduced as the جوابهاي of the field equations in the presence of maxwell 's electrodynamics and in einstein - ديلاتون theory [ 5 , 4 ] .recently , a model of maxwell 's modified electrodynamics is introduced in the name of euler - heisenberg electrodynamics , which is used to study the scalar tensor of maxwell in scalar - tensor theory [ 6 ] .in ref . [ 7 ] , einstein 's field equations are solved in the presence of euler - heisenberg and cosmological constant .­­­­­­­­ at the end of the thesis we can develop a novel method based on the einstein - ديلاتون gravitational theory .for this purpose , euler - heisenberg electrodynamics is used as a model of nonlinear electrodynamics which is called maxwell 's modified model .first , by using the three - dimensional theory of euler - heisenberg 's lagrangian theorem , the coupled equations of tensor , vector , and scalar field equations are obtained in einstein 's theory and then by introducing a three - dimensional symmetric metric , the equations are obtained which are a second - order coupled system .in order to solve this problem , we use different حدسي مدلهاي to solve this problem by calculating the number of equations obtained for حلمعادلات and finding unknown unknowns .finally , we obtain the potential field of ديلاتوني , faraday 's law tensor , and the black solution of nonlinear charged چاله .by calculating the thermodynamic and thermodynamic properties of the black holes , the first law of ترموديناميكرابررسي is ميكنيم .the transition phase transition of the black hole is determined by using the canonical ensemble method and by calculating the black thermal capacity of the holes , the transition points of the first type and transition horizon of the second type and also the radius of the black event horizon are determined which are in the thermodynamic equilibrium state .

ما در اين پژوهش يك روش براي تخمين جهت بردار مغناطيسي بي هنجاري هاي مغناطيسي ارائه ميدهيم.در واقع هدف از تفسير بي هنجاري هاي مغناطيسي ، تعيين موقعيت منابع مغناطيسي است كه باعث پديد آمدن بي هنجاري هايي در ميدان مغناطيسي زمين ميشوند.در نظر گرفتن اين واقعيت كه شكل جانبي و مكان قرار گرفتن بي هنجاري هاي مغناطيسي،نه تنها به مكان و شكل عاملان بي هنجاري ، بلكه به ميدان مغناطيسي زمين و بردار مغناطش منبع مغناطيسي وابسته ميباشد،رسيدن به اين هدف را براي ما دشوار ميكند.روشي كه ما در اين پژوهش براي تخمين جهت مغناطش ارائه ميدهيم مبتني بر داده هاي حاصل از تانسور گراديان مغناطيسي و يكي از تبديل هاي ميدان مغناطيسي بنام تبديل انتقال به قطب است.داده اي كه از تانسور گراديان مغناطيسي حاصل ميشود با نام شدت منبع به هنجار شده شناخته ميشود كه داراي كمترين ميزان وابستگي به بردار مغناطش است.در حالي كه روش هاي رايج مانند بي هنجاري شدت كل ميدان مغناطيسي تا حد قابل توجهي به جهت مغناطش وابسته هستند. اين ويژگي شدت منبع به هنجار شده را به يك پارامتر قابل اطمينان جهت محاسبات مغناطيسي تبديل كرده است.لازم به ذكر است كه شدت منبع به هنجار شده نتايج دقيقي را از مكان منبع مغناطيسي به نمايش ميگذارد.از طرفي فيلتر انتقال به قطب به جهت مغناطش وابسته ميباشد و هنگامي كه جهت هاي صحيح از بردار مغناطش را براي آن استفاده كنيم، بر مكان منبع مغناطيسي متمركز خواهد شد.ما از همبستگي بين داده هاي شدت منبع به هنجار شده و انتقال به قطب براي يافتن جهت مغناطش منبع مورد نظر استفاده ميكنيم.براي يك زاويه ي انحراف و يك زاويه ي ميل،ضريب همبستگي بيشترين مقدار را دارا ميباشد كه آن را به عنوان جهت مغناطش صحيح بي هنجاري مغناطيسي در نظر ميگيريم.ما روش پيشنهادي را براي مدل هاي مغناطيسي مصنوعي ايزوله و متداخل بكار برديم و ميزان خطا را در هر يك از موارد مورد بررسي قرار داديم.و مقايسه اي هر چند اجمالي از شدت منبع به هنجار شده و اندازه ي ميدان كل   بر روي داده هاي حاصل شده به عمل آورديم.و كارايي شدت منبع به هنجار شده و دقت آن را در جهت تعيين مغناطش بي هنجاري به اثبات رسانديم.  

  The problem of the expansion of the universe is one of the biggest puzzles in modern astronomy. Scientists have discovered that our universe started with a big bang and has been expanding ever since. Researchers have tried to measure the current rate of expansion of the universe. In the first chapter, to investigate the amount of cosmic expansion, we introduce type la supernovae and then compare their observations for the luminosity distance as a function of redshift with the results of the supernova cosmology project and the high-Z supernova search team. By examining CMB, the Hubble constant is introduced to use this quantity to estimate the age of the universe since the Big Bang, and then to study the supernova data to detect the accelerating expansion of the universe. Then, by comparing the calculated luminosity distance in the non-matter or radiation, the effect of vacuum energy on the apparent luminosity was obtained. Then, the existence of dark energy is proved and its density instability is investigated. In the second chapter, we describe the classic problems of cosmology, namely the plane and the problem of the horizon, and examine the amount of inflation required to solve each. The exponential form increases, which means that the universe is growing rapidly, and the end of inflation occurs when some of the scalar field of inflation is paired with the fields of ordinary matter and radiation. In such a way that the density of the scalar field decreases and then the period of reheating occurs, which causes the entropy of the current world. In the third chapter, he first introduces Tachyon hot inflation and studies it in the contemporary theory of ring quantum gravity, using Poisson's bracket for LQC variables, obtains the classical Hamiltonian constraint and then the modified Friedman equation. Then we obtain the Hubble parameter and the pressure and density of energy and its Tachyon field potential, and then we define the parameters of slow rolling and by entering the condition of end of inflation, we obtain the value of power e. In the next section, we study the cosmic perturbations of the Tachyon hot-inflation model, including curvature perturbation, entropy perturbation, and density perturbation, and the scalar index in the high dissipative regime, which leads to the perturbation spectrum, and describe its relationships. We obtain the Einstein turbulent field equation for the Fourier components e^ikx and then calculate the exponential potential of the Tachyon field.

   در كل كار مافرض كرده ايم كه ميدان تورم در معادله حركت در غلتش ثابت قابل قبول است. ما فرض مي كنيم كه تورم با هيچ قشر ديگري همراه نيست بنابراين تورم سرد است. در ادامه كه برسي ما شامل يك مدل تورمي ثابت جديد نيست، اما حاوي يك رويكردي جديد براي بازسازي پتانسيل تورمي كه ثبات تكامل ميدان را ثابت مي كند. به جاي استفاده از ميدان به عنوان متغير، ما از تعدادي عدد توان الكترونيكي استفاده مي كنيم كه به نظر مي رسد يك ابزار مفيد در تورم گرم است. راه حل هاي تحليلي براي پارامترهابل، ميدان اسكالر و پتانسيل به عنوان تابعي از عدد توان الكتذوني، محاسبه شده است. سرانجام، نشان داده شد كه اين روش كاملاً منطبق است بر تحليل راه حل هايي كه تاكنون در تورم   غلتش ثابت به دست آمده است.

Identifying the type of subsurface magnetic sources and theirlocation are the main goals of interpreting magnetic maps. This issue is ofgreat importance due to geological applications. Magnetic sources havedifferent geometric and physical properties that are located at differentdepths. Also, the form of anomalies caused by these sources depends on thedirection of magnetism and induction, which in total all these factors make thecomplexity and difficulty of interpreting these maps. Therefore, there arevarious ways to reduce these difficulties, most of which are based on magneticfield derivatives. In this dissertation, the analytical signal method and themathematical concept of correlation coefficient have been used. Since thecharacteristics of anomalous generating sources lie in the form and dimensionsof their analytical signal diagram, it is possible to calculate the correlationof the analytical signal diagram of these anomalies with the analytical signaldiagram of a network of hypothetical sources with specific characteristicsconsidered below the harvest profile. The hypothetical source properties thatare most correlated with the real source are attributed to the real source.Here, we applied the method on artificial springs of thin vertical verticaldykes without accident and random buoys, contacts, horizontal cylinders andthree adjacent dykes. In the vertical dyke model with a thickness of 2 m and amagnetic self-sufficiency of SI05 / 0 in a horizontal position of 50 m, whichwas located at a depth of 5 m above the ground and in a total magnetic field of50,000 nano Tesla with an inclination angle of 50 ° and zero deviation, thehighest correlation coefficient The analytical signal of the Dyke model and theanalytical signal produced by the hypothetical sources with a structural indexof 1 were exactly 1.00, and the depth and horizontal position of the model wereestimated at 5 m and 50 m, respectively. For the dyke model with random noise,we added a random noise with a mean value of zero and a deviation fromcriterion 2 to the data of the dyke model using Excel software, and forstructural index 1, the highest correlation coefficient value was 0.9787, butthe estimated results for Depth and horizontal position were 5 meters and 50meters as before, and this indicates that the method is slightly sensitive tonoise. It was a dyke and they differed only in terms of horizontal position.For closely spaced dykes at 25 m and 50 m, the estimated depth was 4 m and fordykes at 85 m, a depth of 5 m was obtained, indicating the accuracy of themethod. In order to solve this problem, we chose the length of the harvestprofile so that it includes only one anomaly. With this measure, the horizontalposition for adjacent dykes is 25.73 meters and 52 meters, respectively   and depth were estimated for both 5 m. Tocalculate the correlation coefficient between the analytical signal of thecontact model at a depth of 5 m and the horizontal position of 50 m and theanalytical signal generated by the hypothetical sources by placing a value ofzero for the structural index of hypothetical sources, the maximum correlationcoefficient was 1 and the values ??of depth and horizontal position 5 metersand 50 meters were estimated, respectively. In the horizontal cylinder model,by selecting structural index 2 for hypothetical sources, the maximum value ofcorrelation coefficient equal to 1 was calculated and the values ??of depth andhorizontal position were estimated exactly according to the model.  

   In this thesis morphology, structural and optical properties of three layers of ITO / Metal / NiO were investigated. NiO thin films were prepared by sputtering method in power of 100 w on the glass substrate which has thin films of ITO and metal on it. Metal thin films include two metals, silver and copper, which were deposited by thermal evaporation method. Two samples of ITO / Ag / NiO and ITO / Cu / NiO thin films were prepared which showed a weak crystaline peak on the Bragg plate (200) for Ag thin film and Bragg plate (111) for Cu thin film. The surface morphology of thin films displaied that the average size of NiO nanoparticles were about 14 nm and they had a uniform and regular growth. Also, optical studies indicate that the prepared three layers of ITO / Metal / NiO had good tra  arency of about 65% in the visible and infrared regions and absorption severely occurred in the ultraviolet region.

  Predicting earthquakes is one of the most important human concerns to save human lives.Observing and researching the parameters that change before an earthquake is one of theissues that humans have long dealt with and Today, this field, called earthquake precursors, has expanded with the advancement of science and technology, and over 30 precursorshave been scientifically proven using physical models. One of the most important of theseis the magnetic precursor, which In this research, swarmA, swarmB and swarmC satellitesare investigated.In this study, using circuits that are close to the location of earthquakes thatoccurred in Iran from 2014 to 2021 and by applying a suitable algorithm on the data, thepresence of magnetic anomalies caused by earthquakes in the paths is observed.An investigation of the data 7 days before the earthquake shows a linear relationship between thelogarithm of the anomaly duration and the magnitude of the earthquake. Charlie and alphasatellite data are not found in Bravo satellite data, which indicates that the source of theseanomalies is lithosphere. In this study, by investigating the data related to magnetic fieldprecursor, it was observed that in 90 percent of cases, the signals occur between a few hoursto a month before the earthquake, which is similar to the results of other precursors such asRadon gas , the change in groundwater level, the change in surface temperature, and so on.

ABSTRACT (Silicene)is the two - dimensional silicon with a structure like graphene. Silicene is a two - dimensional honeycomb - free network of silicon atoms with a bend of the plane which causes the subnet to be positioned in two parallel planes that are perpendicular to each other. That is, the shape is not quite flat and the corner of the hexagon is upside down and down. Moreover, when silicon atoms are formed in two dimensions, they are subjected to stress and are not as stable as carbon. Since Silicene is unstable, it should be protected from it, which makes it difficult to manipulate and work with. The structure of the material brings the ideal electrical characteristics to it in this thesis, we studied the Silicene structure of electron tra  ort properties with injection of carbon impurities and without them. the structural and structural properties of Silicene are studied using the WIEN2K computational code within the framework of the density function. For functional energy function, the correlation is used to approximate the gradient approximation (GGA). density curves and band structure are plotted in each case. our calculations show that pure سيليسين has metallic properties, and with the injection of   oron impurities and carbon Silicene, the semi condouctor property with gap is about 0.143   

  Quantum Radiography or Quantum State Radiography is the process of quantum state reconstruction for the source of quantum systems by measuring on the input systems from the source. In this dissertation we present a demonstration of quantum process radiography for the photon amplifier and dimmer operator.

   Geophysical methods are the best techniques to identify and explore groundwater reserves without destructive environmental impacts. Among these methods, electrical resistivity with low cost and acceptable accuracy can play important roles in groundwater exploration. The electrical resistivity method with the Schlumberger arrangement is known as the most common and the most practical geophysical method in groundwater exploration studies. Accordingly, a site investigation was performed in Zangovan plain of Sirvan city located in the Ilam province. The purpose of the geoelectrical study in this plain was to investigate the groundwater status based on the values of apparent electrical resistivity measured using the Schlumberger arrangement, as well as to determine the best location for drilling the wells toward the groundwater exploitations. In this plain, 73 electrical soundings were carried out along ten profiles with Schlumberger arrangement, which were drawn based on the apparent resistivity data obtained from site investigations by GeoSoft software. Besides, the geoelectric sections for each of the profiles were obtained by 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional inversion methods using ZondRes2D software. Finally, the most suitable places for drilling wells were suggested based on the interpretation of the apparent resistivity maps, apparent resistivity sections, geoelectric sections, as well as considering the geological location of the study area.

We study the damping of longitudinaloscillations of a prominence thread caused by the mass accretion.Wesuggested asimple modeldescribing this phenomenon. In this model we considered a thincurved magnetictube filled with the plasma. The prominence threadis in thecentral part of the tube and it consists of densecold plasma. The parts of thetube at the two sides of the thread are filledwith hot rarefied plasma. Weassume that there are flows of rarefied plasma toward the thread caused by theplasma evaporation at themagnetic tube footpoints. Our main assumption is thatthe hot plasma is instantaneously accommodated bythe thread when it arrivesatthe thread, and its temperature and density become equal to those of thethread. Then we derive the system of ordinary differentialequations describingthe thread dynamics. We solve this system of ordinary differential equations intwo particular cases. In the firstcase we assume that the magnetic tube iscomposed of an arc of a circle with two straight lines attached to its endssuch that the wholecurve is smooth. A very important property of this model isthat the equations describing the thread oscillations are linear foranyoscillation amplitude. We obtain the analytical solution of the governingequations. Then we obtain the analytical expressions for theoscillation dampingtime and periods. We find that the damping time is inversely proportional tothe accretion rate. The oscillationperiods increase with time.We conclude thatthe oscillations can damp in a few periods if the inclination angle is sufficientlysmall, notlarger that 10° , and the flow speed is sufficiently large, notless that 30 kms-1 . In the second model we consider the tube withthe shapeof an arc of a circle. The thread oscillates with the pendulumfrequency dependent exclusively on the radius of curvature of the arc.Thedamping depends on the mass accretion rate and the initial mass of the threathatis the mass of the thread at the moment whenit is perturbed. First we considersmall amplitude oscillations and use the linear description.

 abstract

     در سونداژزني به­روش شلومبرژه هنگام افزايش عمق اكتشاف به­وسيله افزايش فاصله الكترودهاي جريان، گاهي اوقات براي ثبت اختلاف پتانسيل لازم است كه فاصله ميان الكترودهاي پتانسيل نيز افزايش پيدا كند. اين افزايش باعث تكه­تكه شدن منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه برحسب فاصله الكترودي مي­شود. تكه­تكه شدن منحني تحت تأثير دو عامل، تغيير هندسه­آرايش و ناهمگني­هاي نزديك الكترودهاي پتانسيل است.       پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اثر افزايش فاصله الكترود­هاي پتانسيل بر روي منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه الكتريكي در اندازه­گيري­هاي سونداژ مقاومت ويژه به روش شلومبرژه انجام گرفته­است. در اين پژوهش با مدل­سازي پيشرو روي زمين لايه­اي مشخص گرديد كه تغيير هندسه آرايش و تغيير نسبت فاصله الكترودهاي پتانسيل به فاصله الكترود­هاي جريان اثر بسيار كمي   برشكل منحني ­مقاومت­ويژه دارد. درواقع عامل اصلي تكه­تكه شدن منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه شلومبرژه، اثر ناهمگني­هاي نزديك سطح مي­باشد.    در اين پژوهش براي تصحيح اثر افزايش فاصله الكترودهاي پتانسيل از روش ماندري استفاده شد. اين روش قبلا براي تصحيح نمودار مقاومت­ويژه، در تفسيرهاي سونداژ مقاومت ويژه به­وسيله تطبيق با منحني­هاي سرشتي، استفاده مي­شد. براي اين كار منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه در نسبت­هاي كم فواصل الكترودي با منحني­هاي بخصوصي برازش داده شد. سپس با استفاده اين برازش منحني تغييرات مقاومت ويژه براي نسبت هاي بزرگ فواصل الكترودي تصحيح گرديد.    نتايج به دست آمده از تصحيح ماندري، روي منحني­هاي حاصل از مدل­سازي پيشرو و داده­هاي صحرايي نشان ­داد كه استفاده از اين روش تصحيح براي كاهش اثر تغيير هندسه آرايش، دركنار استفاده از جابجايي عمودي نمودار براي تصحيح اثر ناهمگني­هاي نزديك سطح اثر قابل توجهي در يكپارچه شدن منحني مقاومت ويژه دارد. همچنين مشاهده شد، در اين تصحيح هنگامي كه بيشتر از دو نقطه براي برازش منحني استفاده ­شود، نتايج بسيار دقيق­تر از حالتي است كه از دو نقطه براي برازش استفاده مي­شود.     

 Identifying groundwater for the management and development of water resources is important. Amongst the geophysical methods, electrical resistivity method can be important in groundwater exploration with a low and reasonable cost and acceptable accuracy.resistivity method with a Schlumberger arrangement is the most common and most practical geophysical method in groundwater exploration studies. Using this method, information is obtained about the depth to the bedrock floor.The study area in this research is Ravansar plain in southern Ravansar city of Kermanshah province. Which extends from northwest to southeast. The purpose of this geo-electric study was to study the status of groundwater in relation to the electrical resistivity values ??of the earth's layers, so that the best place for water extraction is determined for water use.In this plain, 247 sonding electrical are harvested with a Schlumberger array, with a maximum transmitter electrode distance of 1000 m. The maximum studied depth is 250 m. Electrical sonding are harvested along the 14 profiles, with the distance of the sonding from each other along each profile, often about 700 meters, but varying between 500 m and 2 km depending on the surface complications. In this research, electrical resistivity map was drawn for each electrode drawing, and the resistivity section for profiles 2, 3, 6 and 13 was plotted using Res1D software.Finally, the best points for drilling wells, due to the extent of the aquifer, and its nutritional resources, are determined, which include midpoints near the end of the profiles 2, 3, and 4, and to a certain extent, the central sonding 5 and 6 They are mapped to the southern and southeast regions.

  We have studied the fusion cross section for heavy ions interaction. We calculated the scattering potential as the sum of Coulomb and Proximity potential. For spherical and deformed states of projectile and targets nuclei, we calculated fusion cross section and compared with experimental data. Calculations are done for   ,   ,   ,   and   ystems in above and below the fusion barrier. With regard to the deformation parameter for the nuclei, the consistency between theoretical and experimental data is improved especially in the energies below the barrier.

  Inthis research, muon catalyzed fusion in solid systems D-T   (deuterium-tritium), H-D-T   (Hydrogen-deuterium-tritum) andthree-layer HT-D2-DT   are studied In particular the role of muonichelium atoms in all mentioned system has been inrestigated.Thepoint kinematic equtions are numerically solved to calculate muon cyclingcoefficient muon cycling rate and the effective sticking coefficient for theproposed system. The obtained results are compared with It is shown that themuon cycling coefficient in three-layer decrease. Also to consider muonichelium atoms in fusion cycling reduces fusion yield in mentioned systems.

  Abstract   Operational algebra method means the technique of applying ladder operators to obtain spectra   of eigenvalues energy and wave eigenfunctions corresponding to quantum mechanical operators that are widely used in educational books related to solving the equation of momentum and harmonic oscillator Is taken. Dirac first devised these operators and was able to use this method to analyze angular momentum and to show that the quantum number of the total angular momentum should be a half-integer multiplicity of Planck's constant.        There are several advantages to using this method in contrast to the old method of solving the second-order differential equation but this technique involves employing ladder operators for the radial equation of the hydrogenlike atom is not found as an important model in books and research papers related to quantum physics; instead, only an analytical method with the series-solution method is used. In this new method, first by constructing a commutative operators set, we create the Hilbert space associated with it, which is the same space of the system's state, and then, by creating a linear combination of the non-commutative operators system set, we define the increasing and decreasing operators. In this new research based on the nature of wave mechanics, the operational algebra method is used to solve the Schr?dinger equation for the hydrogenlike atom system, whith similar functions to the previous models in the effect of ladder operators on quantum states of the system, energy quantization and the orthonormal wave eigenfunctions Will be produced quite accurately and without any arbitrary assumptions.

پس از موفقيت گرافن مواد دوبعدي شبه‌گرافن جهت استفاده از خواص غيرمعمول آنها در الكترونيك مورد بررسي قرار گرفته‌اند. در اين پايان‌نامه تك‌لايه و دولايه شبه‌گرافن‌هاي SiB و CdS با استفاده از كد محاسباتي Wien2k به روش امواج تخت بهبود يافته خطي با پتانسيل كامل در چارچوب نظزيه تابعي چگالي مورد برسي قرار گرفتند كه در نتيجه هر دو ماده غيرمغناطيسي هستند، همچنين SiB فلز اما CdS نيمرساناست كه با پژوهشهاي قبلي سازگار است.

  In this thesis, first, we look at the theory of quantum fields especially the quantum fields of the spinor and vector, in the first and second chapters them we describe the general definition of coherent states and their properties.In the third chapter, we state which the definition of Fourier transform, the Fourier transform is the oldest signal conversion tool that decomposes a signal into components of exponential functions with different frequencies and it is able to transmit the received signal from the time domain to the frequency domain. This conversion lacks any information about the time of each frequency occurrence. In other words, in this transformation, the time dependent information is completely eliminated. [1]In fact, depiction of signal in the frequency domain, do not have efficiency for analysis of non-static signals; because of the inability to represent frequency variations over time. As the result, we find that there is a need of distribution with the ability to represent frequency variations over time, that it shows time-frequency distributions as well as these signal variations. [2] We have stated them in chapter four. Gabor only used the Fourier transform for the short time limit from receiving signal, with the invention of a new method, and he called this time limit as the time window.Gabor, calculated the Fourier transform of each part by moving the window over the time of receiving signals and he called it the Fourier transform, that it is an example of time-frequency analysis. This conversion has the fixed width of window simultaneously, that leads to non- >In the fifth chapter, we scrutinized the basis implement of MRI, which is based on the spin motion of the nuclei of the hydrogen atom, then we describe the methods of imaging, including spin-echo, multidimensional imaging, multi-image imaging, and so on. Also, In Chapter 6, we have explained the components of the MRI machine in details.

‎In this work‎, the transfer energy between molecules near a spherical multilayer nanoparticle and a coated-graphene nanoparticle is investigated.‎The process of energy transfer from a molecule which called donor to another molecule wich called acceptor has many applications in physics and biology.the most intresting example is the desig n of biosensors based on the energy transfer.‎The donor and acceptor molecules are considered as the point dipole in the vicinity of a plasmonic nanoparticle increases the extend of the energy transfer.‎The effect of parametrs such as the refractive index of the enviroument, the size of nanoparticle,the type of metal,the distance of molecules is shown. also, the influence of the graphene on the transfered energy from the donor molecule to the acceptor molecule is studied.

تحليل و بررسي روند تغييرات پنج آلاينده معيار آلودگي هوا در شهر كرمانشاه در سال هاي 1393-1384

  Abstract:Heat waves is one of environmental dangers which has got atmospheric origin and is of importance taking into account the effect it can have on the routine life and health of people as well as economy. In this research the synoptic analysis of heat waves in south west of Iran and the reason behind these waves, the exact statistics of these waves concerning continuity, intensity, time distribution and frequency have been studied. Also atmospheric circulation pattern in the time of heat waves and heat waves prediction by Markov model have been studied. In order to do so, data of maximum daily temperature of 15 synoptic weather stations in south west of Iran during 1990 to 2015 (26 years and 9496 days) were used. Then, after categorizing the data in excel, to identify heat waves percentile-derivation method was used, temperatures in proportion to 95 percentile or more were considered as heat waves. To identify heat waves of south west, temperatures which lasted for 2 days and occurred at 11 stations were defined as heat waves. Meanwhile 111 pervasive heat waves in the south west region were identified during 1990 to 2015 and were categorized as short-term, mid-term and long-term heat waves. The least-continuing waves were for 2 days and the most lasting ones for 17 days. Among these heat waves, four long-term heat waves were analyzed synoptically. After identifying heat waves and drawing frequency diagram and time distribution, the different maps related to different indexes of atmosphere (thickness, geopotential altitude of indexes: 850, 700, 500 hectopascal and wind speed vector at 850 hectopascal index) were drawn. Studying maps shows that a thermal low-pressure at ground level and tidal high pressure deployment in middle layers of atmosphere lead to weather stability and temperature intensity. Then by using Markov model and getting transfer status frequency matrix (N) and transfer status probability matrix (P) and by using Markov model as well as R software and installing Markov package in this software, heat waves become predictable for coming years.     

  Internal solitons generated at the Columbia River plume front during ebb tides are revealed in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Scale analyses indicated that these internal waves belong to the finite-depth category. Based on the study by Zheng et al. [2002], a theoretical model for the finite-depth category was developed that relates radar backscatter cross-section to dynamic parameters of internal solitons. Using the theoretical model and in-situ density data collected by the River Influences on Shelf Ecosystem (RISE) project cruise in July 2004, we obtained the half width, amplitude, phase speed, and wave energy per crest length of the internal solitons at four.

A fully quantum mechanical model of two-component Manakov solitons is developed in both the Heisenberg and Schr?dinger representations, followed by an analytical, linearized quantum theory of Manakov solitons in the Heisenberg picture. This theory is used to analyze the vacuum-induced fluctuations of Manakov soliton propagation and collision. The vacuum fluctuations induce phase diffusion and dispersion in Manakov soliton propagation. Calculations of the position, polarization angle, and polarization state fluctuations show an increase in collision-induced noise with a decrease in the relative velocity between the two solitons, as expected because of an increase in the interaction length. Fluctuations in both the polarization angle and state are shown to be independent of propagation distance, opening up possibilities for communications, switching, and logic, exploiting these properties of Manakov solitons.

Air pollution is one of the most important recent environmental problems which is the presence of gaseous, liquid, and solid compounds or a mixture of them in the air. Therefore; it can endanger human health directly or indirectly and it also causes harm to animals, plants, buildings and bodies.  The main air pollutants include particulate matters and gases. Particulate matters are solid or liquid particles that are suspended in a gas (usually air). Since particulate matter pollutant nowadays have become a critical pollutant of metropolises , the evaluating of particulate matters concentration in indoor and outdoor environments in Kermanshah province has became necessary. The results of extensive studies on indoor air pollution indicate that the effect of air pollution in indoor environments is more than air pollution in urban environments, as most people in the urban community spend about 80% to 90% of work and life time in indoor environments and are exposed to air pollution in these environments. As a result, this study aimed at investigating significant indoor pollutants, their sources and their effects on health, the introduction of some of the indoor pollutants resources and the study of the limitations of indoor pollutants in the world as well as Iran. As Kermanshah province is the second province that is involved with the dust storm, and the quality of indoor air is influenced by out, this study examined the indoor air quality using Lighthouse HANDHELD 3016 Particle Counter under dusty and clean conditions, in the environments equipped with water and gas air conditioners over 5 minute periods (22 time cycles).  The results of the research showed that in all measurements, the particles with the diameter of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 micron had the most frequency, respectively. Also, as particles with a diameter of more than 1 micron (very large particles) can enter the atmosphere through dust, by making comparison between the number of particles with a diameter greater than 1 micron in the indoor environments equipped with water and gas air conditioners under dusty and clean conditions, it was found that these particles in dust conditions in environments with water conditioners increased up to 3 times in some cases than those in gas air conditioners. That is to say, water air conditioners bring much more dust particles into indoor environments. Regarding various studies, photocopiers and printers can be considered as an important source of particulate matters (ultrafine and fine particles) in office environments. In order to investigate this, the concentration of particles 0.3, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 micrometers in diameter was measured before the devices were turned on, as well as during the operation of the machines in the printing office with the largest number of photocopiers and printers in Kermanshah province. The results showed a significant increase in the concentration of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 micron particles, fine mode, during the printing process in the printing office air.

Today in Iran, air pollution is the first issue of environmental pollution and urban tra  ortation system is the one of the main causes its release, Aerosols and gases are the most important known pollutants in the air. Air pollution has many reasons in different cities of Iran such as increase traffic, deforestation, forest fires, increased establishment of factories and power plant, natural factors such as dust storms. Pollution of geo graphical environments in Iran by Aerosols and gases is one of the most important issues in this country. Air pollution has 2 type of pollutant: a) Particle   b) Gas , particularly   there are Jobs and various industrial activities that produce this pollutants. Therefore, measurement of this pollutants is very important because they are effective on health and environmental degradation, Therefore, we must use efficient methods for reduce the concentration this pollutants.In this study, after a brief review of air pollution;, in summary, we defined air pollution, then, we   measured Aerosol   with Cascade Impactor 8 stages and i   the next step, we analyzed   the physical and chemical data in different places of Kermanshah city. In determining the chemical composition, results show that among the five elements V, Cr, Hg, Cd and pb, Hg has the highest mass. In determining the Aerosol size distribution, results show that in Dust storm and Urban traffic the most particles are in the range of Coarse Mode and Accumulation Mode. In the next section, we defined concentration of gaseous pollutants in different places of Kermanshah city , results show that printer home produces O3 and NO2 and heavy traffic produces CO,CH4,Ben and NOx. At the end, the ways have been suggested for reduction of air pollution.

  We have investigated the effect of thermal conduction and compressive viscosity on the damping of longitudinal magnetohydrodynamic waves generated in a cooling background in a uniformly magnetised plasma. Compressive viscosity and thermal conduction are assumed to be the dominant mechanisms for the damping of the oscillations in hot coronal loops. We have assumed the low-beta plasma to use the rigid flux tube approximation, which enables us to disregard the magnetic field perturbation therefore the magnetic field was assumed to be constant and aligned along the z-direction. The background temperature is allowed to change as a function of time and to decay exponentially with characteristic cooling times typical for coronal loops which is much longer than the characteristic oscillation period P, i.e., that we consider a temporally slowly varying plasma. The latter assumption has allowed us to use the WKB method to model the damped oscillations. In the leading order approximation of the WKB method, called the approximation of geometrical optics, we have derived the dispersion equation determining the instantaneous complex frequency of the loop oscillation. In the next order approximation, called the approximation of physical optics, we have obtained the equation determining the variation of oscillation amplitude with time.   We have used the analytical results to estimate the dependence of the oscillation amplitude on time numerically. We have obtained in cold loops the damping due to compressive viscosity is very weak and in hott loops the damping of oscillation becomes stronger also, cooling reduces the damping rate due to compressive viscosity. But in loops with higher temperature, taking into account the effects of compressive viscosity and thermal conduction can overcome the effect of cooling and the oscillation amplitude secreases with time in cooling coronal loops.

  حالت هاي همدوس عموما يك ارتباط تنگاتنگ بين روابط كلاسيك و كوانتومي يك سيستم داده شده را فراهم مي آورد. اين حالت ها در حقيقت ويژه بردارهايي خاص در فضاي هيلبرت مي باشند كه حداقل داراي سه ويژگي مهم پيوستگي، نرماليزه پذيري و رابطه هماني را دارا مي باشند. كوانتش يك نگاشت انتگرالي مي باشد كه ما را از فضاي كلاسيك به فضاي كوانتومي مي برد. در اين پايان نامه حالتي را در نظر مي گيريم كه در مكانيك كوانتومي استاندارد وجود ندارد و مكانيك كوانتوم استاندارد قادر به توجيه آن نيست، براي حل اين مشكل از حالت هاي همدوس كمك مي گيريم. با استفاده از كوانتش انتگرالي برزين، مقدار كلاسيكي تابع( مشاهده پذير ) را در نگاشت انتگرالي قرار داده و معادل كوانتومي آن ( عملگر ) را بدست خواهيم آورد. فضاهاي ناجابجايي دو بعدي مي توانند سطح تخت ناجابه جايي و يا سطح كره ناجابجايي و يا هر سطح خميده ديگر باشند. در اينجا حالت هاي همدوس را در سطح تخت ناجابجايي (صفحه ناجابجا) بررسي مي كنيم. منظور از ناجابجايي مختصات، ناجابجايي مكاني است و ناجابه جايي را بين مختصه هاي زماني در نظر نمي گيريم زيرا از لحاظ مفاهيم يكتايي و عليت دچار مشكل مي شويم. همچنين سه شرط پيوستگي، نرماليزه پذيري و رابطه هماني را برا ي حالت هاي همدوس در فضاي ناجابجا بررسي مي كنيم

   فصل اول اين پايان نامه بررسي مختصري از ساختار خورشيد و پديده هاي آن مي باشد.در فصل دوم بررسي امواج مغناطوهيدرديناميكي و معادلات توصيف كننده ي اين امواج را خواهيم داشت. در فصل سوم امواج سوسيسي در لوله هاي تاج خورشيد رامورد بررسي قرار خواهيم داد. در فصل چهارم  به بررسي اثر جريان بر طول موج هاي قطع و فركانس امواج سوسيسي سريع در لوله هاي تاج خورشيد با ميدان مغناطيسي پيچشي خواهيم پرداخت.

  Black holes are objects in the cosmos have amazing compact and heavy objects that even light does not pass through the discovery of quasars, black holes were discovered fact. Super red shift quasars Vtabshy a thousand light years are less than the diameter of a typical galaxy

  In recent decades, study on soliton systems was very controversial and has attracted attention of many researchers, including Iranian researchers. The study in this field in order to study their behavior plays a significant role. Therefore deal knowing or combine or create them have most important. This thesis, first with a brief overview on soliton concepts and importance of their study started and then types studies and computational and numerical methods examined for it. Studies on considered samples were very long, and beyond the scope of this thesis, therefore, only be satisfied on a brief review. According to the conducted surveys, several systems already have been examined. Therefore, based on our knowledge of those studies should in provide a new method and of course reliable proceeded.

همجوشي هسته اي از طريق كاتاليزور   ميوني يكي   از روش هاي انجام   همجوشي براي توليد   انرژي است. اين روش به دليل انجام شدن در دماي محيط و عدم توليد پسماند هاي راديواكتيو مضر، در سال هاي اخير مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در اين پايان نامه ما با استفاده از روش برنامه نويسي فرترن به حل معادلات ديناميكي پرداختيم و بازده كاتاليزور ميوني را براي سيستم هاي D-T و H-D-Tدر شرايط جامد و مايع محاسبه نموده ايم و شرايط بهينه براي انجام همجوشي را   به دست آورده ايم. هم چنين   مشاهده كرديم كه با افزايش   غلظت تريتيم، بازده كاتاليزور ميوني در سيستم   H-D-T افزايش مي يابد، در حاليكه در سيستم D-Tيك قله در نمودار ديده مي شود. اما با افزايش چگالي   محيط، بازده در هر دو   سيستم افزايش مي يابد. هم چنين آهنگ   چرخه ي ميون، طيف زماني نوترون هاي حاصل از   همجوشي و ضريب چسبندگي مؤثر سيستم ها را نيز محاسبه نموده ايم. در انتها نيز اثر اسپين بر بازده همجوشي كاتاليزور ميوني بررسي كرده ايم و مشاهده كرديم كه با وارد كردن اسپين در معادلات ديناميكي، بازده همجوشي اندكي كاهش مي يابد.

study magnetic susceptibility of bhlaer graphen nanoribbon up to second neighbor approximation

  By the density functional theory whit augmented plane wave and generalized gradient approximation, the electronic and magnetic properties of SiB zigzag hydrogenated nanoribbons whit different widths have investigated. The results showed that all of the nanoribbons have metallic behavior. Also the systems did not have any magnetic property.

In recent years, much attentions have been paid to the metal-semiconductor nanostructures due to their potential applications in science and technology, and also in enhancing the nanoscale sensors and optical devices. In addition, the exciton-plasmon interactions makes them a hot topic in the field of nanoscience and plasmonics. Interaction ‎between ‎noble ‎metal ‎plasmons ‎and ‎semiconductor ‎exciton‎s could lead to interesting nonlinear optical effects such as electromagnetically induced tra  arency (EIT) and slow light. Moreover, this phenomena would open a new route for designing new optical sensors and devices based on plasmon-exciton interaction. In this study, the electrodynamic of concentric cylindrical nanoshells in the framework of the Mie formalism has been investigated theoretically . By introducing the TE and TM modes in cylindrical geometry, the scattering coefficients for core-shell and multishell nanoparticles has been calculated. By considering an effective dielectric function for the system and using the Clausius-Mossoti relation, the group velocity in the medium has been formulated. Furthermore, the induced electromagnetic tra  arency in a system consisting of a dielectric slab doped with cylindrical nanoparticles sandwiched between two metallic parallel plates has been investigated.The influence of some key parameters such as the thickness of layers, the size and composition of nanoparticles and slabs on EIT has been shown and analyzed.

  The electronic and magnetic properties of the hydrogenated zigzag GaN nanoribbons with different widthes 3, 5, 7, 9, have been stadied. The methode of the study was density functional theory with full potential and   augmented plane wave approach. And the Generalized gradient approximation, GGA, are used for exchange- correlation functional. The curves of density of states and electronic density of the nanoribbons were drown. The results show all of the nanoribbons have semiconductor behaviour, The value of the gap energy of the nanoribbons are from 2.687 eV to 2.008 eV. With increase the width of the nanoribbon, the band gap of it is decreased. Also all of the nanoribbons don?t have any magnetic property.

In decays of the Z0, the dominant mechanism for the direct production of charmonium states is the decays of the Z0 into a pair heavy   anti quark b or c followed by its fragmentation into the charmoniom and butmoniom states. First we calculate the fragmentation functions describing the splitting of   heavy anti quarks into S-wave quarkonium states to leading order in the QCD coupling costant. We use our   fragmentation functions to calculate the production rate of heavy quarkonium states in Z0 decay and   so decay rate of Z0 to the pair heavy quark   cc ,bb.       PACS No.13

  Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum is a compound of silicon and carbon with chemical formula SiC. In 1893, Henri Moissan discovered the very rare naturally-occurring SiC mineral. Moissan also synthesized SiC by several routes, including dissolution of carbon in molten silicon, melting a mixture of calcium carbide and silica, and by reducing silica with carbon in an electric furnace. The first use of SiC was as an abrasive. This was followed by electronic applications. In 1907 Henry Joseph Round produced the first LED by applying a voltage to a SiC crystal and observing yellow, green and orange emission at the cathode   Under the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), the electronic properties are studied for Sic nanoribbon armchair edge (ASiCNR) by using the first-principles projector-augmented wave (PAW) potential within the density function theory (DFT) framework. The results show that the H-terminated ASiCNRs are always semiconductors independent of their width but the edge states do not appear at the Fermi level, due to the Si-C dimer bonds at the edges.     Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum is a compound of silicon and carbon with chemical formula SiC. In 1893, Henri Moissan discovered the very rare naturally-occurring SiC mineral. Moissan also synthesized SiC by several routes, including dissolution of carbon in molten silicon, melting a mixture of calcium carbide and silica, and by reducing silica with carbon in an electric furnace. The first use of SiC was as an abrasive. This was followed by electronic applications. In 1907 Henry Joseph Round produced the first LED by applying a voltage to a SiC crystal and observing yellow, green and orange emission at the cathode  

  CdTe and ZnTe monolayer crystals in bulk and stability of the structure Almasyand properties band gap semiconductor with ev 5/1 (CdTe) = and ev26 / 2 = (ZnTe) are. HgTe in bulk crystalline diamond-like metal structure with zero energy band gap semiconductor layer in single mode, with different properties than the bulk of it. The material in the manufacture of hard x-ray detectors and radiation ? many applications. Restructuring in the future with other materials such as CdTe or Hg, and Zn for entering an infrared detector and energetic particles, which referred astronomical use of the materials used. The subject of this thesis study Structural and electronic properties and other properties of the compound using density functional theory and application of augmented plane wave with code Vienna.