Abstract

كارايي ضعيف توليد مثلي در گاوهاي شيري همچنان يك نگراني عمده براي صنعت دام شيري در سراسر جهان است. در چند دهه‌ي اخير، انتخاب ژنتيكي براي توليد شير با كاهش كارايي توليد مثلي همراه بوده است. تلاش‌هاي تحقيقي زيادي به منظور ابداع فناوري‌هايي جهت القاءِ تخمك‌گذاري همزمان براي تلقيح در زمان معين (TAI) در گاوهاي گوشتي و شيري انجام شده است. پروتكل Ovsynch، كه شامل دو تجويز هورمون آزادكننده­ي گنادوتروپين (GnRH) به فاصله­ي 9 روز، تجويز پروستاگلاندين F2? (PGF2?) هفت روز پس از GnRH اول، و انجام تلقيح 18-16 ساعت پس از تجويز GnRH دوم (GnRH2) است، برنامه­هاي توليد مثلي را مؤثرتر ساخته است. با اين حال، نرخ ضعيف تخمك­گذاري در پاسخ به GnRH2 ممكن است منجر به نرخ­هاي آبستني پايين شود. پژوهش­هاي زيادي جهت بهبود نرخ تخمك­گذاري با جايگزين كردن GnRH2 از جمله با گنادوتروپين كوريونيك انساني (hCG) كه مؤثرتر از GnRH در تحريك تخمك‌گذاري در گاوهاي شيري است انجام شده است. با اين حال گزارش شده است كه اين جايگزيني نرخ‌هاي تخمك‌گذاري و آبستني را افزايش نداد، بنابراين hCG يك جايگزين مناسب براي GnRH2 نيست. ما فرض كرديم كه درصد گاوهايي كه در پاسخ به GnRH2 تخمك­گذاري مي­كنند با تجويز همزمان hCG افزايش مي­يابد. بنابراين در مطالعه­ي حاضر اثر تجويز همزمان hCG و GnRH2 در مقايسه با تجويز جداگانه­ي هر يك از آنها بر عملكرد توليد مثلي گاوهاي هلشتاين شيرده مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در اين مطالعه 62 رأس گاو بين زايش­هاي دوم و پنجم كه در روزهاي 5 ± 50 پس از زايش خود بودند به­طور تصادفي به سه گروه GPG (Ovsynch)، GPH (مانند گروه GPG ولي تجويز hCG به­جاي GnRH2) و GPG-H (مانند گروه GPG ولي تجويز hCG همزمان با GnRH2) تقسيم و 18-16 ساعت بعد از آخرين تزريق تلقيح (TAI) شدند. دام­ها در روزهاي 1- (TAI = D 0) و 7 جهت تعيين نرخ تخمك­گذاري و در روزهاي 30 و 55 جهت تعيين نرخ­هاي گيرايي و آبستني به روش سونوگرافي معاينه شدند. نمونه­هاي خون از وريد وداج دام­ها در روزهاي صفر و 12 جهت سنجش غلظت­هاي پروژسترون خون اخذ گرديد.

برنامه¬ي آوسينك، شامل دو تجويز هورمون آزادكننده¬ي گنادوتروپين (GnRH) به فاصله-ي 9 روز و تجويز پروستاگلاندين F2? (PGF2?) هفت روز بعد از تجويز GnRH نخست (GnRH1) و انجام تلقيح (TAI) 16-18 ساعت پس از تجويز GnRH2، برنامه¬هاي توليد مثلي را مؤثرتر ساخته است. با اين حال، عدم تخمك¬گذاري در پاسخ به GnRH1 ممكن است منجر به نرخ¬هاي آبستني پايين بخاطر تخمك¬گذاري غير همزمان پس از تجويز GnRH2 شود. پژوهش¬ها نشان داده¬اند كه گنادوتروپين كوريونيك انساني (hCG) مؤثرتر از GnRH در تحريك تخمك‌گذاري در گاوهاي شيري است. با اين حال گزارش شده است كه آغاز كردن پروتكل Ovsynch با hCG نرخ‌هاي تخمك‌گذاري و آبستني را در گاوهاي شيري شيرده افزايش نداد. بنابراين، hCG يك جايگزين مناسب براي GnRH1 نيست. ما فرض كرديم كه درصد گاوهايي كه در پاسخ به GnRH1 تخمك¬گذاري مي-كنند با تجويز همزمان hCG افزايش مي¬يابد. بنابراين در اين مطالعه اثر تجويز همزمان hCG و GnRH1 در مقايسه با تجويز جداگانه¬ي هر يك از آنها بر عملكرد توليد مثلي گاوهاي هلشتاين شيرده مورد بررسي قرار مي¬گيرد. در اين مطالعه 60 رأس گاو بين زايش¬هاي دوم و پنجم كه در روزهاي 3 ± 50 پس از زايش قرار دارند به¬طور تصادفي در گروه¬هاي Ovsynch، hCG (مانند گروه Ovsynch ولي تجويز hCG به¬جاي GnRH1) و GnRH1 + hCG تقسيم و 18-16 ساعت بعد از آخرين تزريق مورد تلقيح قرار گرفتند. گاوها در روزهاي 10-، 3-، 1-، صفر و 1 (TAI = day 0) جهت تعيين نرخ تخمك¬گذاري و در روزهاي 2 ± 30 جهت تعيين نرخ آبستني به روش سونوگرافي معاينه شدند. همچنين جهت سنجش غلظت¬هاي پروژسترون، از وريد وداج همه¬ي دام¬ها نمونه¬هاي خون در روزهاي 10-، 3-، 0، و 12 مطالعه اخذ گرديد. نتايج مطالعه‌ي حاضر نشان داد كه تجويز hCG همراه با GnRH نخست برنامه¬ي آوسينك در گاوهاي شيري شيرده موجب افزايش معني¬دار نرخ¬هاي تخمك¬گذاري اول و دوم، ميانگين قطر فوليكول غالب موج جديد فوليكولي در روز 1- و نرخ آبستني در گاوهاي شيري شيرده نمي¬شود. يكي از محدوديت¬هاي مطالعه¬ي حاضر، تعداد پايين دام¬ها در گروه¬هاي مورد مطالعه بود. بنابراين مطالعات بيشتري با استفاده از تعداد بزرگتري از گاوها مي¬تواند نتايج دقيق¬تري را فراهم نمايد. لغات كليدي: آوسينك، تلقيح در زمان معين، گاو شيري، نرخ آبستني،   نرخ تخمك‌گذاري، هورمون گنادوتروپين كوريونيك انساني   

Keywords: pH-sensitive label, electrospinning, freshness monitoring  

Keywords: Natural colorant; Electrospinning; Freshness indicator

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   Background: Pain is one of the most common clinical symptoms. Clinical treatment of pain is still a big problem. Therefore, it is necessary for researchers to look for treatments with fewer side effects. Plants have high biological importance and some of them can show antinociceptive activities. Esculin is one of the important derivatives of Fraxinus rhynchophylla plant bark. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antinociceptive effects of esculin and the possible mechanisms involved in it in adult male mice. Methods: In this study, mice were divided into 5 groups, which include the control group, 3 groups receiving esculin (with doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and the indomethacin group (5 mg/kg). Pain induction was done using writhing test. To check the analgesic activity, 30 minutes after the injection of the above compounds in the respective groups, 0.6% acetic acid (10 mg/kg) was injected and the behavior of the mice was observed for 30 minutes to count the number of writhes. took Then, the most effective dose of esculin (40 mg/kg) was selected to investigate the involved mechanisms. In order to investigate the possible role of the systems involved in analgesia caused by esculin, pretreatment with naloxone (opioidergic receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg), atropine (cholinergic receptors antagonist, 1 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (H1 histaminergic receptors antagonist, 20 mg/kg), cimetidine (H2 histaminergic receptors antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg), flumazenil (GABAergic receptors antagonist, 5 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (serotonergic receptors antagonist, 4 mg/kg) and yohimbine (adrenergic receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg) were administered 15 minutes before the injection of esculin. Then, 15 minutes after the injection of esculin, acetic acid was injected and the number of writhes was calculated for 30 minutes. All injections were done intraperitoneally. Results: The results showed that esculin has a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in pain induced by the writhing test (0/05>P(. Also, in the groups pretreated with naloxone, atropine, flumazenil and yohimbine, the antinociceptive effects decreased significantly (0/05>P(.

Abstract    Background: Cancer is one of four most life threatening diseases in human. Chemotherapy is one of the common routes of cancer treatment. One of the mechanism of action of cisplatin is induction of Oxidative stress, cell damage and as a result of these, initiation of apoptosis process in cells. Whereas cisplatin acts non-selectively, in addition to tumoral cells, it has some bad effects on normal cells too. Syringic acid is a phenolic compound having kinds of therapeutic properties like antioxidant effects. With due attention to past studies, protective effect of syringic acid on oxidative strees induced by cisplatin in some tissues like liver, kidney and ovary were proven. This study is conducted with the aim of investigation of protective effect of syringic acid on cisplatin induced testicular damage in adult male rats.    Material and methods: thirty five male Wistar rats were divided to five groups of seven. 1- Group of receiving saline 2-Group of receiving saline and Cisplatin 3-Group of receiving Vitamin C with a dose of 150 mg/kg and Cisplatin 4-Group of receiving Syringic acid with a dose of 50 mg/kg 5-Group of receiving Syringic acid with a dose of 100 mg/kg. Duration of study was 14 days and animals were administered daily with Syringic acid and Vitamin C orally and also given Cisplatin with a dose of 7 mg/kg in day 8 as a single dose intraperitoneally. At the end of treatment course, animals after weight measurement, were euthanized. After getting blood sample and harvesting testicles, weight and size of each testis was recorded. Amount of MDA, SOD and TAC in testis tissue, testosterone concentration in blood serum was measured and histopathological section of testis tissue with H&E staining was done. Datas were analysed with reversed variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey pursuance test.    Results: SOD and TAC levels of group receiving Cisplatin were meaningfully lower than control group (P<0.05). Increase in amount of these parameters in groups receiving Vitamin C and Syringic acid with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg in relation with Cisplatin group was evaluated (P<0.05). In Cisplatin group, MDA levels were meaningfully greater than control group (P<0.05). Decrease of this factor in groups receiving Vitamin C and Syringic acid with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg in relation with Cisplatin group was recorded (P<0.05). In addition, testosterone levels of Cisplatin group was meaningfully lower than control group (P<0.05). Significant increase in testosterone levels in Vitamin C and Syringic acid with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg versus with Cisplatin group was observed (P<0.05). With administration of Cisplatin, size and weight of testicles were decreased in relation to control group considerably (P<0.05). Although administration of Vitamin C and Syringic acid with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg could increase theses parameters meaningfully (P<0.05). In addition, based on histopathological investigation in different groups, administration of Vitamin C and Syringic acid wth a dose of 50 mg/kg improved seminiferous tubules health, number and accumulation of leydig cells in relation with Cisplatin group, but improvement of these factors in testicular tissue in a group which received Syringic acid with a dose of 100 mg/kg was significantly greater than other groups in relation to Cisplatin receiving group.    Conclusion: Syringic acid probably has protective effects against testicular damage caused by cisplatin administration.    Keywords: Syringic acid, Cisplatin, Testis, Rat, Antioxidant, Chemotherapy   

  ermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are mature stem cells that have the ability to self-renew, differentiate and transfer genetics to the next generation. Due to the importance of these cells, recent medical and biological studies have focused on the process of their isolation, purification, diagnosis, cultivation and maintenance. For long-term preservation of cell stocks, freezing is the method of choice. Although freezing makes it possible to preserve cell reserves, it causes oxidative stress in cells.Curcumin is the effective substance of the yellow juba plant, which prevents the production of free radicals and damage to cells with its antioxidant properties. In order to preserve the reserves of spermatogonial cells, it is necessary to improve the freezing environment. The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of curcumin on the survival and quality of frozen testicular stem cells after thawing in order to improve the freezing environment in goats.

Spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) as a mature stem cell have the ability of self-renewal, differentiationand genetic transfer to the next generation. For thisreason, the process of isolation, purification, diagnosis, cultivation andmaintenance of SSC has been the main subject of recent research in biology andmedicine. Freezing cells is a method of choice for long-term preservation ofcell reserves. But freezing induces oxidative damage to cells. Quercetin is aplant flavonoid and antioxidant that prevents the production of free radicalsand DNA damage. Considering the necessity of improving the freezing culture, inorder to preserve the spermatogonial cells, our goal is to investigate theeffect of quercetin on the survival and quality of the frozen testicular stemcells after thawing in order to improve the freezing environment in goats. Inthis test, 10 grams of testicular tissue collected in DMEM culture medium willbe divided into small pieces, after enzymatic digestion and centrifugation, thecell suspension will be passed through a nylon filter. Then they are incubatedin DMEM medium containing 1% fetal bovine serum for 72 hours at 38°C and afterseparating the suspended spermatogonial cells, the percentage of cell viabilityis evaluated. To freeze SSCs, basic freezingmedium with quercetin (5, 25 and 50 ?M) is used and the cells are frozen at 4°Cfor 2 hours and then at -80°C for 24 hours and finally are transferred to anitrogen tank. After melting, the percentage of survival rate in theexperimental groups is evaluated.  

   The effects of co-administration of Doxorubicin and green synthesized ZnO    on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells; in vitro and in silico assessment Abstract The chemotherapy drug Doxorubicin (DOXO) can inflict substantial bone damage on cancer patients. While the mechanisms behind DOXO-induced osteoporosis remain incompletely elucidated, evidence suggests that DOXO may hinder the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2)/Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegics (SMAD) signaling pathway. Notably, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO   ) have proven effective in promoting bone formation, mineralization, and osteoblastic cell proliferation. Recently, green-synthesized ZnO    exhibit immense potential for various biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This study investigates the effects of co-administration of DOXO and green synthesized the ZnO    from hydroalcoholic extract of Cercis siliquastrum (C.S) on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs; in vitro and in silico assessments. ZnO    were synthesized from hydroalcoholic extract of C.S and characterized both qualitatively and quantitatively. To determine their effect on osteogenic differentiation, BMSCs were cultured in media with and without ZnO    (10 µg/ml) and DOXO (10 nmol) for 14 days. The transcription of genes involved in osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The impact of ZnO    on osteoblast function and bone formation was assessed by ALP enzyme and intracellular calcium deposition assays. To investigate the ability of the ZnO    to target BMPRs, an in silico molecular docking simulation was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method. AutoDock 4.2.6 software was employed to examine the binding interaction between the ZnO    and the active site of BMPRs. The BMSCs groups treated with the ZnO    significantly increased the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes (BMP-2, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), ALP and collagen type IA (COL1A). and intracellular calcium deposition. Also the most negative binding energy level (?G bind = -3.14 and -2.32 kcal/mol) demonstrated a propensity for binding to the active sites of both the type II receptor (BMPRII) and type I receptor (BMPRIa), Respectively. Our research sheds valuable light on the mechanism underlying the osteogenic differentiation-inducing effects of a combined treatment of DOXO and the ZnO   , both in vitro and in silico. This finding could potentially pave the way for exploring novel strategies to prevent chemotherapy-induced osteoporosis. Key words: Doxorubicin, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, zinc oxide nanoparticles, Cercis siliquastrum, molecular docking, BMP2 signaling pathway

improvement and conservation of small ruminant species of interest.  

  Osteoarthritis is one of the most common skeletal problems that affects millions of people around the world and makes life difficult for these people. There are many methods for inducing osteoarthritis in various researches, which are divided into two general categories: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical method includes surgical methods. including a variety of surgical models, including partial or complete meniscectomy, medial meniscus destabilization, meniscal tear, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or posterior cruciate ligament amputation, medial and/or external collateral ligament amputation, cartilage defect, and osteotomy is Among the mechanical methods, cutting the anterior cruciate ligament is one of the common methods for causing osteoarthritis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic progenitor cells that can differentiate into different tissues such as cartilage, osteocyte and fat cells. Together, stem cells secrete nutritional, vascular, and immunosuppressive factors that have a paracrine effect on tissue resident cells (TRC). Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow, but with today's knowledge, these cells can be isolated from different tissues such as skeletal muscle, synovial membrane, and fat tissue. It has recently been found that extracting stem cells from adipose tissue is more suitable due to less invasiveness and risk. In adult animals, adipose tissue accumulates mostly in the area of the arm, thigh, subcutaneous part of the abdomen, omentum, and fat around internal organs such as kidney and liver. The amount of body fat depends on the physical condition (obesity/thinness) of the animal or human, but the amount of omentum has a fixed value. Also, the access to omentum tissue is easier than other tissues and it is more efficient than subcutaneous fat tissue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of mesenchymal cells extracted from the omentum in the treatment of experimental osteoarthritis in a rabbit animal model. For this purpose, 22 pieces of adult male rabbits, with an average weight of 1300 ± 200 grams, will be used, and in all rabbits, after anesthesia, the anterior cruciate ligament of the left knee will be cut. After 12 weeks, two pieces of rabbit will be humanely euthanized and osteoarthritis will be confirmed using radiology and microCT. Other rabbits are divided into 4 groups of 5. The first group is the control group, which does not receive any treatment. The second group will be treated with omentum mesenchymal cells, the third group will be treated with hyaluronic acid, and the fourth group will be combined treatment with mesenchymal cells and hyaluronic acid. 8 weeks after treatment, all animals will be humanely euthanized and subjected to microCT and pathology studies. It is expected that by comparing the treatments that have been carried out, it will provide a suitable treatment method for osteoarthritis.

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Poor reproductive efficiency in dairy cows continues to be a major concern for the dairy industry worldwide. In the last few decades, genetic selection for milk production has been associated with decreased reproductive efficiency. The modern high-producing dairy cow partitions a greater proportion of available nutrients toward milk production at the expenses of body reserves and reproduction. On the other hand, incorrect detection of estrus is related to the loss of profit due to extended calving intervals, milk loss, and related veterinary costs. Considerable research efforts have focused on developing technologies to induce synchronized ovulation for timed artificial insemination (TAI) in beef and dairy cattle. The objective of the present study was to improve ovulation rate (OR), conception rate (CR) and pregnancy rate (PR) in lactating Holstein dairy cows by replacing the second gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH2) in Ovsynch and Co-synch protocols with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Forty nine cows that had performed their first calving about 60 days ago were registered in the following groups after being confirmed to be healthy clinically: 1) The Ovsynch group (OVS; n=12): GnRH, 7 days, PGF2?, 56 hours, GnRH, 16-18 hours TAI; 2) The Co-synch group (COS; n=12): GnRH, 7 days, PGF2?, 72 hours, GnRH + TAI; 3) The Ovsynch + hCG (OVS-hCG; n=12): As OVS except that the GnRH2 was replaced with a dose of hCG (1500 i.u., i.m.); 4) The Co-synch + hCG (COS-hCG; n=13): As COS except that the GnRH2 was replaced with a dose of hCG (1500 i.u., i.m.). Ovaries of all animals were scanned ultrasonographically on days 9, 10 and 11 after beginning of the protocols (day 0, the beginning day of the protocols) to record ovulation. Ovulation was defined as the disappearance (from one scanning session to the next) of a previously identified follicle greater than or equal to 8 mm in diameter. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by transrectal ultrasonography on days 30 ± 1 and 42 ± 1 after TAI for determining CR an PR, respectively. The results of the current study showed that the highiest OR, CR, and PR were achieved in OVS, OVS, and OVS, and the lowest OR, CR, and PR in COS, OVS-hCG, and COS-hCG, respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that replacing GnRH2 with hCG in Ovsynch and Co-synch protocols did not improve OR, CR, or PR (P=0.08). Conducting the experiment in a larger scale may reveal more clear results.   

Fear-Related Behaviors and Diffrent Types of fear Evoking Stimule in Household Domestic Dog(Canis familaris) of

بررسي سميت حاد و تحت مزمن عصاره ي هيدرو الكلي اندام هوايي گياه غازياقي (falcaria vulgaris) درموش صحرايي نژاد ويستار: رويكرد توكسيكوپاتولوژيك