This doctoral dissertation investigates the ?-decay chains and decay mode predictions of the superheavy nuclei with proton numbers Z=118-124. The ?-decay half-lives were systematically calculated using several semi-empirical relations, including the Denisov–Khudenko, Royer, Horoi, the Universal Decay Law (UDL), the Universal curve (UNIV), and the Viola–Seaborg–Sobiczewski (VSS) formulas, in addition to the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation combined with the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition. For spontaneous fission (SF), two distinct approaches were employed: The Bao et al. formulation, which incorporates shell corrections and nucleon blocking effects, and the Soylu relation, derived from the liquid-drop model framework.The predictive accuracy of the models was evaluated through a root-mean-square (rms) comparison with available experimental data on known superheavy isotopes. The results demonstrate that among the different approaches, the WKB approximation and Royer’s analytical formula yield the best agreement with experimental observations. In contrast, significant discrepancies were found between the spontaneous fission half-lives predicted by the Bao and Soylu models, highlighting the sensitivity of SF calculations to model-dependent parameters such as shell corrections and isospin effects.The analysis reveals multiple possible ?-decay chains for isotopes of Z=118-124, some of which are terminated by spontaneous fission, depending on the relative dominance of the competing decay modes. These findings not only confirm trends reported in earlier studies but also extend the predictive framework for identifying potentially long-lived isotopes suitable for future synthesis attempts.Overall, this research provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for decay mode predictions beyond the valley of stability, offering valuable insights that may guide forthcoming experimental efforts aimed at producing and characterizing new superheavy elements.

  Electromagnetic waves consist of two components, electric and magnetic, so it is necessary that composite coatings absorbing electromagnetic waves have simultaneous magnetic and electric absorption. The electromagnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles are different from their aggregated state due to surface effects. Because the particles are close to each other, there will be a possibility of dipole-dipole interactions between them, which usually causes magnetic particles to aggregate. These interactions can have a negative impact on their use in electromagnetic wave absorbers. Therefore, to reduce these interactions, the particles can usually be coated with various non-magnetic compounds. Cobalt ferrite is a hard magnetic material with an inverted spinel structure, has properties of magnetic anisotropy, saturation magnetization (MS) and high coercivity (HC), mechanical hardness and high chemical stability, which is used for magnetization loss in this thesis, and activated carbon and carbon nanotubes are also used for dielectric loss in this thesis, and the role of PVA is to stabilize nanoparticles in the composition, which prevents their agglomeration and clumping. In this thesis, cobalt ferrite nanorods and carbon nanotubes are immobilized in the pores of activated carbon by PVA using a sol-gel method, forming a new compound called polyvinyl alcohol/cobalt ferrite/carbon nanotube/activated carbon. These materials are measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy, LCR meter, and analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical charge/discharge (GCD).

AbstractThe process of fission is oneof the oldest topics of nuclear physics that has been of interest since thepast. In the process of fission, various topics are studied. One of thesetopics is the kinetic energy of fission fragments. When the nucleus breaks,fission fragments are created, which are separated due to Coulomb repulsion andhave kinetic energy. In this thesis, using the transition state model andconcepts of the Fermi gas model, as well as considering the potential aroundthe saddle point as a parabola, the dependence of the average total kineticenergy of the fission fragments on the excitation energy of the compoundnucleus is investigated. For neutron-induced fission of 238U, 235U,233U, 239Pu, 232Th and 237Npnuclei, for which the experimental results related to total kinetic energy areavailable, we have compared theoretical calculations with the experimentalresults. The obtained results for the mentioned systems show that this.theoretical model can reproduce the experimental data well.  

  Abstract:One of thequantities studied in the fission process is the mass distribution of thefission fragments. When fission occurs, fission fragments with different massesare created. In this thesis, the temperature dependence of the fission fragmentmass yield width for high excitation energies is investigated. The width of themass yield depends on the number of nucleons in the nuclei, the volume andsurface terms of the energy level density parameter, the temperature and thepotential stiffness parameter related to the degree of freedom of the massasymmetry. Calculations are done using the transition state fission model. Forfission of 201Tl, 207Bi, 210Po and 213Atnuclei, we will compare the results of theoretical calculations withexperimental data. Also, the contribution of the surface term of the energylevel density parameter in the width is investigated for differenttemperatures.Keywords: Fission fragment, Temperature dependence, Width of mass yield

   Entropy actually expresses the order of the system. We want to get the entropy for the neutron. If we consider the neutron in a non-disordered state (we consider the neutron to be composed of valence quarks), the maximum entropy is obtained from the distribution functions of valence quarks, but in the disordered state and small x, the gluon contribution is dominant, and the entropy is from the gluon distribution function Obtained. We get the entropy in the zeroth and first order of disorder. We can see that as Q2   increases, entropy increases. Then we compare the obtained entropies with the laboratory data in some specific Q2 and observe that the obtained entropy is in good agreement with the laboratory data.   

  The Earth's atmosphere is a dynamic and complex gas covering that life on Earth depends on. With the entry of a large amount of gaseous and particulate pollutants into the earth's atmosphere, the air becomes polluted, and the reduction of air quality is harmful to humans and other living organisms. In the world, millions of people die due to air pollution, and 90% of them are in developed countries. Considering that the extreme dangers of pollutants are serious for all humans, but the vulnerability of some people to air pollution is much higher than others. Today, air pollutants have become a very important global issue because they are closely related to human health and environmental dynamics. One of the important pollutants that should be paid particular attention to is atmospheric suspended particles or particulate pollutants whose physical characteristics such as their concentration and size should be paid attention to. In this research, the average concentration of fine and coarse particles in the air has been investigated in different weather conditions and in different months and seasons in the period of 2015-1400. Also, the effect of meteorological parameters such as temperature, horizontal visibility, wind speed, precipitation and monthly changes curve and seasonal changes graph of each of the meteorological parameters and the average concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) i.e. suspended particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers and Coarse particles (PM10), i.e. suspended particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 micrometers, have been analyzed, and by obtaining the Pearson correlation coefficient, the degree of influence and direction of the relationship between meteorological parameters and particle concentration was obtained. The highest concentration of particles (PM10) has been observed in the summer season and the lowest concentration in the winter season. Also, the highest concentration of particles (PM2.5) was observed in spring and the lowest in winter. The results of the correlation analysis of meteorological parameters and suspended particles showed that the strongest correlation of PM10 with the temperature parameter has a direct relationship and then has an inverse relationship with precipitation. Also, the strongest correlation of PM2.5 with the wind speed parameter has a direct relationship.

 Theproperties of the fusion barrier of actinide compound nuclei with atomic numberin the range of 90 ? Z ? 95 have been studied for different target andprojectile combinations. The mass numbers of these nuclei are in the range of228 ? A ? 244. The total interaction potential is considered as the sum ofCoulomb potential and nuclear potential. The height and radius of the fusionbarrier as well as the curvature of the fission barrier have been investigated.After calculating the height and radius of the fusion barrier, the formulationfor these quantities is presented, which will show their dependence on the massnumber and atomic number of the projectile and target. Using theseformulations, we have calculated the fusion cross section for the reactions 38S+181Ta, 32S+181Ta, 38S+208Pb, and 16O+208Pband compared with the experimental data.

اين مطالعه با هدف بررسي غلظت گرد و غبار در جو و واداشت تابشي هواويز­هاانجام گرفته است. براي اين منظور دو رويداد طوفان گرد و غبار رخ داده در 12 الي 14آوريل سال 2011 (23 الي 25 فروردين سال 1390) و 16 الي 18 ژوئن 2016 (27 الي 30خرداد 1395) با بررسي داده­هاي ديد افقي 18 ايستگاه همديدي در سه استان كردستان،كرمانشاه و ايلام واقع در غرب كشور ايران انتخاب شده است. براي انجام محاسبات وشبيه سازي­ها از مدل عددي WRF-Chem و طرحواره GOCART استفاده شده است. براي شرايط آغازين و شرايط مرزي در اين شبيهسازي، از داده­هاي باز تحليل GFS مراكز مليپيش بيني محيطي (NCEP) استفاده گرديده است. مدل تحت دو شرايط با درنظر گرفتن اثر گرد وغبار بر تابش و بدون در نظر گرفتن اين اثر اجرا شده است. براي ارزيابي نتايج حاصلاز مدل، داده­هاي ديد افقي گزارش شده از چهار ايستگاه از سازمان هواشناسي كشور، باغلظت شبيه سازي شده توسط مدل مقايسه شده و همچنين غلظت                                       اندازه­گيريشده در سازمان محيط زيست كرمانشاه با غلظت گرد و غبار شبيه سازي شده توسط مدلمقايسه شده است. نتايج نشان مي­دهد كهاين مدل در شبيه سازي طوفان­هاي گرد و غبار داراي عملكرد قابل قبولي است. نتايجحاصل از شبيه سازي با مدل WRF-Chem در دوحالت مدل سازي حاكي از آن است كه ذرات گرد و غبار با جذب و پخش تابش سبب كاهش تابشموج كوتاه و كاهش شار گرماي محسوس و نهان در سطح زمين در مناطق تحت تاثير گرد وغبار شده است. از ديگر اثرات اين ذرات، افزايش تابش موج بلند در سطح زمين و كاهشتابش زمين تاب در بخش فوقاني جو است.  

The non-exclusive cross-sectional area of bifurcations was measured in ALEPH, OPAL and DELPHI experiments. in thisنامهInterpretation Using these cross-sections, the bifurcation functions of these baryons are determined by fitting to the experimental data.  

   this thesis, the production of mesons and electron-positron destruction at the Z0 pole is studied. Therefore, using quadratic quadratic quenching functions with pQCD, first, the disturbance is calculated. Then the branching ratios and the states with its longitudinal and transverse polarization are calculated. We also compute the decay rates for the mesons, namely (? (Z ^ 0 ? B_s ^ * X)) / ?_tot and its longitudinal and transverse polarization modes. Therefore, we calculated the surface area of the production of these mesons around the pole in the DEPHI experiment.

  Geomagnetic method is one of the most frequently used methodsin geophysics that uses magnetic field to recognitaion the underground structures. Data that comes from geophysics methods, is usually accompanied with noise and doesn't have enough intensity. Hence, geophysicists apply different tools, called filters, to enhance data and weaken noises to a desirable level. One of these filters is downward continuation filter that tranfers data from surface to a arbitrary depth in order to simplify the interpretation. But downward continuation itself, isn't enough precise and stable so we use different approximations to overcome these problems. In this thesis, we use four different approximations called Taylor series, Chebyshev approximation, Pade approximation and Chebyshev-Pade approximation then we compare the results. Hence, in frequency domain we apply this filter with different approximations on a gravitational sphere and a vertical magnetic prism to find a suitable approximation then we utilize this filter with suitable approximation on the data that obtained from Tabas region. After comparing the results from artificial models, we concluded that Taylor series and Chebyshev approximation don't have enough accuracy and are sensitive to noises. Though both Pade and Chebyshev-Pade approximations have better accuracy and Chebychev-Pade approximation isn't sensitive to noise which is the best approximation for stabilizing downward continuation filter.

در اين پايان نامه، تابش هاي باردار به دو دسته تقسيم مي شود.گروه اول الكترون و پوزيترون و گروه دوم ذرات سنگين مانند ذرات آلفا،پروتون، ميون و ساير هسته هاي سنگين را دربرمي گيرد.براي محاسبه توان توقف پروتون و آلفا از رابطه بته بلاخ استفاده مي شود.ميزان اتلاف انرژي پروتون وآلفارا در ماهيچه،استخوان وبافت نرم با استفاده از نرم افزار ميپل محاسبه كرده ونتايج آن را با استفاده از نرم افزار اوريجين در نمودارها نشان داده شده است.توان توقف پروتون و آلفا را در آب و طلا بدون تصحيح وبا درنظر گرفتن تصحيح اثر چگالي محاسبه شده است.اثر چگالي در انرژي هاي بالا، باعث كاهش ميزان توان توقف مي شود.توان توقف پروتون و آلفا را در آلومينيوم بدون تصحيح و بادر نظر گرفتن تصحيحات اثر چگالي، باركاس و بلاخ نيز انجام داده شده است.بررسي ها نشان مي دهد كه توان توقف با تصحيح اثر باركاس و بلاخ در انرژي هاي پايين كاهش مي يابد. 

In this thesis, pregnant radiation is divided into two groups. The first group is the electron and positron, and the second group contains particles that are heavier than electrons, such as alpha particles, protons and muons, and other heavy nuclei. To calculate the power of the electron and the muon, the relationship between the beta-blade is used, this relation is different for light and light particles. The amount of electron energy dissipated by the amount of energy dissipated by the collision with the emission electrons and the energy loss due to radiation. It is calculated using the software of the mailbox and its results are shown in the graph using the software version. And for muon, it is also repeated in water and soft tissue and muscle without considering the effect of density. The results show that the power of stopping radiation in high energies is low and low in energy, and the effect of high energy density reduces the amount of stopping power.

  Today, air pollution has become one of the serious concerns of humankind, and it has become more and more visible to the researchers and the owners of this science, since this disruption directly affects and affects human health. We know that suspended particles have a wide range of sizes and sources. In this study, the SMPS suspended particle measurement system was used to examine the particle size distribution in various environments.

Investigate of the weak contribution of nucleon structure functions 

  In this thesis ,we first calculated electric and magnetic form factors of proton   y investigating the scattering of electron- proton and   using rosenbluth formula.It is observed the form factors of proton decreased as   increases that is agreement with experimental results. Then by considering the   cattering of electron-deuteron and electron – helium3 the electric and magnetic form factors     of neutron was determined. The obtained results show that the neutron electric form factor is approximately zero while the magnetic form factor is consistent with form factor scaling .Also will due attention to calculated form factors of neutron , we found that in high energies ,the structure of neutron is affected by nuclear effects.  Keywords: scattering,cross section,form factors

  In this thesis, we study one of the modes of super-heavy elements decay, which is spontaneous fission decay.   A review of the various theories about this decay has been presented. Some features of these elements, such as fission barrier, kinetic energy of fission fragments, and spontaneous fission half-life will be analyzed.   We also compare the results of the theory of different quantities with empirical results.

  We have studied the fusion cross section for heavy ions interaction. We calculated the scattering potential as the sum of Coulomb and Proximity potential. For spherical and deformed states of projectile and targets nuclei, we calculated fusion cross section and compared with experimental data. Calculations are done for   ,   ,   ,   and   ystems in above and below the fusion barrier. With regard to the deformation parameter for the nuclei, the consistency between theoretical and experimental data is improved especially in the energies below the barrier.

  Inthis research, muon catalyzed fusion in solid systems D-T   (deuterium-tritium), H-D-T   (Hydrogen-deuterium-tritum) andthree-layer HT-D2-DT   are studied In particular the role of muonichelium atoms in all mentioned system has been inrestigated.Thepoint kinematic equtions are numerically solved to calculate muon cyclingcoefficient muon cycling rate and the effective sticking coefficient for theproposed system. The obtained results are compared with It is shown that themuon cycling coefficient in three-layer decrease. Also to consider muonichelium atoms in fusion cycling reduces fusion yield in mentioned systems.

  Using effective liquid drop model, we studied the proton radioactivity and alpha decay of some neutron deficient nuclei. For these nuclei the experimental half- lives are available. The purpose of this thesis is to calculate the half-lives of these decays based on the effective liquid drop model and competition between them. For som isotopes Ir and Au, the variations of half-lifves of these decays are plotted in terms of the neutron number. Also, for the proton radioactivity, we have obtained the variation of the reduced half-lives with Coulomb parameter. The reduced half-lives logarithm has a linear relation ship with this parameter. The obtained results of this model show that there is a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results for the half-lives of the proton and alpha decay. Also, the dominant decay mode predicated by this model is in a agreement with the experimental results.

  In this thesis, tra  ort and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes with both zigzag and armchair folding have been studied. Specially temperature dependence of electrical and thermal conductivity of these structures has been investigated. In the context of tight binding model Hamiltonian and by exploiting of Green’s function approach, the density of states and spectral function have been addressed. Afterwards, electrical and thermal conductivity have been studied using Kubo linear response theory. Based on Kubo formula, electrical and thermal conductivity have been expressed in terms of current-current correlation function. the effects of tube diameter and folding type on temperature dependence of electrical and thermal conductivity have been analyzed. Also, the effects of electron doping and on-site energy difference between atoms on unit cell on tra  ort properties of the structure have been studied. However, the Variation of electrical and thermal conductivity as a function of electron doping has been addressed. The result show that the increase in diameter causes an increase in electrical ‎and‎ thermal conductivity and increase in on –site energy decrease the electrical ‎and‎ thermal conductivity of nanotubes.

  The Effect of Zagros Mountain Range on the Dust storm

supersymmetry 

 quarkonium production

in this study, While studying the structure of the nucleus,And the study of nuclear potentials and nucleon-nucleon interactions,In order to solve the Schr?dinger equation for the Woods-Saxon potential in the presence of the spin-orbit interaction, a method for solving quadratic differential equations, called the Nikiforov-Uvarve method, has been used,Using this method, the Schr?dinger equation is solved for the Wood-Saxon potential in the presence of the spin-orbit interaction, and then the corresponding diagrams are drawn.Also, the values obtained are compared with experimental values.

  In this thesis, muon catalyzed fusion (µCF) has been investigated. Efficiency of muon catalyzer, cycling rate, total sticking coefficient, and efficiency of neutron for dual D-T and triple H-D-T systems have been calculated. Effect of helium impurity on dual D-T system was also studied.The results show that the maximum efficiency is occurred in presence of the same density of deuterium and tritium. Impure helium can increase efficiency when tritium density is very low and it causes efficiency decreasing when tritium density is very high. The study also shows that H-D-T system with higher hydrogen has lower efficiency, and indeed increasing hydrogen to deuterium-tritium system decreases system efficiency.

  In heavy ions fusion fission reactions one can measure different quantities. One of them is the mass distribution of fission fragments. Variance or standard deviation of mass distribution is important quantity that study experimentally and theoretically. Two models that apply for studying this model are saddle point model and scission point model. In the present work, using these models we calculated the standard deviation of mass distribution for a number of reactions and compared with experimental data. The saddle point model has better consistency with experimental results.   

  In this thesis, we study various versions of the proximity potential and calculate the half-life of heavy clusters in cluster decay. For calculation the half-life of heavy clusters. We can use the liquid drop model (LDM), Double Folding model (DFM) and etc. In the present work, we used the proximity potential model and using this model we first obtained nuclear potential and total potential and using this approach calculated the cluster half-life. Obtained results are compared with experimental data and liquid drop model. Obtained results show a good perficiency of this potential in prediction of heavy clusters half-life.   

Ternary fragmentation by calculating the potential energy surfaces (PES)with the inclusion of deformation and orientation degrees of freedom forthe 4He- and 10Be-accompanied fission of the 252Cf nucleus is studied. most favored ternary fragmentation channels in the light charged particles(4He and/or 10Be)-accompanied fission of the 252Cf nucleus are predictedusing the PES calculations. The sensitivity of PES due to the groundstate quadrupole deformation (?2) and the orientation effects (90?–90? and0?–0?) of the fragments are analyzed.

The alpha decay half-lives of superheavy nuclei (SHN) are investigated by employing a unified fission model (UFM) and Royer’s analytical formula .The good agreement with the experimental data indicates the UFM and the analytical formula are useful tools to investigate these ?-decays. A modified formula is proposed for determining the spontaneous fission half-lives based on Swiatecki’s formula. The spontaneous fission half lives for heavy and SHN in regions from Th to Fl are calculated systematically. Experimental data are well reproduced by the modified Swiatecki formula. The competition between ? decay and spontaneous fission is analyzed in detail and the decay modes are predicted for the unknown cases.

همجوشي هسته اي از طريق كاتاليزور   ميوني يكي   از روش هاي انجام   همجوشي براي توليد   انرژي است. اين روش به دليل انجام شدن در دماي محيط و عدم توليد پسماند هاي راديواكتيو مضر، در سال هاي اخير مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در اين پايان نامه ما با استفاده از روش برنامه نويسي فرترن به حل معادلات ديناميكي پرداختيم و بازده كاتاليزور ميوني را براي سيستم هاي D-T و H-D-Tدر شرايط جامد و مايع محاسبه نموده ايم و شرايط بهينه براي انجام همجوشي را   به دست آورده ايم. هم چنين   مشاهده كرديم كه با افزايش   غلظت تريتيم، بازده كاتاليزور ميوني در سيستم   H-D-T افزايش مي يابد، در حاليكه در سيستم D-Tيك قله در نمودار ديده مي شود. اما با افزايش چگالي   محيط، بازده در هر دو   سيستم افزايش مي يابد. هم چنين آهنگ   چرخه ي ميون، طيف زماني نوترون هاي حاصل از   همجوشي و ضريب چسبندگي مؤثر سيستم ها را نيز محاسبه نموده ايم. در انتها نيز اثر اسپين بر بازده همجوشي كاتاليزور ميوني بررسي كرده ايم و مشاهده كرديم كه با وارد كردن اسپين در معادلات ديناميكي، بازده همجوشي اندكي كاهش مي يابد.

In this thesis first we are talking about Deep inelastic scattering and Parton model. In short study nuclear model and effect to change parton distribution in nuclei. Then we come to the parton distribution evolution equations, DGLAP, and how to solve it. Here we solve the equation in the approximation DLL. Finally, with the help of a weight factor obtain nuclear Parton distribution functions from a single nucleon Parton distribution functions (related to experimental measurements).Result of study nuclear distribution function show the nuclear effect such as: Shadowing in low x and EMC and anti Shadowing in high x.