Background and Aim: The interaction of drugs and nanodrugs with biological macromolecules such as human serum albumin (HSA) and DNA plays a crucial role in their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. Previous studies have shown that deferoxamine, in addition to its clinical applications as an iron chelator, exhibits notable anticancer effects, and nanostructuring can enhance its stability and biological performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of free deferoxamine and its iron oxide nanoparticle form with HSA and calf thymus DNA, and subsequently to evaluate their anticancer effects on gastric cancer cells.    Materials and Methods: The interactions of the drug and nanodrug with HSA and calf thymus DNA were analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism (CD). Molecular docking studies were also performed to determine precise binding sites. Cellular assays, including MTT, intracellular ROS measurement, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis evaluation, were conducted to assess anticancer effects on gastric cancer cell lines.    Results: Spectroscopic and molecular docking results indicated that both compounds bind to the warfarin site on HSA and preferentially interact with the minor groove (Hoechst site) of DNA. CD spectra revealed an increase in the ?-helix content of HSA in the presence of both compounds, while structural disorder was induced in DNA. Cellular assays demonstrated significant reductions in cell viability, increased ROS production, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle disruption, with the anticancer effect of the deferoxamine nanodrug being notably stronger than that of the free drug.    Conclusion and Discussion: The results of spectroscopic and docking studies showed that free deferoxamine and its iron oxide nanoparticle form exhibit similar interaction patterns with HSA and calf thymus DNA, binding to the warfarin site in HSA and the minor groove of DNA. Cellular assays further revealed that the nanodrug exerts stronger reductions in cell viability, higher ROS production, greater apoptosis induction, and more pronounced cell cycle disruption in gastric cancer cells, indicating enhanced anticancer effects at the nanoscale.   

نياز مبرم به منابع پروتئين پايدار براي تضمين امنيت غذايي آينده، حشرات خوراكي را به عنوان گزينه‌اي مناسب در نظام‌هاي غذايي چرخشي مطرح ساخته است. سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. رژيم غذايي يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده تنظيم رشد، تركيب غذايي و بازده تبديل غذا در سوسك زرد آرد مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي اثرات ?? تيمار غذايي فرموله شده، بر عملكرد زيستي و 10 تيمار غذايي بر تركيبات غذايي و بازده تبديل خوراك لاروهاي   سوسك زرد آرد با سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با نسبت‌هاي مختلف سبوس گندم (WB)، آرد لوبيا (BF)، آرد عدس (LF) و آرد سويا (SF) و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، رطوبت و خاكستر) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. نوع تيمار غذايي تأثير معني‌داري بر بعضي تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها نظير پروتئين و چربي نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند. اما بر تركيبات شيميايي نظير خاكستر و رطوبت بدن اثر معني دار داشتند. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تبديل غذا به شدت تحت تأثير تركيب بستر بودند(p < 0.05). جيره شاهد مبتني بر سبوس گندم خالص، بالاترين نرخ رشد نسبي (?/??? ميلي‌گرم در روز)، پايين‌ترين نسبت تبديل خوراك (???/?) و بيشترين بازده تبديل غذايي براي هر دو شاخص غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI)،   ??/?? درصد و هضم‌شده (ECD) ??/?? درصد را به دست آورد؛ عليرغم اينكه كمترين ميزان مصرف خوراك را داشت. در مقابل، جيره‌هاي غني‌شده با حبوبات موجب افزايش مصرف خوراك شدند، اما به بازده تبديل به مراتب پايين‌تري منجر شدند كه نشان‌دهنده عدم تعادل مواد مغذي در اين جيره‌ها است. در نتيجه، كيفيت بستر و قابليت هضم آن مهم‌تر از مقدار خوراك است. فرمولاسيون‌هاي مبتني بر سبوس گندم، تركيب غذايي بهينه‌اي براي توليد كارآمد كرم آرد زرد فراهم مي‌كنند و الگويي براي نظام‌هاي تغذيه چرخشي در مقياس بزرگ در صنعت پروتئين حشرات ايجاد مي‌نمايند.   

  Iran, due to its position at the intersection of three biogeographical realms—Palearctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian—is considered one of the key centers of reptilian biodiversity in southwestern Asia. Within this context, snakes of the genus Platyceps (family Colubridae) represent a group of non-venomous, fast-moving, and ecologically adaptable snakes that play a crucial role in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the systematics, geographical distribution, and patterns of sexual dimorphism in the species Platyceps najadum across Iran. Morphological data were collected from 29 museum specimens (18 males and 11 females), and nine key morphometric traits, including snout–vent length (SVL), tail length, head dimensions, and counts of ventral and subcaudal scales, were subjected to statistical analyses. Results from Welch’s t-test and Wilcoxon tests revealed that females are significantly larger than males in SVL, head length, head width, number of ventral scales, and head width-to-length ratio (p < 0.001). In contrast, males possess relatively longer tails. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed complete sexual segregation in multivariate space, with the first two principal components accounting for over 92% of the total variance. This dimorphic pattern, i.e. females being larger, is consistent with the "fecundity selection" hypothesis, as larger body and head size in females may confer greater reproductive capacity and potentially enable the consumption of larger prey. Distribution maps also showed remarkable congruence with previous reports, confirming the presence of four species, including P. najadum, P. rhodorachis, P. karelini (including the three subspecies karelini, chesnii, and mintonorum), and P. schmidtleri, in the mountainous belts of the Alborz and Zagros, central plains, and southern regions of Iran. Despite morphological consistency with global diagnostic characteristics of the genus Platyceps, the absence of molecular data and limited sampling in border regions—particularly in contact zones among P. karelini subspecies—continues to pose challenges for confirming taxonomic status and assessing potential hybridization. This study not only addresses critical knowledge gaps regarding the morphological diversity and biogeography of Platyceps in Iran but also lays the groundwork for future research in evolutionary, ecological, and conservation domains concerning this important group of reptiles.

  The genus Gammarus is one of the most diverse groups of the order Amphipoda and the class Crustacea. Members of this taxon are widely found in freshwater habitats around the world at mid-latitudes. The aim of this study was to investigate the populations of the genus Gammarus from springs and mirages in Sonqor County in the northeast of Kermanshah Province based on morphological traits. In the present study, five populations were collected from the springs of Lillemanj, Cheshmeh Vakili, Deh Asyab, Charmleh, and Baoleh in the study area. For morphological study, after determining the sex of the specimens, the body parts of the specimens were separated under a loupe with dissecting needles and fixed on a slide containing Euoparal glue. Then, the slides were measured and photographed under a light microscope equipped with a LABOMED iVu 7000 camera, and the different parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator CS6 software. The results of this study confirm the presence of a new species of the genus Gammarus from the Deh Asyab spring and four new records of the species G. anodon from the Lillemanj, Vakili, Charmleh and Baoleh springs based on morphological traits such as the dorsal-posterior angle of epimeral plates I to III, the size and number of filaments on the surface of antenna II, the presence or absence of fine spines on the dorsal surface of the pectoral and abdominal segments, and the shape of caudal segments I to III in the springs of Sonqor County.

   The present study investigates the fauna of small mammals in Kermanshah Province, located in western Iran. Due to its unique geographical position and high climatic diversity, Iran harbors a remarkable richness of mammalian species. Kermanshah Province, situated within the Zagros Mountain range and characterized by a semi-humid climate, complex topography, and diverse habitats such as oak forests, mountain pastures, limestone caves, and plains, is recognized as one of the country’s key centers of biodiversity. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon library resources, scientific articles, and the re-examination of museum specimens. The results reveal that the small mammal fauna of Kermanshah Province comprises four orders: Rodentia, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, and Eulipotyphla. Among these, Chiroptera exhibits the highest diversity, with 19 species (45.24%) distributed across five families: Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, Rhinopomatidae, and Miniopteridae. Representative species include the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), Blyth’s myotis (Myotis blythii), the pale bent-wing bat (Miniopterus pallidus), and the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii), most of which primarily inhabit natural caves in the region. Rodentia ranks second in diversity, with 15 species (35.71%). Several families, including Muridae, Cricetidae, and Sciuridae, are represented in the province. Notable species include the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus), Persian jird (Meriones persicus), social vole (Microtus socialis), and Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), which occupy forest, steppe, and even residential habitats. Eulipotyphla is represented by six species (14.29%), while Lagomorpha includes two species (4.76%): the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and the Afghan pika (Ochotona rufescens). Overall, the findings highlight the considerable species richness of small mammals in Kermanshah Province. However, several threats—including habitat destruction and fragmentation, climate change, agricultural expansion, and illegal hunting—pose serious risks to the survival of many species. Therefore, comprehensive field studies, continuous population monitoring, and the development of integrated management and conservation strategies are essential to safeguard this valuable genetic reservoir in the region.

   سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين گونه‌هاي حشرات خوراكي، در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. دماي پرورش يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده موفقيت اقتصادي اين فعاليت مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي چهار تيمار دمايي (??، ??، ?? و ?? درجه سانتي‌گراد) و سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با جيره پايه سبوس گندم و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، فيبر، خاكستر و انرژي) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. تغيير دما تأثير معني‌داري بر تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها (پروتئين، چربي، فيبر و خاكستر) نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند كه نشان مي‌دهند تركيبات شيميايي بيشتر تحت تأثير كيفيت بستر غذايي قرار دارند تا دما. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تغذيه‌اي به شدت تحت تأثير دما بودند(p < 0.05). با افزايش دما، طول دوره لاروي و شفيرگي به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافت.   بيشترين نرخ رشد نسبي و اندازه نهايي لاروها در دماي ?? درجه مشاهده شد. اما بالاترين نرخ بقا (????) و موفقيت در دگرديسي مربوط به دماهاي ?? و ?? درجه بود كه در دماي ?? درجه به ترتيب به ??/??? و ??/??? كاهش يافت.   مصرف غذا و غذاي جذب‌شده با افزايش دما به‌طور معني‌داري افزايش، اما كارايي تبديل غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI) و هضم‌شده (ECD) كاهش يافت . در نتيجه بايستي گفت كه اگرچه دماهاي بالاتر (?? و ?? درجه) منجر به تسريع رشد و كوتاه‌تر شدن چرخه توليد مي‌شوند، اما اين مزيت با كاهش نرخ بقا و كارايي تبديل غذا همراه است. با در نظر گرفتن توأم تمامي فاكتورها، محدوده دمايي ?? تا ?? درجه سانتي‌گراد به‌عنوان دماي بهينه براي پرورش لارو T. molitor   پيشنهاد مي‌گردد. در اين محدوده، تعادل مناسبي بين سرعت رشد، نرخ بقاي بالا و كارايي قابل قبول سيستم برقرار مي‌شود.

Abstract    Kermanshah Province, with an area of 24,640 square kilometers, is the seventeenth largest province in Iran and covers 1.5% of the country's area. The province is bordered by Kurdistan to the north, Lorestan and Ilam to the south, Hamadan to the east, and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to the west. Kermanshah Province is one of the mountainous regions of the country, located between the Iranian Plateau and the Mesopotamian Plain. The province's location in the northwestern part of the Zagros Mountain Range means that the entire province is covered by the peaks and heights of this mountain range. Species diversity is one of the most prominent characteristics of a biological community, and the diversity of bats is considered a biological indicator in mountain ecosystems. Bats are the second largest order of mammals after rodents. This wide diversity is due to the advantage of their ability to fly and echolocation.So far, more than 1474 species from 236 genera and 21 families of bats have been identified, Iranian bats include 52 species from 21 genera belonging to 9 families. During this study, 32 caves were investigated, of which 28 caves had at least one species of bat, the families and species reported in these caves: from the family Rhinolophidae, the genus Rhinolophus including the species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. euryal, R. mehelyi and R. blasii from the family Rhinopomatidae and the genus Rhinopoma including the species Rhinopoma microphyllum and R. muscatellum, from the family Miniopteridae and the genus Miniopterus species Miniopterus pallidus, from the superfamily Vespertilionidae and the genus Myotis, including the species Myotis blythii, M. emarginatus and M. capaccinii, and the genus Pipistrellus includes the species Pipistrellus kuhlii and P. pipistrellus.    The abundance and distribution of the identified species in the study area have major differences, such that in terms of abundance, the caves of Mahidasht, Martwileh and Bibeneh are the most populated caves and the most abundant species are Miniopterus pallidus, Myotis blythii and Rhinopoma microphyllum. The lowest number observed is related to the bat Rhinolophus hipposideros.In terms of bat distribution, Miniopterus pallidus and Rhinolophus euryale are the most widely distributed bats, each present in 7 caves, and the least widely distributed bats are Rhinolophus hipposideros, Rhinolophus blasii, and Pipistrellus pipistrellus, which were observed in only one cave.    Keywords: Kermanshah Province, Bat, Cave, Distribution, Climate   

   Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the fauna and distribution of lizards in northern Hamadan province by measuring morphological, metric and meristic traits using valid identification keys, which will result in the identification and investigation of the species in this region along with a map of the distribution of the samples. Research methodology: Initially, initial studies were conducted extensively on the northern region of Hamadan province and its possible lizard fauna, and the information and maps required for this work were prepared. During numerous trips to the study area, 120 lizard specimens were sampled from 10 different stations between Farvardin 1402 and Mordad 1403. After taking the sample, it was first photographed and the location of the animal's habitat, the date and time of sample collection, the ambient temperature, and other atmospheric conditions such as wind were recorded in a notebook. To identify lizards, the Iranian Reptile Identification Key was used, then after meristic and metric studies, the specimen was released in situ. Also, with the help of these traits and based on reliable identification keys, the families were first determined, then the genus and species of the specimens were identified. Findings: In this study, the species Laudakia caucasia and Trapelus lessonae: Rastegar-pouyani, 2000 and Eremias montanus and Trapelus agilis: Anderson, 1999 were introduced in Hamedan province for the first time. The species Trapelus lessonae: Rastegar-pouyani, 2000 and Eremias montanus Laudakia, caucasaia and Trapelus agilis: Anderson, 1999 and Lacerta media, Ophisops elegans and Ablepharus bivvitatus were identified from the city of Razan and from the city of Kabudarhang, Laudakia caucasia, Trapelus lessonae, Trapelus agilis and Ophisops elegans were also reported from the city of Famenin. The species Cyrtopodion scabrum was also observed in all three cities. Conclusion: From the Agamidae family, the genus Laudakia, the species L.caucasia, the genus Trapelus, the species T.lessonae and T.agilis, from the Lacertidae family, the genus Eremias, the species E.montanus, E.velox, and E.persica, Blanford, the genus Lacerta, the species L.media, the genus Ophisops, the species O.elegans, from the Scincidae family, the genus Ablepharus, the species A.bivvitstus, and from the Gekkonidae family, the genus Cyrtopodion, the species C.scabrum were observed. Keywords: Reptiles, Lizard, Fauna, North Hamadan, Razan.

This study aimed to analyze the pollen samples collected from the provinces of Ilam, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Hamedan in western Iran. The pollen samples were examined to identify their botanical origin and to investigate the chemical composition of the honey bee pollen.The pollen samples were initially sorted by color, and microscopic slides were prepared to examine their morphological characteristics using a light microscope. The results revealed that pollen grains with a yellow to creamy color spectrum were the most abundant and were considered the dominant pollen types. The Brassicaceae plant family was identified as the dominant botanical origin of pollen samples from Kermanshah and Ilam provinces. Additionally, the dominant pollen sources in the Kurdistan, Lorestan, and Hamedan provinces were found to be the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, and Dipsacaceae plant families.Based on the results, the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, and Caryophyllaceae plant families were identified as the most attractive for honey bees. The pollen samples collected from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces exhibited the highest (373.11 mg/g) and lowest (137.06 mg/g) levels of phenolic compounds, respectively. Similarly, the highest (7.70 mg/g) and lowest (2.45 mg/g) concentrations of flavonoids were found in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces, respectively. The highest protein content (16.63 mg/g) was observed in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan province.  

   Abstract    Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and one of the main causes of cancer death in the world. Colon cancer begins at the colon (the end of the digestive system) and usually affects the elderly, although it can occur at any age. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis) such as sodium butyrate inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis in CRC. On the other hand, the concentration of oxygen in the tissue is one of the most important factors in determining the behavior and function of the tissues. Oxygen deficiency or hypoxia can induce some factors in the development of cancer. Cobalt II chloride induces hypoxia by stimulating Hif1-? expression. Despite the previous studies in the field of investigating the effect of sodium butyrate and cobalt chloride II on the cellular and molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer cells, but no study has been conducted on the simultaneous effect of these two compounds and as a result of inhibition of histone deacetylase enzyme and hypoxia on colorectal cancer cells. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate their simultaneous effect on cellular and molecular characteristics of a rat colon cancer cell line called CT-26. CT-26 cells line was cultured in suitable laboratory conditions and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). This study aims to investigate the effect of different concentrations of cobalt II chloride, sodium butyrate and a mixture of both on survival, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, antioxidant capacity, cell migration and expression of Hif-1a, Hdac1, Casp-3, C-met, Oct-4 and lncRNA-H19 genes. Then were prepared in CT-26 cell line at different time. The results of the MTT assay showed that in the period of 24, 48 and 72 hours, the percentage of cell viability decreases depending on the time. Also, with NBT assay, it was found that the amount of ROS production increased in all three treatments and with the passage of time, the ROS accumulation graph decreased significantly. The evaluation of cell migration test with different concentrations of both compounds and a mixture of them showed that cells migration increased in cobalt chloride II treatment within 24 hours. But after 48 hours, it decreased to an insignificant amount. While the cell treatment with sodium butyrate and the mixture concentrations in both 24 and 48 hours led to a decrease in cell migration. In order to investigate the cell cycle using flow cytometry technique, they were treated with cobalt II chloride and sodium butyrate and a combination of both. Treatment of cells with cobalt chloride led to accumulation of cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle. While the treatment of cells with 0.1 and 0.2 millimolar sodium butyrate respectively led to the accumulation of cells in the G2/M and G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle. In the mixed treatment, the population of cells was often stopped in the G2/M phase. The results obtained from the analysis of gene expression by real-time PCR method with cobalt chloride II treatment compared to the control group, no significant expression changes were observed in the expression of genes (Oct-4, c-Met, Casp-3, Hdac1, Hif1-?, lncRNA H19). However, in the treatment group with sodium butyrate, the expression of c-Met gene increased by 7.81% and the expression of Hdac1 gene decreased by -4.99%. Also, in mixed treatment, the Hdac1 gene expression decreased by -22.62% and a significant increase of 1.67% was reported in Oct-4 gene.   In this study, it was reported that the treatment of CT-26 cells with cobalt chloride II, sodium butyrate and mixed treatment with specific concentrations, it leads to reduction or stoppage of cell growth, reduction of cell migration and changes in gene expression. Keywords

  درماتوفيت­ها شايع­ترين عواملايجاد بيماري­هاي قارچي پوستي يا درماتوفيتوزيس هستند. درماتوفيتوزيس يك بيماري پوستي شايع در سگ­ها   مي­باشد. تشخيص گونه­هاي قارچي به درمان بهتر بيماري كمك مي­كند. روش­هاي قديمي براي شناخت گونه­هاي درماتوفيت­ها زمان­بر هستند و در بسياري از مواقع كارآمد نمي­باشند. اخيرا روش­هاي مولكولي متعددي مبتني بر DNA سلول به منظور بررسي گونه درماتوفيت­ها استفاده مي­شوند. هدف از اين مطالعه، تشخيص مولكولي جدايه­هاي درماتوفيتي از سگ­هاي مبتلا به درماتوفيتوزيس در شهر كرمانشاه بود. بدين منظور، مجموعا 30 ضايعه جدا شده از سگ در محيط PDA كشت داده شد و پس از خالص­سازي و بررسي­ مشخصات ميكروسكوپي و ماكروسكوپي نمونه­هاي كشت شده، DNA آن­ها استخراج شده و قطعات ژني   ITS و D1/D2 با استفاده از پرايمرهاي عمومي ITS1/ITS4 و NL1/NL4 تكثير شدند. محصولات PCR به­منظور تعيين توالي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. براساس تعيين توالي ناحيه ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 و D1/D2 ، كه برروي تعدادي از نمونه­ها صورت گرفت، سويه­هاي مورد مطالعه، ميكروسپوروم كنيس، ترايكوفايتون روبروم

  Abstract Background and purpose: One of the most important dimensions in the life of living organisms is how they reproduce. The study of reproduction in animals is a basic solution for biologists to answer many questions related to the biology of different animals. The green Levant frog with the scientific name Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) is one of them from the Ranidae family, so in this research, the reproductive cycle of the female Levant green frog Pelophylax bedriagae was carried out in the Mianrahan area, in Sahne city of Kermanshah province Materials and methods: In this research, after obtaining the relevant permits, samples were taken from their natural habitats in Dinor region in different seasons of the year. SEP was determined by recording the time and place of sampling information related to topographical conditions. The samples were transferred to 10% formalin. Then, the samples were dissected and the shape, color, size and location of the various parts of the reproductive and urinary system in the body were determined and photographed by removing the visceral organs. Then histopathology studies were doneResults: In the non-reproductive season of sexual reproduction, the ovary is inactive, condensed and collected, but in the season of sexual reproduction, these changes and cells are all ready for activity and ciliated cells are all active, to move the egg on the surface of the ovary. In the mating season, many mature eggs were observed on the surface of the ovary, while the eggs were not mature in the non-breeding season. Fat cells in the mating season have abundant fat reserves, but in the non-breeding season, these cells are dense and stacked on top of each other and contain less fat than in the breeding season Discussion and conclusion: Studying the reproductive cycle of Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) in different seasons of the year and different weather conditions showed that this cycle is influenced by weather and seasonal conditions. Paying attention to the information obtained from the species helps the biological studies.

The largest genus of the Gammaridae family is GammarusFabricius, 1775, which are widely found in freshwater environments of the northern hemisphere. To date, 19 species of this genus have been identified in Iran. The aim of this research is to investigate the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the genus Gammarus in the Yuan wetland of Kermanshah province. In this study, samples ofthe Gammarus genus were collected from five stations in the Yuan wetland, and the chemical characteristics of the water were evaluated. In the laboratory, first, the gender of the samples was identified and then the body parts of each sample were separated with dissection needles and placed on a slide containing Euparal glue.In the next step, the body parts of each sample were measured and photographedby LAMBOMED iVu 7000 light microscope equipped with a camera. Subsequently, various parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator software.The results of the morphological examinations confirmed the new record of the species G. anodon (the only Gammarus species in the Yuan wetland) based on the diagnostic characteristics of the species using the identification key of this genus. The distinguishing features of this species include the presence of a keel on the dorsal-median surface of urosomites1-3, the presence of small spines on the dorsal surface of pereonites 6-7, and relatively large black eyes. In addition, the investigations showed that intrapopulation variations are minor. Ecological data analysis also revealed that members of this species are found in environments with high water hardness, alkaline conditions, and high oxygen levels. Key words:G. anodon, morphological characters, Yuan wetland, Kermanshah Province.   

  The genus Gammaru  Fabricius, 1775 is one of the most diverse and important genera of the order Amphipoda, belonging to the family Gammaridae. Members of this group live in waters up to a depth of two meters, as long as the waters are not poor in oxygen and calcium. They have a very extensive habitat and are usually found in cold climates. The main objective of this study is to summarize and investigate the species of the genus Gammaru  in Iran and examine their morphological and diagnostic characteristics. The initial studies on freshwater Gammaru  in Iran were conducted by Karaman, and the su  ecies G. pulex persicu  was discovered in northwest Iran. Later, Loeffler in 1956, Mateus and Mateus in 1990 and Stock et al. (1998) introduced new species including G. miae, G. plumipes, G. protecus, G. pretzmanni, G. paricrenatus, G. anodon, G. parthicus, G. crinicaudatus, and G. lobifer, contributing to the knowledge of Gammaru  ecies in freshwater in Iran. Later, the first three species were rejected by researchers. New species, including G. baloutchi, G. lordeganensis, and G. bakhteyaricu  from the central Zagros region, G. zagrosensis, G. sepidannus, G. shirazinus, and G. loeffleri from southern Zagros, and G. sirvannus, G. hegmatanensis, and G. ilamensis from western Zagros were described. The distribution range of these species is usually limited to several restricted mountainous areas, so they can be considered native to Iran. In addition, three new records of this genus have also been reported: G. lacustris, which is distributed throughout the Holarctic region, with only a few populations in Iran; G. komareki, which is distributed in the Balkan Peninsula and Minor Asia, reported from all over the Alborz region in Iran; and G. pseudosyriacus, which is distributed in Minor Asia and has been found in the Zagros region of Iran. Therefore, to date, 19 species of the genus Gammaru  have been identified in Iran. In this study, distribution data, descriptive and diagnostic characteristics were presented for each species, and important diagnostic traits for species were discussed in a table, and an identification key for the freshwater Gammaru  of Iran is provided.    Keywords:  Amphipoda, Freshwater, Gammaru  ecies, Iran  

  Today, in addition to the antibiotic resistance of various microbial strains, which is one of the ten major health threats according to the World Health Organization, problems such as the exorbitant cost of treating some diseases and the recurrence of diseases have become the reason why researchers are looking for a solution for society. to solve these problems. One of the methods studied in recent years to deal with these problems is the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, with the help of plants and their derivatives. One of these plant derivatives is Farsi gum, a polysaccharide secreted from the trunk and branches of the mountain almond tree (with the scientific name Amygdalus scoparia), which is found in the Zagros region of Iran. In this study, Nefera nanoparticles were produced by Farsi gum as a regenerating and stabilizing compound by co-precipitation method. Then, "UV-visible spectrophotometry", "X-ray Diffraction", "scanning electron microscope" and "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy" analyzes were used to confirm its structure. After examining the structure, antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of these nanoparticles with the help of "well diffusion", "minimum inhibitory concentration", "minimum bactericidal concentration" and "crystal violet biofilm assay" tests on the microbial strains of Candida albicans, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were measured. In general, the findings of this research showed the excellent effect of this nanoparticle on the Candida albicans microbial strain. In the end, with the help of DPPH and half maximal inhibitory concentration tests, the antioxidant properties of the prepared nanoparticles were measured.

Rapidpopulation growth in the 21st century will lead to reduced access to food and,consequently, increased demand for protein. Scientists have suggested insectsas alternatives to animals because of their high nutritional value, highreproductive ability, low greenhouse gas emissions, and animal protein source. Tenebriomolitor species is a suitable option for industrial cultivation due to itsrelative ease of breeding. This insect has complete metamorphosis, i.e. fourstages: egg, larva (mealworm), pupa and adult. Mealworm has a high nutritionalvalue and is used for feeding farmed animals. This study examined the effect ofseven types of diets including 400 grams (gr) of wheat bran flour as a controltreatment (W), 200 + 200 gr of barley and wheat flour (A), 100 +300 gr ofbarley and wheat flour (B), 200 + 200 gr of chickpea and wheat flour (C), 100 +300 gr of chickpea and wheat flour (D), 200 + 200 gr of corn and wheat flour(E), 100 + 300 g of corn and wheat flour (F) on physiological parameters، nutritionalvalue and growth rate of larval body length and weight of T. molitorlarvae.   The effect of the mentionedseven treatments with five temperature treatments of 22, 25, 28, 31 and 34Celsius degrees on biological and reproductive parameters of T. molitor,life table, absence of fruit in insect breeding and cannibalism behavior havebeen investigated. The highest and lowest average length of body were recordedin W and A treatments and weight in W and D treatments, respectively. The lifetable was designed and the shape of the survival curve in different treatments wasconvex. The effect of the nutritional factor and the absence of fruit in thediet on the biological and reproductive parameters of T. molitor

  Western Iran, especially the provincesof Ilam and Lorestan, in particular, has a unique geography and climaticconditions that support a rich fauna. These two provinces are more or lessforested and the Zagros Mountains extend in them and cause a geographicalbarrier. And the climate has become more diverse. Due to the extensive studieson lizards in these two provinces and the lack of a review on the lizard faunaidentified in these provinces, the present study aims to investigate andcollect the lizards identified and reported in These areas were done. At first,articles, dissertations and books that studied the lizard fauna of Iran,especially Lorestan and Ilam provinces were collected and then the requiredmaterials were extracted and reported. A total of 35 species of lizards from 7families, 20 genera were reported in the study.

  Carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4. 2. 1. 1) is a family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyzes vital reactions including the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and a proton. Carbonic anhydrase isozymes are involved in various physiological and pathological processes and are considered as important drug targets for the treatment of a wide range of disorders including glaucoma and various types of cancer. In this study, new sulfonamide derivatives resulting from the coupling reaction of sulfanilamide with benzene or its mono-, di-, tri- carboxylic acid compounds were chemically synthetized and their interaction with hCA II isozyme were investigated by various spectroscopic techniques. Kinetic results revealed that new sulfonamide derivatives inhibit the esterase activity of hCA II in a reversible competitive manner. As a result, among the studied compounds, compound 4 had the lowest Ki and IC50 values for hCA II isozyme. Also, fluorescence measurements showed that these compounds quench the intrinsic fluorescence of hCA II by a dynamic quenching mechanism. In addition, analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of the binding revealed that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions play the major role in stabilization of the enzyme–drug complexes. Fluorescence analysis of the CAII-DNSA fluorescent complex in the presence of different concentrations of new sulfonamide derivatives showed the lowest dissociation constant (Kd) for the compound 4, indicating a higher affinity of this compound for the binding to the hCA II isozyme. Overall, the strengthening of the binding power and inhibitory activity of the studied sulfonamide derivatives for the hCA II isozyme, makes these derivatives of great interest for the design of novel hCA inhibitors.

چكيدهمقدمه:واژينيتيك بيماري التهابي همراه با خارش، سوزش، بو و ترشحات غير طبيعي واژن بوده كه همراه با عواقبي مانند عفونت هاي دستگاه ادراري، زايمان زودرس، بيماري التهابي لگن و ناباروري است.استرپتوكوكوس آگالاكتيه يا استرپتوكوك گروهB(GBS)يك پاتوژن انسانيبوده كه از واژن زنان بالغ جدا شده است. اين باكتري ها دارايتوانايي بالقوه­اي برايايجاد بيوفيلمبوده كه وضعيتمزمن و پايداري از بيماريبه وجود مي­آورد. آمپي سيلينيا پني سيلين، آنتي بيوتيك هاي خط اول، براي درمان عفونت ناشي ازGBSهستند.مطالعات متعددي مقاومت GBS را نسبت به اين آنتي بيوتيك ها نشان داده است. بنابراين،استفاده از عوامل ضد باكترياييجايگزين مانندنانوذرات مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.در ميانانواع مختلف نانومواد، نقره به دليل خواص استثنايي خود يكي از پركاربردترين محصولات بوده است. باتوجه به كاربرد گسترده اين مواد، نگراني هاي بسياري در زمينه سميت آن­ها وجود دارد. به منظور محافظت در برابر اثرات سمي نانوذرات از ويتامين سي به عنوان يك ماده آنتي اكسيدان استفاده شد. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي اثرات ضد باكتريايي و ضد بيوفيلمينانوذرات نقرهعليه GBS، بررسي ميزان سميت سلولي اين نانوذرات، ارزيابي اثر محافظتي ويتامين سي بر نانوذرات نقره و بررسي تاثير مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي در درمان عفونت واژن ايجاد شده در موش است.روش­ها: مدل عفونت واژن ناشي از باكتري GBS از طريق تلقيح داخل واژنيCFU/ml108×1باكتري در موش هاي ماده و بالغ نژاد NMRI ايجاد شد. در اين مطالعه از مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي براي درمان عفونت واژن استفاده شد. تعداد 70 موش به طور تصادفي در 10 گروه مجزا (7 موش در هر گروه) تقسيم بندي شدند: كنترل، ويتامين سي (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي سالمي كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند)، عفونت (موش هاي آلوده با GBS)، عفونت و ويتامين سي (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، عفونت و نانوذرات (موش هاي عفوني كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، عفونت و آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي عفوني كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، عفونت و ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند). قبل از انجام آزمايش در موش ها ابتدا اثرات ضدميكروبي و سميت نانوذرات نقره سنجيده شد. در اين مطالعه فعاليت ضد باكتريايينانوذرات نقره با روش حداقل غلظت بازدارنده (MIC) و حداقل غلظت مهاري بيوفيلم (MBIC) برايGBS تعيين شد.ميزان سميت نانوذرات نقره با استفاده از روش MTT سنجيده شد و اثر حفاظتي ويتامين سي عليه اين سميت مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. نانوذرات نقره به صورت تلقيح داخل واژني در غلظت 512 پي پي ام وويتامين سيبه صورت تزريق داخل صفاقي در دوز 250 ميلي گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن بدن موشيك بار در روز به مدت دو هفته صورت گرفت. در طي دوره آزمايش به منظور بررسي روند درمان عفونت واژن در موش، تعيين بار ميكروبي و چرخه استروس موش ها طي درمان مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. در پايان آزمايش نمونه خون موش ها و مقاطع بافتي واژن جداسازي و مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت.

لاكپشت هاي دريايي گونه­هايي از خزندگان هستند كه در مناطق استوايي و گرم زندگي مي‌كنند. يكي از 16 راستهخزندگان كه در ??? ميليون سال گذشته تكامل‏ پيداكرده‌اند راسته Testudines است ‏كه‏ تاكنون ‏تنها چهار راسته از آن‌ها باقي‌مانده‌اند.يكي از اين چهار راسته، Testudinata مي‌باشدكه لاكپشت هاي Terrapins و Tortoises جزءاين‏ راسته ‏هستند، اين‏ راسته ‏كه ‏گاه ‏بانام‏ علمي Chelonian شناخته مي‌شود داراي دو زير راسته به ‏نام Pleurodira و Cryptodira است. زير راسته‏اول‏ بزرگ‌ترين ‏زير راسته ‏است‏ كه ‏داراي ?? خانواده ‏مي‌باشد‏و‏ لاك‌پشت‏هاي‏ دريايي در يكي از اين دو تاخانواده‏ها قرار مي‏گيرند. بيش‏ از ??? گونه‏ ازلاكپشت هاي دريايي‏ تا‏كنون‏ زيسته‏اند ‏ولي ‏تنها هفت گونه از ‏آن‌ها‏باقي‏مانده‏اند كه پنج گونه آن در ايران وجود دارد كه عبارت‌اند از: 1- لاك‌پشتسبز (Green turtle)، لاك‌پشتمنقار عقابي (Hawks bill)، لاك‌پشت زيتوني (olive turtle)، لاك‌پشت سر قرمز (Loggerhead turtle) و لاك‌پشت‏ پشت چرمي (leatherbacktrutle)‏، لاك‌پشت منقار عقابي Eretmochelys imbricata) ) در ميانساير لاكپشت هاي دريايي تنها گونه‌اي است كه براي اولين بار در سال 1970 جزءگونه‌هاي در معرض خطر و در سال 1996 جزء گونه‌هاي در معرض خطر انقراض، در ليستقرمز سازمان IUCN قرار گرفت ،پراكنش اين‌گونه در منطقه خليج‌فارسدر سواحل شمالي و جنوبي آن و سواحل جنوبي سيستان و بلوچستان در درياي مكران هست كهبيش‌ترين تعداد در قسمت‌هاي شمالي خليج در منطقه سواحل ايراني هست اين‌گونه درايران در جزاير هرمز، شيدور، قشم، ام ال كرم، نخيلو، بني فارور، لاوان، كيش،تهمادون، لارك و هنگام ديده‌شده است ،در ايران جمعيت‌هاي لاك‌پشت دريايي درنتيجه تأثيراتمستقيم و غيرمستقيم بشري ازجمله شكار بي‏رويه ‏يا‏ غيرقانوني به‌شدت در حال كاهشاست. حداقل ?? كشور جهان ميزبان آشيانه‏هاي اين‌گونه هستند بااين‌وجودبسياري از اين جايگاه‏هاي ‏آشيانه سازي داراي تراكم كمي هستند فراوان‌ترين گونه‏هاي لاكپشت هاي دريايي در خليج‌فارس، لاك‌پشتسبز و منقار عقابي است ،لاك‌پشت منقار عقابي در برخي از جزاير ايران تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند،نوع ماده آن‌ها در اواخر بهار به سمت ساحل آمده و تخم‌گذاري مي‌كند به‏طوركليدرهرلانه به‌طور متوسط 140 تخم مي‌گذارند و كل دوره تخم‌گذاري حدوداً دو هفته زمانمي‌برد و تقريباً دو ماه طول مي‌كشد كه تخم‌ها در شن ساحل به بچه لاك‌پشت تبديلشوند جنسيت بچه لاك‌پشت‌ها و سرعت رشد آن به دماي محيط بستگي دارد، دماي زيادتمايل جنين را به جنسيت ماده افزايش مي­دهد،لازم به ذكر است كه تعداد لاكپشت هاييكه براي تخم‌گذاري مي‌آيند با تعداد لاكپشت هايكه تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند متفاوت است تمام لاك‌پشت‌ها تخم‌گذاري نمي‌كنند و تعدادي بهدلايل مختلف ازجمله مناسب نبودن ساحل (دماي رسوبات بستر، پوشش گياهي و برخي دست‌كاري‌هايانساني)، وجود آلودگي و دلايل ديگر از تخم‌گذاري منصرف مي‏شوند لاكپشت هايخليج‏فارس تعداد تخم كمتري نسبت به نقاط ديگر جهان دارند، تخم‌گذاري هر دو تا سهسال يك‌بار صورت مي‏گيرد به‌جز لاكپشت هاي چرمي كه در آب‌هاي عميق باقي مي‌مانندبقيه گونه‏‏هاي جوان به آب‌هاي كم‌عمق سواحل مي‌روند، گونه منقار عقابي عموماً درجاهاييكه تشكيل صخره مرجاني شده و در آب‌هاي كم‏عمق شفاف، تالاب‏ها و خليج‏ها زندگي مي‌كنندلاكپشت هاي دريايي در ايران بيشتر در جزاير استان‌هاي بوشهر، هرمزگان، لاوان، قشم،شيدور، هنگام، هندورابي و نخيلو تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند ميكروارگانيسم‏هاي زيادي از تخم‌هايخارج نشده لاك‌پشت شناسايي و جداسازي شده است از گونه قارچ‏هاي جداشده از آشيانه تخم‌هامي‏توان به Aspergillus، Fusarium species، Chrysosporium، Penicillium، Emericella، Rhizopus، Actinomcour اشاره كرد كهاز بين آن‌ها گونه‏هاي Fusarium solani با درصدفراواني 55/54 و Fusarium oxspurum با درصد 91/40در كشورهاي تركيه، كاستاريكا، استراليا، برزيل و ايتاليا ديده شد همچنين دو نوعديگر Fusarium falciforme و Fusarium keratoplasticum با درصد 73/2 در تخم‌هاي مربوط به لاك‌پشت سر قرمز شناسايي‌شدهاست ، Fusarium يك منبع بزرگ عفونت‏هاي تخم‌هاي آشيانه لاكپشت هاي دريايياست از نمونه باكتري‏هاي ‏جداشده مي‏توان به گونه Vibrio، Escherichia coli، Salmonella، Klebsiella oxytoca، Klebsiella pneumoniae، كريپتوباكتر، Serratia، Pseudomonas، Aeromonas وStaphylococcus aureus

The genus Niphargus Schi?dte 1847 (Amphipoda: Niphargidae) is the largest genus of freshwater amphipods that distributed in the Western Palearctic. Most of the species inhabit subterranean waters and constitute a substantial part of groundwater biodiversity. Sofar, more than 20 species of Niphargus genus described from Iran that most of these are endemic. In this study, morphological and molecular diversity of subterranean amphipods of genus Niphargus in central and southern parts of Ardebil province was investigated. Four populations from more than 70 stations were collected. To study the morphology of the specimens, different parts of the specimen were measured and photographed with an optical microscope equipped with a camera. Morphological characters were drawn using adobe illustrator software. More than 150 morphological traits and about 90 morphometric traits were investigated in each sample. To study molecular data, we analyzed nuclear molecular marker, such as 28S rDNA. The analyses of Bayesian tree suggested new populations are placed N. daniali in one clade. Finally, the results confirmed the presence of two new species of Niphargus genus in this region.   

Abstract In this study, from families, Agamidae، Lacertidae، Scincidae، Geckonidae, species of Laudakia nupta،Lacerta media، Hermites auratua، Cyrtopodion scabrum، were selected to study the morphology and histology of the skin and its appendages. Samples were prepared of the Razi university Zoology Museum. The specimens were then dissected and sections of skin tissue were removed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and their femoral glands and preanal glands were removed, and after performing the tissue passage steps, the prepared slides were stained, and studied under a light microscope, findings from microscopic observations of the skin structure of the studied species showed that all species from the surface to the depth have a horny layer (keratinocyte layer), epidermis layer, dermis layer and hypodermis layer that the thickness of the epidermis layer in Laudakia nupta is more than Lacerta media، Cyrtopodion scabrum و Hermites aurata, but the dermis layer in C. scabrum is more developed and has more fat cells, the hypodermic layer develops in the femoral pores of L. media and the preanal glands and dorsal surface of C. scabrum and is rich in fat cells, on the dorsal surface of H. auratua, unlike the other three species, the melanin pigment is located in the hypodermis, and on the abdominal surface, in the hypodermic layer , there are cartilaginous plates, muscle tissue and skeletal tissue, generally, it can be concluded that the thickness of different layers of skin is related to the living environment of lizards, thus, having a thick epidermis (L. nupta) can be related to hard and dry living environment and having a thin epidermis and thick dermis (L. media and H. auratua) can be related to a mild and mountainous environment, the large number of fat cells (C. scabrum) in some species is a factor in isolating the body as well as protecting the body in the event of an impact. In this study, from families, Agamidae، Lacertidae، Scincidae، Geckonidae, species of Laudakia nupta،Lacerta media، Hermites auratua، Cyrtopodion scabrum، were selected to study the morphology and histology of the skin and its appendages. Samples were prepared of the Museum of Zoology the Razi university. The specimens were then dissected and sections of skin tissue were removed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and their femoral glands and preanal glands were removed, and after performing the tissue passage steps, the prepared slides were stained, and studied under a light microscope, findings from microscopic observations of the skin structure of the studied species showed that all species from the surface to the depth have a horny layer (keratinocyte layer), epidermis layer, dermis layer and hypodermis layer that the thickness of the epidermis layer in Laudakia nupta is more than Lacerta media، Cyrtopodion scabrum و Hermites aurata, but the dermis layer in C. scabrum is more developed and has more fat cells, the hypodermic layer develops in the femoral pores of L. media and the preanal glands and dorsal surface of C. scabrum and is rich in fat cells, on the dorsal surface of H. auratua, unlike the other three species, the melanin pigment is located in the hypodermis, and on the abdominal surface, in the hypodermic layer , there are cartilaginous plates, muscle tissue and skeletal tissue, generally, it can be concluded that the thickness of different layers of skin is related to the living environment of lizards, thus, having a thick epidermis (L. nupta) can be related to hard and dry living environment and having a thin epidermis and thick dermis (L. media and H. auratua

During the last half century, the earth's surface has undergone many changes due to human activities through deforestation and urban development. The rate of biodiversity destruction is on the rise due to increasing human domination on natural ecosystems, and this fact becomes alarming when the degradation of human activities is exceeding existing efforts to conserve biodiversity. Human encroachments may impede habitat use by reducing mobility and communication. Bats, as bird mammals, are the second largest order after rodents. This group has a wide variety due to its flight power and echolocation. The use of habitat utility models in order to identify the preferred habitat as well as identify the connection routes of protected areas has become a reliable approach that if combined with field data and use of applied models can create important and reliable results that can be used as a tool for managers. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution model as well as the   habitat patch connectivity of Rhinopoma microphyllum. 11 habitat variables including maximum temperature of the hottest month, seasonal temperature, isotherm, average daily temperature range, vegetation density, distance from surface water sources, altitude, annual rainfall, surface moisture, surface roughness and vegetation roughness near points beside the presence of species were used for modeling. Modeling was performed using the maximum entropy algorithm in MaxEnt software. In order to use the maximum number of points entered in the modeling process, the model was performed with 10 replications and cross-validation method was used to evaluate the model. Then, circuits cape theory by All-To-One method was used to identify connection paths in the study area. Since it is to identify the connection paths of habitat spots, habitat patches were identified using the TSS threshold and the their relationship was established. Based on the results of Jack Knife analysis, vegetation variables, then climatic variables, and finally topographic variables have an effect on species distribution. By applying the threshold limit on the desired habitat of the species, 30 habitat patches were identified, whose area varies from 221.04 square km as the smallest patch to 219416.78 square km as the largest spot, and covers 15.9 percent of the country area totally. The total length of the corridors was calculated 8338.32 km. Most of the connection paths in this study passed through open and low altitude areas and almost no connection path passed through desert areas to connect habitat patches. The largest habitat patch for the species includes the southern, southwestern and western parts as a continuous habitat, and there is no connection corridor in this large habitat patch.   

The second leading cause of death among women of childbearing age is cancer. One of the most common treatments for cancer is chemotherapy. Some common chemotherapy drugs cross the placenta during pregnancy and cause abnormalities in the development of some organs, including the reproductive organs. Concomitant use of antioxidants with chemotherapy is possible; Reduce its negative effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of ginger extract on testicular berets in offspring born to mice that received chemotherapy during pregnancy. Thus, adult female mice were divided into four groups after mating and determining zero pregnancy. The first group: the control group did not receive any medication, the second group: received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg / kg on day 11 of pregnancy, the third group: received ginger at a dose of 10 mg / kg on days 7 to 11 of pregnancy, the fourth group: Simultaneous administration of ginger and cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg / kg on days 7 to 11 and day 11 of pregnancy, respectively. Eight weeks after the birth of male offspring and their dissection, the testis and tail of the epididymis were isolated and examined for histomorphological and sperm parameters. Histological studies showed that cyclophosphamide significantly reduced the number of Sertoli cells, primary spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids, and significantly reduced sperm count, viability, motility and increased abnormalities in sperm parameters. Sperm morphology is compared to the control group. Concomitant use of ginger extract with cyclophosphamide improves tissue and sperm parameters compared to the cyclophosphamide group, so it can be said that the use of ginger can reduce the destructive effects of cyclophosphamide in offspring of pregnant mice. Reduce chemotherapy treatment.   

Abstract Electrogastrography is a non-invasive method for recording signals of gastric control myoelectric activity. Electrogastrography has no side effects and is a painless study, so it can be used as a suitable diagnostic method especially for children. Of course, it is worth noting that for accurate diagnosis, additional information from other diagnostic methods will be useful. In this project, while receiving signals from 100 female students aged 18-16, we try to examine these signals with the help of FFT and detect the presence of tachygastria, bradygastria, dyspepsia and gastric ulcer in them. In this regard, the signals were obtained from the students in two modes, preprandial and postprandial. They were then transferred to the computer to be viewed in the graphic environment of Lab View software. After visual analysis, signals were processed and analyzed using MATLAB software. Six statistical features and two signal features were extracted for electrogastrograms. After smoothing, the signals were analyzed by Fourier transform. Finally, for >Among the subjects, 16 had tachygastria (4-9 cpm) in their preprandial electrogastrogram and 2 recorded signals at 15 cycles per minute. 21 subjects showed tachygastria in their postprandial electrogastrogram and two subjects had signals at 13 cycles per minute. 8 subjects had bradygastria (0.5-2 cpm) in their preprandial signals.This number increased in the study of postprandial signals and 16 subjects recorded signals less than 2 cycles per minute. Other subjects had signals in the normal range (2-4 cpm). Among the graphs obtained from the Naive Bayesian >   Key words: Electrogastrography, Fourier analysis, Kermanshah      

Western Iran in general and Ilam province in particular, have a unique geography and climatic conditions that support a rich fauna. Ilam province is more or less forested and the Zagros mountain range stretches along it, which has caused a geographical barrier and diverse climate in the province, so that in the north of the province, temperate mountainous climate and in the south, which has been the focus of our studies in this region. The weather is hot and dry. Due to the lack of detailed studies on lizards of the Lacertidae family in this region, research was conducted in most areas of Ilam province on the species of this family and their habitats. In this study, four species of Lasertidae lizards including Acanthodactylus boskianus, Apathya cappadocica, Mesalina brevirostris and Ophisops elegans were identified and collected. It was found that Ophisops elegan species is present in all habitats of the province.  

    Climate change is one of the most important threats to biodiversity. During recent years, much attention has been focused on declining amphibians. Alien species including hunting fish, and global warming are the important factors of decline amphibians. One of the consequences of global warming is the early droughts of the ponds. On the other hand, amphibian densities in ponds are also affected by changes in water levels. In this study, the interaction effects of three factors including temperature, water level and density were investigated on snout-vent length (SVL), SVL at metamorphosis, time at metamorphosis, percentage of metamorphosis, cannibalism and survival of larvae of Pelophylax bedriagae which was previously known as Pelophylax ridibundus, carried out within 10 months. We designed a 2×2×3 factorial experiment, crossing two levels of temperature ( high =22.5 and low=18.5 ), two levels of density (low, n =5 and high, n =25) and three level of water (low: 300 cc, high 1400 cc, and decreasing 150 cc of water, Once a week). Results of experiment showed the highest survival rate in was observed in the low density / low water / low temperature with 73.33% ±5.77 and the lowest survival rate was observed in the high density / low water / low temperature with 13.31 % ±2.54. The highest hatching percentage was observed in the low temperature×   decreasing water level × low density (93.3 mm±11.54) and the lowest hatching percentage was observed in high temperature× high water level × low density (56.6 mm±15.27). Results of ANOVA showed that three temperature, density, and water level had not significant independent effects on the hatching but   interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the hatching (P=0.05). The highest size at metamorphosis (SVL) was observed in high temperature × decreasing water level × high density (16.21 mm±1.89) and the lowest was observed in low temperature× decreasing water level × high density (10.33 mm±8.95(.Results of ANOVA showed that   temperature had significant independent effects on the size at metamorphosis (SVL)   ut water level and density had not significant independent effects on the size at metamorphosis (SVL). Interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the size at metamorphosis (P=0.008).. Interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the percentage of metamorphosis (P=0.05).  

  Amphibians are an indicator of environmental health their population is decreasing around the world at a significant rate. The climate change, chemical pollutants, increased ultraviolet radiation, habitat changes, exotic species, and pathogens are some of the causes of amphibian decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of density, water level and predator cues factors on the growth rate, metamorphosis, survival and cannibalism in marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus. In this study, an experiment was carried out with 2 × 3 × 2 factors consisted of two levels of density (low density (n: 5) and high density (n: 25)), three levels of water level (low water level (400 cc), high water level (1400 cc) and decreasing water level (100 cc each week)) and two levels of predator (presence (as indirect) or absence of predator (Gambusia holbrooki). The results of our experiment showed the highest growth rate was observed in low-density treatment/ predator presence/high water level with 0.144 mm/day, maximum snout-vent length during metamorphosis (SVL) in low-density treatment/predator presence/low water level (17/006 mm ± 1/07), and the highest mean of head width (HW) was recorded in the low-density/predator presence/ decreasing water level (7/853 mm ± 1/755) during 201 days. Also, the highest mean age of metamorphosis in high-density of treatment/absence of predator/low water level (134/415 days ± 26/99), highest percentage of metamorphosis in low-density of treatment/ predator presence/decreasing water level (86/66% ± 23/094), highest survival rate in low-density of treatment/predator/high water level (86/666% ± 11/547), and highest overall cannibalism (head + tail + full) was recorded in the high-density of treatment/absence of predator/low water level (3/522% ± 5/994). The ANOVA results showed that density factor independently had a significant effect on SVL, HW, age and percentage of metamorphosis but had no effect on survival rate over time. The water level had no significant effect on total cannibalism percentage, metamorphosis time, metamorphosis percentage and survival percentage but had a significant effect on head width. Also, the interactive effect of three factors had no significant on SVL, head width, metamorphosis time, percentage of metamorphosis, total cannibalism percentage and survival rate.

   خانواده سوسماران مانيتور يا   Varanidae يكي از نه خانواده سوسمار­هاي ايران است كه تنها داراي يك جنس (مونوفايلتيك) است اما حدود   73گونه در اين جنس قرار دارد. مانيتور­ها يا بزمچه­ها بزرگترين سوسماران جهان از لحاظ جثه هستند بزمچه­ها داراي بدن كشيده، پوزه بلند، كشيده و دوكي شكل هستند و دم در آنها بلند و حدود 5/1 برابر طول بدن است، زبان بلند و دو شاخه و چشم­ها با پلك متحرك و مردمكي گرد است، بزمچه­ها روز گرد و شكارچي بوده و آرواره بسيار نيرومندي دارند از جنس وارانوس گونه­هاي الف) بزمچه بنگال (1802، Daudin) Varanus Bengalensis ب) بزمچه بياباني (1803، Daudin) Varanus griseus ج) بزمچه نسترو Varanus nesterovi )(B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015)   در ايران مشاهده شده است. مطالعه روي جمجمه سوسماران بر روي مسائل مربوط به اختلافات بين جمجمه در موجودات متنوع و منشاء آنها و علت اين اختلافات، تمركز كرده است. در ايران مطالعه جامعي در مورد اسكلت كامل سوسماران صورت نگرفته، و اين در حالي است كه اسكلت تاثير بسزايي در زندگي، حركت، شكار، تغذيه و ... دارد و محيط نيز تاثير مستقيم بر اسكلت جاندار مي گذارد. در اين مطالعه به بررسي اسكلت ( Varanus griseus (Daudin, 1803 و B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015 Varanus nesterovi مي­پردازيم. در اين پروژه براي بررسي اسكلت، از دو روش استفاده شده است. ?. خارج كردن اجزاء اسكلتي و عكسبرداري از آن­ها. ?. استفاده از روش CTscan. نتيجه استخراج 302 قطعه استخوان ازبدن سوسمار كه 28 قطعه متصل به هم جمجمه جانور را تشكيل مي­دهد. در مرحله بعد با استفاده از تصاوير اسكن استخوان­هاي خارج شده نامگذاري و اتصالات اسكلتي شناسايي شد. مقايسه اسكلت با گونه­هاي ديگر جنس وارانوس و خانواده­هاي ديگر سوسماران انجام شد و نتيجه وجود تفاوت اندك بين گونه­اي و اختلافات چشمگير بين خانواده­ها مي­باشد كه اين اختلاف­ها ناشي از عوامل متعدد مثل جدايي تكاملي، تفاوت در نوع محيط زيست، تغذيه و رفتار جانور است.

  During recent years, much attention has been focused on declining amphibians. Alien species including mosquitofish, and global warming are the important factors of decline amphibians. One of the consequences of global warming is the early droughts of the ponds. On the other hand, amphibian densities in ponds are also affected by changes in water levels. In this study, the interaction effects of three factors including predatory cues (Gambusia halbrooki), water level and density were investigated on snout-vent length (SVL), SVL at metamorphosis, time at metamorphosis, percentage of metamorphosis and survival of larvae of Bufotes variabilis that carried out within 60 days. We designed a 2×2×3 factorial experiment, crossing two levels of predatory (present of predatory cues and without of predatory cues), two levels of density (low, n =5 and high, n =25) and three level of water (low: 400 cc, high 1400 cc, and decreasing 150 cc of water, Once a week). Result of experiment showed, larval growth rate was highest at the both of present of predator × high water level × high density and present of predator × decreasing water level × low density (0.30 mm/day). The highest size at metamorphosis (SVL) was observed in without of predator × high water level × low density (14.42 mm±0.43). The slowest development time (34.41 days±3.82), the lowest percentage of metamorphosis (18.66%±8.33) and the highest survival rate (32%±10.58) were observed at the present of predator × high water level × high density treatment. Except for the significant impact of present of predator on SVL and density on survival over time, B. variabilis was tolerant and there was no interaction between predator cues, water level and density in term of growth and survival rates.

Freshwater shrimps of Mediterranean basin belong to three family (Atyidae, Palaemonidae andTyphlocarididae) and 11 genera. Most species have a very restricted distributional range. The Mediterranean basin locatedat the intersection between Europe, Asia, and Africa. The purpose of this researchis the survey of freshwater shrimp fauna in Kermanshah province using themolecular and morphological methods. Seven populations were collected from thisarea. In morphologic and morphometric study, more than 48 characters wereinvestigated. In this study, mithocondrial (COI) gene was used for speciesdelimitation. The analysis of bayesian tree suggest that the freshwater shrimp populations in Kermanshah province, belongs to one separated clad. Thisclad contains fours subclades. The results of morphologicaland molecular analysis, supported the presence of four new species in this part of Iran.  

  Abstract:The project is based on the distribution of Samaritan Lahtian or keiseri workshops.In order to find new habitats for this organism, in order to assess the conservation status of Lorestani salamanders, as well as providing suggestions for the conservation of the speciesin question.In the course of this work, the past research in this field and the use of previous and new researches and researches were carried out. Asked by the local staff and specialists, and the fieldwork, and information gathering from the Von Fleur district and information retrieval of the previous habitats and new habitats.In this work, changes in the annual precipitation and changes in the temperature of humidity were studied (the table and the modalities of these three very effective factors were prepared), which was carried out with the help of other ministries, such as the Meteorological Office, the Environment and Agricultural Directorate, which partly relates to a distribution in relation to distribution The general living, living habitats, mapping out the distribution of Samaritan Lorestani and species reduction during the last several years. The reasons for reducing such salamanders include: 1- Natural threats such as floods, spasms, bait-eaters, bombs and dangers. 2. Human threats such as financial abuse. -Decoration-removal of specimens from the country-Non-scientific research activities-tourists and climbers with noise pollution. And degradation of the habitat and disinfection of the detergent to the water; 3 - the lack of research projects and in particular research.In this research, 29 habitats have been identified and investigated. The area where the Samaritan is found is from the Tanghaft and continues to the -Shahzadehahmad. These areas are in the territory of Lorestan and Khuzestan.The habitats of Lorestan province include: Tafo - Dareh Gol - DoolShali - Abanbar - Nargeseh - Koolchap waterfall - Abkesh - Choobeh - Ashkab - Abliseneh - Doolnesar - Kerser - Mordestan - Vejenab and habitats of the province Khuzestan also includes: Sar gach–Dareh palangi - Kermab - Labsefid–Cheshmeh zeid- Bozorgab waterfall - Abzaleh - Absardeh-Chenare mongreh -Dehsorkhe-Shahzadehahmad–Hajibarikab – Talehzang - Koolsat.A new habitat has been identified in the village of Seven-Cheshmeh, Poldokhtar, in the Lorestan province of Chalkal, located 5 km from   Goribalmak, which, unlike the cascading habitats, has a warm and dry climate.

AbsrtractHuman mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly being considered in cell-based therapeutic strategies for regeneration of various tissues. MSCs derived from different tissues, with unique feature, are one of the most useful raw materials in cell therapy and tissue engineering. Despite the MSC inherent migration ability to the site of injury, inflammation or tumor, the in vivo and in vitro migration efficiency of the cultured MSCs is still not satisfactory. As a result, scientists are always looking for ways to improve MSC functions. In addition to the use of cytokines and chemicals to increase the expression of molecules involved in migration process, the use of medicinal plants in the biological domain has been considered. One of the herbaceous species used is black seed and its active compound, Thymoquinone (TQ). Despite numerous studies on the therapeutic applications of TQ, its effect on MSC migration has remain to be clarified. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of TQ on mice bone marrow-derived MSC migration and examining its effects on the expression of specific genes involved in migration. To do this research, MSCs were isolated from the mice femurs and tibias bone marrow. In order to investigate the effect of different TQ concentrations (0, 75, 150, 250, 500 ng/ml) on MSC migration in serum free DMEM/F12 medium, wound healing assay was performed. Cell migration was investigated 24 and 48 hours after treatment. After determination of the optimal TQ concentration and sufficient time to repair the cellular scratch in wound healing assay, MSCs were treated with TQ (250 ng/ml) for 48h. To check the expression level of genes involved in MSC migration (c-Met and Ccr1), RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis from the control and treated cells were performed and the expression of candidate genes was evaluated using Real-time PCR.   The results of the wound healing assay indicated a significant (P<0.05) increase in the percent gap closure of treated cells with 250 ng/ml TQ at 48h, compared to the control cells. Also, the gene expression analysis demonstrated a significant increase (3/8 fold) in c-Met gene expression and a non-significant change (1/1 fold) in Ccr1 gene expression in TQ-treated cells compared to the control cells. Altogether, this study indicated that TQ increases the migration potential of MSCs in vitro. Therefore, the results of this study provide a good prospect for using TQ to improve the MSC migration in cell therapy. However, further studies are needed to investigate the TQ effect on the expression of other essential and important MSC migratory genes and also the in vivo migration potency of the treated cells.  Keywords: Mouse, Mesenchymal stem cell, Thymoquinone, Migration, Gene expression, Wound healing assay.

  Bioleaching means the use of microorganism for the purification of metals. This method is one of the newest and low-cost technologies for the recovery of metals from sulfide and iron low grade elements. In this study by providing optimum conditions, native bacteria that naturally exist in soil that containing zinc metal, grown and they had a role in the separation of zinc. Soil containing low grade zinc with %6 was produced. Three effective factors that have a great share and effect for bioleaching in the industrial scale were considered. In this experiment, 3 factors: pH, time and the ratio of zinc soil volume to leach solution was considered. The design of experiment was based on the Taguchi method and its analysis was done with the use of qulitek-4 software. According to obtained results for determining the optimal conditions for the growth of native bacteria, pH had the greatest impact and time had the lowest impact. In the best condition PH = 3 with the ratio of zinc soil volume to leach solution 1/1 and after 20 days, had a significant role in the maximum separation of zinc. Based on the observation in this experiment. Considering and setting several key factors on bioleaching will lead to the growth of native bacteria in the soil containing zinc, so by doing bioleaching in the industrial scale, zinc metal can be separated without a high cost.