Kermanshah Province, due to its remarkable climatic and habitat diversity, hosts a significant assemblage of snakes, particularly venomous and semi-venomous species, in western Iran. This study aimed to identify, map the distribution, and describe the habitats of venomous and semi-venomous snakes in Kermanshah Province. Data were collected through examination of specimens preserved in the Zoological Museum of Razi University and consultation of authoritative scientific sources. Findings revealed the presence of 10 snake species belonging to four families: Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae, and Psammophiidae. Among them, the Levantine viper (Macrovipera lebetina) and the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus) were identified as the dominant and widely distributed species. In contrast, rare species such as the spider-tailed horned viper (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) and the black-headed cat snake (Telescopus nigriceps) were recorded with limited distribution and very few specimens. Notably, the confirmed presence of the Egyptian black snake (Walterinnesia aegyptia) in western Kermanshah expands the known western distributional limit of this species in Iran. The results indicate that regional snake diversity is strongly influenced by climatic conditions, physical habitat structure, and vegetation cover. Kermanshah functions as a crucial ecological ecotone between central, western, and southern Iranian ecosystems. This study provides a foundational reference for future research in systematics, ecology, human-wildlife conflict management (e.g., snakebite prevention), and conservation planning. Kermanshah Province, due to its remarkable climatic and habitat diversity, hosts a significant assemblage of snakes, particularly venomous and semi-venomous species, in western Iran. This study aimed to identify, map the distribution, and describe the habitats of venomous and semi-venomous snakes in Kermanshah Province. Data were collected through examination of specimens preserved in the Zoological Museum of Razi University and consultation of authoritative scientific sources. Findings revealed the presence of 10 snake species belonging to four families: Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae, and Psammophiidae. Among them, the Levantine viper (Macrovipera lebetina) and the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus) were identified as the dominant and widely distributed species. In contrast, rare species such as the spider-tailed horned viper (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) and the black-headed cat snake (Telescopus nigriceps) were recorded with limited distribution and very few specimens. Notably, the confirmed presence of the Egyptian black snake (Walterinnesia aegyptia) in western Kermanshah expands the known western distributional limit of this species in Iran. The results indicate that regional snake diversity is strongly influenced by climatic conditions, physical habitat structure, and vegetation cover. Kermanshah functions as a crucial ecological ecotone between central, western, and southern Iranian ecosystems. This study provides a foundational reference for future research in systematics, ecology, human-wildlife conflict management (e.g., snakebite prevention), and conservation planning.

  Iran, due to its position at the intersection of three biogeographical realms—Palearctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian—is considered one of the key centers of reptilian biodiversity in southwestern Asia. Within this context, snakes of the genus Platyceps (family Colubridae) represent a group of non-venomous, fast-moving, and ecologically adaptable snakes that play a crucial role in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the systematics, geographical distribution, and patterns of sexual dimorphism in the species Platyceps najadum across Iran. Morphological data were collected from 29 museum specimens (18 males and 11 females), and nine key morphometric traits, including snout–vent length (SVL), tail length, head dimensions, and counts of ventral and subcaudal scales, were subjected to statistical analyses. Results from Welch’s t-test and Wilcoxon tests revealed that females are significantly larger than males in SVL, head length, head width, number of ventral scales, and head width-to-length ratio (p < 0.001). In contrast, males possess relatively longer tails. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed complete sexual segregation in multivariate space, with the first two principal components accounting for over 92% of the total variance. This dimorphic pattern, i.e. females being larger, is consistent with the "fecundity selection" hypothesis, as larger body and head size in females may confer greater reproductive capacity and potentially enable the consumption of larger prey. Distribution maps also showed remarkable congruence with previous reports, confirming the presence of four species, including P. najadum, P. rhodorachis, P. karelini (including the three subspecies karelini, chesnii, and mintonorum), and P. schmidtleri, in the mountainous belts of the Alborz and Zagros, central plains, and southern regions of Iran. Despite morphological consistency with global diagnostic characteristics of the genus Platyceps, the absence of molecular data and limited sampling in border regions—particularly in contact zones among P. karelini subspecies—continues to pose challenges for confirming taxonomic status and assessing potential hybridization. This study not only addresses critical knowledge gaps regarding the morphological diversity and biogeography of Platyceps in Iran but also lays the groundwork for future research in evolutionary, ecological, and conservation domains concerning this important group of reptiles.

  The genus Gammarus is one of the most diverse groups of the order Amphipoda and the class Crustacea. Members of this taxon are widely found in freshwater habitats around the world at mid-latitudes. The aim of this study was to investigate the populations of the genus Gammarus from springs and mirages in Sonqor County in the northeast of Kermanshah Province based on morphological traits. In the present study, five populations were collected from the springs of Lillemanj, Cheshmeh Vakili, Deh Asyab, Charmleh, and Baoleh in the study area. For morphological study, after determining the sex of the specimens, the body parts of the specimens were separated under a loupe with dissecting needles and fixed on a slide containing Euoparal glue. Then, the slides were measured and photographed under a light microscope equipped with a LABOMED iVu 7000 camera, and the different parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator CS6 software. The results of this study confirm the presence of a new species of the genus Gammarus from the Deh Asyab spring and four new records of the species G. anodon from the Lillemanj, Vakili, Charmleh and Baoleh springs based on morphological traits such as the dorsal-posterior angle of epimeral plates I to III, the size and number of filaments on the surface of antenna II, the presence or absence of fine spines on the dorsal surface of the pectoral and abdominal segments, and the shape of caudal segments I to III in the springs of Sonqor County.

Abstract Background and Objective:  Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a chronic metabolic disorder has devastating effects on male reproductive system. Considering the side effects of chemical drugs, the use of medicinal plants as complementary therapeutic approach has gained significant importance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hawthorn (Crataegus pontica) and bryony (Bryonia dioica) leaf extracts on type 1 diabetes treatment and its subsequent impacts on testicular histology and spermatogenesis process in male rats. Materials and Methods:  In this experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats weighing 230 ± 10 g were randomly divided into 8 groups of 7. Type 1 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). Treatment groups received hydroalcoholic plant extracts (60 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Study groups included: healthy control, untreated diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, hawthorn extract-treated diabetic, bryony extract-treated diabetic, combination extract-treated diabetic, and healthy extract-receiving groups. Metabolic indices (glucose, insulin), hormonal parameters (testosterone, estradiol), oxidative stress (MDA) and testicular histopathology were evaluated. Results: ·   Diabetes induction caused significant decrease in body weight (17.2%) and testicular weight (20.3%) (P < 0.05) ·   Blood glucose level in diabetic group reached 338.46 ± 11.67 mg/dL ·   Plasma MDA concentration increased 2.6-fold in diabetic group (0.0265 nmol/mg) ·   Serum testosterone level showed 63.8% significant decrease ·   Hawthorn extract treatment resulted in 72.3% improvement in testicular weight and 48.6% reduction in MDA level ·   Bryony extract caused 39.4% decrease in blood glucose and 54.2% improvement in spermatogonia cell count ·   Combination of extracts showed favorable synergistic effects on reproductive indices improvement Conclusion:  Hawthorn and bryony leaf extracts have significant protective effects against reproductive complications of type 1 diabetes. These effects are exerted through various mechanisms including oxidative stress reduction, hormonal profile improvement and testicular tissue structure regeneration. Using these extracts as complementary therapy alongside standard diabetes treatments is recommended. Keywords:  Type 1 diabetes, Hawthorn, Bryony, Testicular histology, Spermatogenesis, Oxidative stress, Rat   

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Early complications, mortality, reduced life expectancy and financial costs of diabetes have made it a major public health condition. Increased blood sugar increases oxidative stress and, as a result, inflammation, activation of the polyol pathway and damage to various organs of the body, including the liver, which is the largest internal organ of the body. Therefore, liver disease is a common problem in these patients. Medicinal plants have numerous benefits, including their antioxidant properties, which are effective in reducing oxidative stress. In this study, 56 male rats will be used in eight groups of 7 to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of hawthorn and fassa on the treatment of diabetes, as well as its effect on liver tissue structure and blood parameters, with the following groups: control without receiving medication and treatment, diabetic control group receiving streptozotocin, and healthy group receiving hawthorn leaf extract at a dose of 80 mg/kg. Healthy group receiving 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract, diabetic group receiving 80 mg/kg of hawthorn extract, diabetic group receiving 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract, diabetic group receiving 80 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract and 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf, diabetic group receiving insulin. Diabetic groups will become diabetic by injecting 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin, while non-diabetic groups will receive the same volume of saline. And they were gavage for 4 weeks and the blood glucose of the mice was measured every week with a glucometer. After the end of 4 weeks, the mice were euthanized and their blood and tissue samples were taken for the necessary tests. Then, the data obtained from various measurements were analyzed using Graph pad prism software and one-way analysis of variance statistical test. The results showed that the combined consumption of hawthorn and bryonia extracts was able to significantly reduce blood glucose levels, which indicates the positive effect of the plant in controlling blood sugar. Although an increase in insulin levels was observed in the extract-receiving group, this increase was not statistically significant, indicating that the mechanism of blood sugar reduction may occur through pathways independent of the increase in insulin. Also, the combined extract had a positive effect on liver function, causing a significant decrease in the liver enzymes ALT and AST compared to the diabetic group, indicating the protective role of the extract on liver tissue and reducing damage caused by diabetes. Changes in the ALP enzyme were not statistically significant, but its decreasing trend may become important in longer studies. The hematocrit parameter also increased numerically in the treatment group, but this change was not significant. Malondialdehyde assays also showed that consumption of this extract was able to significantly reduce malondialdehyde levels, indicating the positive effect of the combined extract of hawthorn and Bryonia. However, these preliminary results could pave the way for further research in this field.  

   The present study investigates the fauna of small mammals in Kermanshah Province, located in western Iran. Due to its unique geographical position and high climatic diversity, Iran harbors a remarkable richness of mammalian species. Kermanshah Province, situated within the Zagros Mountain range and characterized by a semi-humid climate, complex topography, and diverse habitats such as oak forests, mountain pastures, limestone caves, and plains, is recognized as one of the country’s key centers of biodiversity. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon library resources, scientific articles, and the re-examination of museum specimens. The results reveal that the small mammal fauna of Kermanshah Province comprises four orders: Rodentia, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, and Eulipotyphla. Among these, Chiroptera exhibits the highest diversity, with 19 species (45.24%) distributed across five families: Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, Rhinopomatidae, and Miniopteridae. Representative species include the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), Blyth’s myotis (Myotis blythii), the pale bent-wing bat (Miniopterus pallidus), and the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii), most of which primarily inhabit natural caves in the region. Rodentia ranks second in diversity, with 15 species (35.71%). Several families, including Muridae, Cricetidae, and Sciuridae, are represented in the province. Notable species include the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus), Persian jird (Meriones persicus), social vole (Microtus socialis), and Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), which occupy forest, steppe, and even residential habitats. Eulipotyphla is represented by six species (14.29%), while Lagomorpha includes two species (4.76%): the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and the Afghan pika (Ochotona rufescens). Overall, the findings highlight the considerable species richness of small mammals in Kermanshah Province. However, several threats—including habitat destruction and fragmentation, climate change, agricultural expansion, and illegal hunting—pose serious risks to the survival of many species. Therefore, comprehensive field studies, continuous population monitoring, and the development of integrated management and conservation strategies are essential to safeguard this valuable genetic reservoir in the region.

   سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين گونه‌هاي حشرات خوراكي، در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. دماي پرورش يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده موفقيت اقتصادي اين فعاليت مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي چهار تيمار دمايي (??، ??، ?? و ?? درجه سانتي‌گراد) و سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با جيره پايه سبوس گندم و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، فيبر، خاكستر و انرژي) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. تغيير دما تأثير معني‌داري بر تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها (پروتئين، چربي، فيبر و خاكستر) نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند كه نشان مي‌دهند تركيبات شيميايي بيشتر تحت تأثير كيفيت بستر غذايي قرار دارند تا دما. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تغذيه‌اي به شدت تحت تأثير دما بودند(p < 0.05). با افزايش دما، طول دوره لاروي و شفيرگي به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافت.   بيشترين نرخ رشد نسبي و اندازه نهايي لاروها در دماي ?? درجه مشاهده شد. اما بالاترين نرخ بقا (????) و موفقيت در دگرديسي مربوط به دماهاي ?? و ?? درجه بود كه در دماي ?? درجه به ترتيب به ??/??? و ??/??? كاهش يافت.   مصرف غذا و غذاي جذب‌شده با افزايش دما به‌طور معني‌داري افزايش، اما كارايي تبديل غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI) و هضم‌شده (ECD) كاهش يافت . در نتيجه بايستي گفت كه اگرچه دماهاي بالاتر (?? و ?? درجه) منجر به تسريع رشد و كوتاه‌تر شدن چرخه توليد مي‌شوند، اما اين مزيت با كاهش نرخ بقا و كارايي تبديل غذا همراه است. با در نظر گرفتن توأم تمامي فاكتورها، محدوده دمايي ?? تا ?? درجه سانتي‌گراد به‌عنوان دماي بهينه براي پرورش لارو T. molitor   پيشنهاد مي‌گردد. در اين محدوده، تعادل مناسبي بين سرعت رشد، نرخ بقاي بالا و كارايي قابل قبول سيستم برقرار مي‌شود.

   Objective: The order of reptiles is one of the oldest orders of terrestrial vertebrates. One of the most prominent features studied about this order is the study of reproduction and their reproductive cycles.

   Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the fauna and distribution of lizards in northern Hamadan province by measuring morphological, metric and meristic traits using valid identification keys, which will result in the identification and investigation of the species in this region along with a map of the distribution of the samples. Research methodology: Initially, initial studies were conducted extensively on the northern region of Hamadan province and its possible lizard fauna, and the information and maps required for this work were prepared. During numerous trips to the study area, 120 lizard specimens were sampled from 10 different stations between Farvardin 1402 and Mordad 1403. After taking the sample, it was first photographed and the location of the animal's habitat, the date and time of sample collection, the ambient temperature, and other atmospheric conditions such as wind were recorded in a notebook. To identify lizards, the Iranian Reptile Identification Key was used, then after meristic and metric studies, the specimen was released in situ. Also, with the help of these traits and based on reliable identification keys, the families were first determined, then the genus and species of the specimens were identified. Findings: In this study, the species Laudakia caucasia and Trapelus lessonae: Rastegar-pouyani, 2000 and Eremias montanus and Trapelus agilis: Anderson, 1999 were introduced in Hamedan province for the first time. The species Trapelus lessonae: Rastegar-pouyani, 2000 and Eremias montanus Laudakia, caucasaia and Trapelus agilis: Anderson, 1999 and Lacerta media, Ophisops elegans and Ablepharus bivvitatus were identified from the city of Razan and from the city of Kabudarhang, Laudakia caucasia, Trapelus lessonae, Trapelus agilis and Ophisops elegans were also reported from the city of Famenin. The species Cyrtopodion scabrum was also observed in all three cities. Conclusion: From the Agamidae family, the genus Laudakia, the species L.caucasia, the genus Trapelus, the species T.lessonae and T.agilis, from the Lacertidae family, the genus Eremias, the species E.montanus, E.velox, and E.persica, Blanford, the genus Lacerta, the species L.media, the genus Ophisops, the species O.elegans, from the Scincidae family, the genus Ablepharus, the species A.bivvitstus, and from the Gekkonidae family, the genus Cyrtopodion, the species C.scabrum were observed. Keywords: Reptiles, Lizard, Fauna, North Hamadan, Razan.

  Abstract Background and purpose: One of the most important dimensions in the life of living organisms is how they reproduce. The study of reproduction in animals is a basic solution for biologists to answer many questions related to the biology of different animals. The green Levant frog with the scientific name Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) is one of them from the Ranidae family, so in this research, the reproductive cycle of the female Levant green frog Pelophylax bedriagae was carried out in the Mianrahan area, in Sahne city of Kermanshah province Materials and methods: In this research, after obtaining the relevant permits, samples were taken from their natural habitats in Dinor region in different seasons of the year. SEP was determined by recording the time and place of sampling information related to topographical conditions. The samples were transferred to 10% formalin. Then, the samples were dissected and the shape, color, size and location of the various parts of the reproductive and urinary system in the body were determined and photographed by removing the visceral organs. Then histopathology studies were doneResults: In the non-reproductive season of sexual reproduction, the ovary is inactive, condensed and collected, but in the season of sexual reproduction, these changes and cells are all ready for activity and ciliated cells are all active, to move the egg on the surface of the ovary. In the mating season, many mature eggs were observed on the surface of the ovary, while the eggs were not mature in the non-breeding season. Fat cells in the mating season have abundant fat reserves, but in the non-breeding season, these cells are dense and stacked on top of each other and contain less fat than in the breeding season Discussion and conclusion: Studying the reproductive cycle of Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) in different seasons of the year and different weather conditions showed that this cycle is influenced by weather and seasonal conditions. Paying attention to the information obtained from the species helps the biological studies.

  Reproduction is one of the most importante events in an organism lifetime in which the survival and the transfer of genetic pool depend on it. The succsessful maturation of the oocyte is the beging point of this complex process that includes nucleus and cytoplasm maturation. In vitro maturation is an artificial process and aimes to start the oocyte internal mechanisms for completion of maturation in vitro. The essentials for starting, continuing and the completion of oocyte maturation is the availability of energy. This energy is provided by mitochondria and also calcium homeostasis that plays an important role in maturation is controlled by mitochondria as well, but during in vitro culture the gathering of oxidative stress becomes an obsticle for maturation and reduces the oocyte maturation rate. Empagliflozin is an antidiabatic drug with antioxidant properties that through different ways such as improving the energy metabolism, activating the AMPK signaling pathway which is an important signaling pathway in starting the oocyte maturation process, preventing damage to mitochondria, improving calcim homeostasis and providing energy, aides oocyte maturation in vitro. In this research we separated the NMRI 6-8 weeks mice with 27 gage syringe and put the oocytes in 25 microlitter MEM alpha media culture with 50 nanomole, 100 nanomole, 10 micromole and 1 micromole of Empagliflozin doses and incubated them for 24 and 48 houre in an 37 degree, 5% CO2 incubator. After 24 and 48 houre of incubation, we investigated the oocytes under an inver microscope. In order to investigate the results we used Chi-square test. The percentage of maturation in controle group, 50 nanomole, 100 nanomole, 10 micromole and 1 mictomole after 24 houre were 26/70, 38/54, 27/33, 31/34 and 29/05 respectively, and 50 nanomole had meaningful difference in comparison to controle group (P?0.05). After 48 h of incubation the results were 44/50, 59/37, 48/66, 46/26 and 37/16 respectively which 50 nanomole had meaningful difference in comparison to controle group (P?0.05). Our findings in this research show that Empagliflozin is an effective element in oocyte in vitro maturation and it could affect oocytes in order to achive MII phase dose depending, and it could be used as a suppliment in oocyte culture media. Key words: in vitro maturation, empagliflozin, oocyte, mouce

The increasing progress of knowledge in the field of cancer has increased the survival rate of cancer patients during the past decades. In this way, different drugs have been proposed for these treatments, which have almost the same mechanism of action. According to the use of these drugs Infertility caused by the action of these drugs, which is considered one of the side effects of these drugs, has caused many concerns in these patients, and the research about this has received attention in the last few years, because people who have These drugs are treated, they lose their strength and fertility in many cases, and these drugs have caused many concerns about the continuation of the generation of these people. This has been done, it is reviewed and reviewed, and a review of the mechanism of action and how these drugs function and the chemical structure on the tissue, cellular and molecular characteristics of the reproductive system in humans and other mammals is done..

  Western Iran, especially the provincesof Ilam and Lorestan, in particular, has a unique geography and climaticconditions that support a rich fauna. These two provinces are more or lessforested and the Zagros Mountains extend in them and cause a geographicalbarrier. And the climate has become more diverse. Due to the extensive studieson lizards in these two provinces and the lack of a review on the lizard faunaidentified in these provinces, the present study aims to investigate andcollect the lizards identified and reported in These areas were done. At first,articles, dissertations and books that studied the lizard fauna of Iran,especially Lorestan and Ilam provinces were collected and then the requiredmaterials were extracted and reported. A total of 35 species of lizards from 7families, 20 genera were reported in the study.

Abstract In this study, from families, Agamidae، Lacertidae، Scincidae، Geckonidae, species of Laudakia nupta،Lacerta media، Hermites auratua، Cyrtopodion scabrum، were selected to study the morphology and histology of the skin and its appendages. Samples were prepared of the Razi university Zoology Museum. The specimens were then dissected and sections of skin tissue were removed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and their femoral glands and preanal glands were removed, and after performing the tissue passage steps, the prepared slides were stained, and studied under a light microscope, findings from microscopic observations of the skin structure of the studied species showed that all species from the surface to the depth have a horny layer (keratinocyte layer), epidermis layer, dermis layer and hypodermis layer that the thickness of the epidermis layer in Laudakia nupta is more than Lacerta media، Cyrtopodion scabrum و Hermites aurata, but the dermis layer in C. scabrum is more developed and has more fat cells, the hypodermic layer develops in the femoral pores of L. media and the preanal glands and dorsal surface of C. scabrum and is rich in fat cells, on the dorsal surface of H. auratua, unlike the other three species, the melanin pigment is located in the hypodermis, and on the abdominal surface, in the hypodermic layer , there are cartilaginous plates, muscle tissue and skeletal tissue, generally, it can be concluded that the thickness of different layers of skin is related to the living environment of lizards, thus, having a thick epidermis (L. nupta) can be related to hard and dry living environment and having a thin epidermis and thick dermis (L. media and H. auratua) can be related to a mild and mountainous environment, the large number of fat cells (C. scabrum) in some species is a factor in isolating the body as well as protecting the body in the event of an impact. In this study, from families, Agamidae، Lacertidae، Scincidae، Geckonidae, species of Laudakia nupta،Lacerta media، Hermites auratua، Cyrtopodion scabrum، were selected to study the morphology and histology of the skin and its appendages. Samples were prepared of the Museum of Zoology the Razi university. The specimens were then dissected and sections of skin tissue were removed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and their femoral glands and preanal glands were removed, and after performing the tissue passage steps, the prepared slides were stained, and studied under a light microscope, findings from microscopic observations of the skin structure of the studied species showed that all species from the surface to the depth have a horny layer (keratinocyte layer), epidermis layer, dermis layer and hypodermis layer that the thickness of the epidermis layer in Laudakia nupta is more than Lacerta media، Cyrtopodion scabrum و Hermites aurata, but the dermis layer in C. scabrum is more developed and has more fat cells, the hypodermic layer develops in the femoral pores of L. media and the preanal glands and dorsal surface of C. scabrum and is rich in fat cells, on the dorsal surface of H. auratua, unlike the other three species, the melanin pigment is located in the hypodermis, and on the abdominal surface, in the hypodermic layer , there are cartilaginous plates, muscle tissue and skeletal tissue, generally, it can be concluded that the thickness of different layers of skin is related to the living environment of lizards, thus, having a thick epidermis (L. nupta) can be related to hard and dry living environment and having a thin epidermis and thick dermis (L. media and H. auratua

Lizards belong to the order Squamuta and sub-order Sauria and include the largest number of reptiles. According to the studies of Iranian plateau researchers, with 9 families and more than 148 species, it has one of the richest and most diverse collections of the lizard family in the world. . Due to its geographical conditions such as the existence of many mountains and plains, numerous rivers and temperate climate, Kurdistan province has a high diversity of animals, including a large variety of lizards. So far, little research has been done in this province on the various families of lizards. In the present study, based on desert work from September 2016 to December 2016, a number of lizards related to the family, which is one of the most diverse and abundant families of lizards in Iran with more than 15 species, from 9 stations in the cities of Kurdistan province. In particular, the city of Kamyaran was collected and in the present study, three species of the Cinedidae family including: Ablepharus pannonicus, Mabuya aurata transcaucasia, Eumeces schneiderii zarudnyi were identified in this province.  

Cyrtopodion scabrum Heyden 1827 is a lizard that is widely distributed in southwestern Asia and northern Africa. In Iran, this species is abundant in most parts of the country and is commonly known as a domestic lizard. In this study, 58 specimens of Keeled Rock Gecko were collected by hand from June 2016 to September 2017 from different stations in Iran. After photographing, the samples were fixed in 75% alcohol and identified using valid sources. 10 morphometric and meristic traits were measured from all samples. The sex of adult specimens was determined by observing the anterior pores in males and its absence in females. Independent T-test analysis was used to evaluate sexual dysfunction and PCA principal component analysis was used to examine the differences between different populations. All analyzes were performed in    v.16 software. On the other hand, skulls of C. scabrum and C. caspium were compared. The results show that according to descriptive statistics, most males are larger than females in most traits, and independent T-test analysis shows that the tail length trait is significantly larger in males than females. Populations are completely homogeneous. In terms of skull comparison, the skull length of C. caspium is larger than C. scabrum. Key words: Reptiles, Gekkonidae, Sexual dimorphism and Skull.

Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to survive on land And expand Therefore, the study of reptiles is of particular importance   In recognizing the phone and the diversity of each regionWhich is directly related to the ecosystem and the species status in the population.Given the place of reptiles in the ecological cycleAnd the biodiversity and climate of Iran, which leads to a diverse cover of reptilesIn Iran, there are desert climates, dry and hot, hot and humid, cold-dry, etc., such as forest-Caspian and mountainous climates.            Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to survive on land And expand Therefore, the study of reptiles is of particular importance   In recognizing the phone and the diversity of each regionWhich is directly related to the ecosystem and the species status in the population.Given the place of reptiles in the ecological cycleAnd the biodiversity and climate of Iran, which leads to a diverse cover of reptilesIn Iran, there are desert climates, dry and hot, hot and humid, cold-dry, etc., such as forest-Caspian and mountainous climates.            

Abstract Target: Reptiles are one of the oldest species of terrestrial animals (vertebrates).Given that reproduction is a fundamental feature of all life and one of the aspects of morphological studies of reptiles is their reproductive biology، In this study, the Hemidactylus persicus species of the Gekkonidae family was selected to study the anatomy and histology of the reproductive system and the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Research methodology: To conduct this study, several trips were made to an abandoned brick kiln in Qasr-Shirin city of Kermanshah province in spring and summer, and samples of Hemidactylus persicus were collected and transferred to Razi University laboratory. After examining the appearance of the samples, their body weight and SVL were measured in each season.   The specimens were then dissected and their urogenital tract was removed from the body after examination for anatomy and position. Ovarian and testicular weight were measured and gonadosomatic index was calculated for each sex.   The samples were then fixed in formalin buffer and tissue passage steps were performed on the cut samples, which include dewatering, clarification, impregnation and dominance.   The slides were then stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the prepared slides were studied under a light microscope. Findings:The maximum weight of gonads (ovaries and testes) in Hemidactylus persicus was observed in summer. On the other hand, the average diameter of seminal vesicles and epididymal tubes in males is higher in summer than in spring. The maximum diameter of ovarian follicles is also larger in females in summer than in spring.   In summer most ovarian follicles are in Vitellogenic and Preovalatory phase and in spring in Pre-vitellogenic phase. A large egg was also seen in the oviduct in the spring.   The lumen of the seminiferous tubules of the testis and epididymis in males contain mature sperm in summer, but in the spring there are no sperm in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis.   Sex kidney (RSS) was also observed in males in both spring and summer, but in summer the average diameter of RSS tubes is larger than in spring due to sexual activity. Conclusion:In this study, the results showed that the reproductive activity of male and female specimens in summer is significantly higher than in spring and in fact the animal in spring in the pre-sexual activity phase and in summer in the sexual activity phase .   On the other hand, according to the studies of the reproductive system of this species, it can be concluded that the reproductive pattern of H. persicus is associated and depends on the ambient temperature. Keywords: Hemidactylus persicus, Gekkonidae, histology, reproductive system, seminiferous, epididymis, ovarian follicles.   

Target: Until a few years ago, the study of reptiles was not considered necessary and important, and it was important to interpret these animals as harmful, but the scientific community, due to the various roles of these animals in the lives of other living beings and human social and economic life, recently, research on reptiles It has been considered from different perspectives, especially geographical dispersion. Considering that except for morphological studies, no study has been done on the histology and reproductive cycle of Ablepharus pannonicus, in this study, this aspect of the biology of this species should be addressed. Research methodology: In this study, specimens were collected from nature around Sorkheh Dizeh village located in the west of Kermanshah province. The specimens were then transferred to Razi University Laboratory and after initial examination and recording of morphological characteristics, were described. Then their reproductive system was removed from the body and slice after tissue passage. At the end, the sections were stained and studied under a light microscope. Findings: The male has two testicles, with the right testicle positioned above the left testicle in the abdominal cavity. Each testicle is connected to a tortuous epididymis by a number of efferent ducts. Next to the epididymis is the vas deferens, which also leads to the cloaca. The lumen of each of the testicular tubes of the testis and epididymis has a large amount of free sperm in spring and summer, but in autumn almost no free sperm is seen and more evolving spermatids can be seen. In spring and summer, as a result of testicular activity and increased spermatogenesis, testicular weight and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules increase. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries and an oviduct tube. Examination of ovarian incisions in spring and early summer reveals almost all types of primitive, mature, and ready to ovulate follicles, but in autumn specimens, the ovaries are often devoid of any mature follicles and their follicles are mostly primitive Or in the pre-yolk stage. Conclusion: Given that most of the sexual activity of the animal, the activation of the gonads and ducts connected to them takes place in late spring and early summer, it seems that reproduction in this species is highly dependent on ambient temperature and the animal simultaneously with increasing ambient temperature and Following mating conditions, it reproduces. Therefore, it is concluded that the reproduction pattern in this species is seasonal and is very similar to its other family, Mabuya capensis (1994 Flemming)   .   

Western Iran in general and Ilam province in particular, have a unique geography and climatic conditions that support a rich fauna. Ilam province is more or less forested and the Zagros mountain range stretches along it, which has caused a geographical barrier and diverse climate in the province, so that in the north of the province, temperate mountainous climate and in the south, which has been the focus of our studies in this region. The weather is hot and dry. Due to the lack of detailed studies on lizards of the Lacertidae family in this region, research was conducted in most areas of Ilam province on the species of this family and their habitats. In this study, four species of Lasertidae lizards including Acanthodactylus boskianus, Apathya cappadocica, Mesalina brevirostris and Ophisops elegans were identified and collected. It was found that Ophisops elegan species is present in all habitats of the province.  

In the present study, we investigate the herpetofauna of western part of Kermanshah province through measuring the metric and meristic characters using valid identification keys. This task lead to identifying and introduction of probable species in the part along with the distribution maps of the specimens. At first, an extensive preliminary research was done regarding the western part and its probable fauna, and then basic data and essential maps were prepared. Through successive expeditions in the study area between July 2018-September 2019, we recorded 183 specimens from 10 sampling station, and took photographs from them as well as the habitats. The specimens were fixed in ethanol 75% in the laboratory, and their metric and meristic characters were checked and measured. The families, genera and species of the specimens were identified. The species Hemidactylus persicus, Mediodactylus aspratilis, Bunapus tuberculatus, and Tenuidactylus caspius were introduced for the first time in the province. Acanthodactylus nilsoni from Dalahoo and Apathya cappadocica from Dalahoo and Sarmast, Eumeces schneideri princeps from Islam Abad, Homeil, Gilan-e-Gharb, and Dalahoo were introduced. In the present study, 21 species belonged to 19 genera and 7 families from the lizard fauna of the province were collected, as follows, and their morphological characters were studied: the family Agamidae, the subfamily Agaminae, the species Laudakia nupta and Trapelus lessonae, the subfamily Uromastycinae, the species Saara loricata, the family Gekkonidae, the species Cyrtopodiun scabrum, Tenuidactylus caspius, Mediodactylus asperatilis, Hemidactylus persicus, Microgeko helenae, Bunapus tubercuolatus, the family Lacertidae, the species Ophisops elegans, Lacerta media, Acantodactilus nilsoni, Apathya cappadocica, the family Scincidae, the species Ablepharus pannonicus, Heremites septemtniata, Heremites vittata, Eumeces schneideri princeps, the family Varanidae, the species Varanus griseus, the family Eublepharidae, the species Eublepharis angraainyu, the family Phyllodactylidae, the species Asaccus elisae and Asaccus griseonotus were recognized. To assess sexual size dimorphism in H. septemtniata, 17 metric and meristic characters were evaluated and subjected to   -22 in order to analyze statistically. Our results demonstrate a dimorphism between the genders with larger size in females.   

  The tortoise and terappin of the species Testudo graeca and Mauremys caspica are belonged to the families Testudinidae and Geomydidade, respectively. A comparative osteological study can lead to clarification of the adaptive attributes of the species. In the present study, at first we review the systematics and distribution of testudines in Iran, and then investigate their cranial and postcranial osteology in detail. The bones of the species were cleaned according to the common protocol used for preparation of bony material. The skulls of the species showed considerable differences regarding the total appearance, the figures of the bony elements and their connections. Postcranially, even though the cervical and dorsal vertebrae showed considerable differences in shape, but they are same in number in both species. However, the caudal vertebrae are different in shape and number. The sacral vertebrae in both species are same number. The shape and total appearance of the bones constituting the pectoral and pelvic girdles of both species were investigated and their differences were noted. In addition to the superficial differences of the arm, forearm, thigh and shin, the numbers and shapes of the bones constituting the hands and legs of the species are different.

   خانواده سوسماران مانيتور يا   Varanidae يكي از نه خانواده سوسمار­هاي ايران است كه تنها داراي يك جنس (مونوفايلتيك) است اما حدود   73گونه در اين جنس قرار دارد. مانيتور­ها يا بزمچه­ها بزرگترين سوسماران جهان از لحاظ جثه هستند بزمچه­ها داراي بدن كشيده، پوزه بلند، كشيده و دوكي شكل هستند و دم در آنها بلند و حدود 5/1 برابر طول بدن است، زبان بلند و دو شاخه و چشم­ها با پلك متحرك و مردمكي گرد است، بزمچه­ها روز گرد و شكارچي بوده و آرواره بسيار نيرومندي دارند از جنس وارانوس گونه­هاي الف) بزمچه بنگال (1802، Daudin) Varanus Bengalensis ب) بزمچه بياباني (1803، Daudin) Varanus griseus ج) بزمچه نسترو Varanus nesterovi )(B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015)   در ايران مشاهده شده است. مطالعه روي جمجمه سوسماران بر روي مسائل مربوط به اختلافات بين جمجمه در موجودات متنوع و منشاء آنها و علت اين اختلافات، تمركز كرده است. در ايران مطالعه جامعي در مورد اسكلت كامل سوسماران صورت نگرفته، و اين در حالي است كه اسكلت تاثير بسزايي در زندگي، حركت، شكار، تغذيه و ... دارد و محيط نيز تاثير مستقيم بر اسكلت جاندار مي گذارد. در اين مطالعه به بررسي اسكلت ( Varanus griseus (Daudin, 1803 و B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015 Varanus nesterovi مي­پردازيم. در اين پروژه براي بررسي اسكلت، از دو روش استفاده شده است. ?. خارج كردن اجزاء اسكلتي و عكسبرداري از آن­ها. ?. استفاده از روش CTscan. نتيجه استخراج 302 قطعه استخوان ازبدن سوسمار كه 28 قطعه متصل به هم جمجمه جانور را تشكيل مي­دهد. در مرحله بعد با استفاده از تصاوير اسكن استخوان­هاي خارج شده نامگذاري و اتصالات اسكلتي شناسايي شد. مقايسه اسكلت با گونه­هاي ديگر جنس وارانوس و خانواده­هاي ديگر سوسماران انجام شد و نتيجه وجود تفاوت اندك بين گونه­اي و اختلافات چشمگير بين خانواده­ها مي­باشد كه اين اختلاف­ها ناشي از عوامل متعدد مثل جدايي تكاملي، تفاوت در نوع محيط زيست، تغذيه و رفتار جانور است.