نياز مبرم به منابع پروتئين پايدار براي تضمين امنيت غذايي آينده، حشرات خوراكي را به عنوان گزينه‌اي مناسب در نظام‌هاي غذايي چرخشي مطرح ساخته است. سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. رژيم غذايي يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده تنظيم رشد، تركيب غذايي و بازده تبديل غذا در سوسك زرد آرد مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي اثرات ?? تيمار غذايي فرموله شده، بر عملكرد زيستي و 10 تيمار غذايي بر تركيبات غذايي و بازده تبديل خوراك لاروهاي   سوسك زرد آرد با سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با نسبت‌هاي مختلف سبوس گندم (WB)، آرد لوبيا (BF)، آرد عدس (LF) و آرد سويا (SF) و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، رطوبت و خاكستر) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. نوع تيمار غذايي تأثير معني‌داري بر بعضي تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها نظير پروتئين و چربي نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند. اما بر تركيبات شيميايي نظير خاكستر و رطوبت بدن اثر معني دار داشتند. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تبديل غذا به شدت تحت تأثير تركيب بستر بودند(p < 0.05). جيره شاهد مبتني بر سبوس گندم خالص، بالاترين نرخ رشد نسبي (?/??? ميلي‌گرم در روز)، پايين‌ترين نسبت تبديل خوراك (???/?) و بيشترين بازده تبديل غذايي براي هر دو شاخص غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI)،   ??/?? درصد و هضم‌شده (ECD) ??/?? درصد را به دست آورد؛ عليرغم اينكه كمترين ميزان مصرف خوراك را داشت. در مقابل، جيره‌هاي غني‌شده با حبوبات موجب افزايش مصرف خوراك شدند، اما به بازده تبديل به مراتب پايين‌تري منجر شدند كه نشان‌دهنده عدم تعادل مواد مغذي در اين جيره‌ها است. در نتيجه، كيفيت بستر و قابليت هضم آن مهم‌تر از مقدار خوراك است. فرمولاسيون‌هاي مبتني بر سبوس گندم، تركيب غذايي بهينه‌اي براي توليد كارآمد كرم آرد زرد فراهم مي‌كنند و الگويي براي نظام‌هاي تغذيه چرخشي در مقياس بزرگ در صنعت پروتئين حشرات ايجاد مي‌نمايند.   

   Kermanshah Province, due to its remarkable climatic and habitat diversity, hosts a significant assemblage of snakes, particularly venomous and semi-venomous species, in western Iran. This study aimed to identify, map the distribution, and describe the habitats of venomous and semi-venomous snakes in Kermanshah Province. Data were collected through examination of specimens preserved in the Zoological Museum of Razi University and consultation of authoritative scientific sources. Findings revealed the presence of 10 snake species belonging to four families: Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae, and Psammophiidae. Among them, the Levantine viper (Macrovipera lebetina) and the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus) were identified as the dominant and widely distributed species. In contrast, rare species such as the spider-tailed horned viper (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) and the black-headed cat snake (Telescopus nigriceps) were recorded with limited distribution and very few specimens. Notably, the confirmed presence of the Egyptian black snake (Walterinnesia aegyptia) in western Kermanshah expands the known western distributional limit of this species in Iran. The results indicate that regional snake diversity is strongly influenced by climatic conditions, physical habitat structure, and vegetation cover. Kermanshah functions as a crucial ecological ecotone between central, western, and southern Iranian ecosystems. This study provides a foundational reference for future research in systematics, ecology, human-wildlife conflict management (e.g., snakebite prevention), and conservation planning. Kermanshah Province, due to its remarkable climatic and habitat diversity, hosts a significant assemblage of snakes, particularly venomous and semi-venomous species, in western Iran. This study aimed to identify, map the distribution, and describe the habitats of venomous and semi-venomous snakes in Kermanshah Province. Data were collected through examination of specimens preserved in the Zoological Museum of Razi University and consultation of authoritative scientific sources. Findings revealed the presence of 10 snake species belonging to four families: Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae, and Psammophiidae. Among them, the Levantine viper (Macrovipera lebetina) and the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus) were identified as the dominant and widely distributed species. In contrast, rare species such as the spider-tailed horned viper (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) and the black-headed cat snake (Telescopus nigriceps) were recorded with limited distribution and very few specimens. Notably, the confirmed presence of the Egyptian black snake (Walterinnesia aegyptia) in western Kermanshah expands the known western distributional limit of this species in Iran. The results indicate that regional snake diversity is strongly influenced by climatic conditions, physical habitat structure, and vegetation cover. Kermanshah functions as a crucial ecological ecotone between central, western, and southern Iranian ecosystems. This study provides a foundational reference for future research in systematics, ecology, human-wildlife conflict management (e.g., snakebite prevention), and conservation planning.

The balance and interaction between microorganisms is essential for maintaining a healthy vaginal environment. Lactobacilli play a key role in this balance by producing lactic acid, bacteriocins, and hydrogen peroxide, and their reduction can lead to overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. One relatively new disorder in this field is aerobic vaginitis (AV), in which aerobic bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus replace the normal microbiota, leading to inflammation, abnormal discharge, and damage to the epithelium. This disease is often confused with bacterial vaginosis and can cause serious complications such as infertility and premature birth. Chronic and repeated use of antibacterial drugs has always been associated with consequences such as the emergence of antibiotic resistance and disruption of the normal symbiosis of the vaginal microflora. This disruption in microbial symbiosis not only reduces the effectiveness of treatment, but also paves the way for secondary infections. Therefore, the development and evaluation of therapeutic options that simultaneously affect the pathogen and inflammatory processes associated with (AV) are of great importance. Interventions that can both combat the microbial agent and control inflammation of the vaginal mucosa can increase the effectiveness and sustainability of treatment. While no standard and effective treatment has been defined for it so far. In the meantime, abscisic acid (ABA), which is known as a phytohormone in plants, has attracted attention in recent years due to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties in mammalian animal models. Abscisic acid acts through receptors such as PPAR-? and LANCL-2 and plays an effective role in inhibiting tissue damage associated with inflammation by increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory factors and reducing inflammatory enzymes. For this reason, this compound could be considered a natural option for treating inflammatory diseases, including vaginal infections.

   The present study investigates the fauna of small mammals in Kermanshah Province, located in western Iran. Due to its unique geographical position and high climatic diversity, Iran harbors a remarkable richness of mammalian species. Kermanshah Province, situated within the Zagros Mountain range and characterized by a semi-humid climate, complex topography, and diverse habitats such as oak forests, mountain pastures, limestone caves, and plains, is recognized as one of the country’s key centers of biodiversity. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon library resources, scientific articles, and the re-examination of museum specimens. The results reveal that the small mammal fauna of Kermanshah Province comprises four orders: Rodentia, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, and Eulipotyphla. Among these, Chiroptera exhibits the highest diversity, with 19 species (45.24%) distributed across five families: Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, Rhinopomatidae, and Miniopteridae. Representative species include the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), Blyth’s myotis (Myotis blythii), the pale bent-wing bat (Miniopterus pallidus), and the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii), most of which primarily inhabit natural caves in the region. Rodentia ranks second in diversity, with 15 species (35.71%). Several families, including Muridae, Cricetidae, and Sciuridae, are represented in the province. Notable species include the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus), Persian jird (Meriones persicus), social vole (Microtus socialis), and Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), which occupy forest, steppe, and even residential habitats. Eulipotyphla is represented by six species (14.29%), while Lagomorpha includes two species (4.76%): the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and the Afghan pika (Ochotona rufescens). Overall, the findings highlight the considerable species richness of small mammals in Kermanshah Province. However, several threats—including habitat destruction and fragmentation, climate change, agricultural expansion, and illegal hunting—pose serious risks to the survival of many species. Therefore, comprehensive field studies, continuous population monitoring, and the development of integrated management and conservation strategies are essential to safeguard this valuable genetic reservoir in the region.

  Doxorubicin is one of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of various cancers. Despite its high efficacy, it is associated with serious side effects, including toxicity to the reproductive system. The main mechanism of these damages is attributed to increased oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant capacity, tissue destruction, and disruption of reproductive processes, including spermatogenesis in males. On the other hand, the use of plant compounds with antioxidant properties can be considered as an effective strategy to reduce these side effects. Echinacea purpurea is a medicinal plant rich in polysaccharides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, and its protective role against oxidative stress has been reported in numerous studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Echinacea purpurea on doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in NMRI male mice. In this experimental study, 28 male mice with an average weight of 25 to 30 grams were randomly divided into four groups of seven: the control group that received saline, the Echinacea extract group (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally every other day), the doxorubicin group (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally once a week for four weeks), and the combination group that simultaneously received doxorubicin and Echinacea extract by the above methods. After 28 days, the animals were anesthetized and blood and tissue sampling was performed. The indicators studied included testosterone levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, spermatogenesis parameters, and testicular histological changes. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. The results of this study showed that the use of doxorubicin significantly reduced the percentage of sperm with progressive movement and viability, decreased the level of testosterone hormone and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and increased the percentage of non-motile and non-progressive movement sperm, as well as increased the level of malondialdehyde in the serum of mice (p?0.05). The use of Echinacea extract alone improved the parameters of sperm motility and viability, increased testosterone levels, increased SOD activity and decreased MDA (p?0.05). In the group receiving Echinacea extract and doxorubicin simultaneously, the negative effects of doxorubicin on sperm motility and viability and oxidative stress indices were slightly modified, so that the percentage of live and non-motile sperm and MDA levels improved compared to the doxorubicin group, although the increase in SOD activity was not significant. Histological examination of the testes showed that doxorubicin caused structural damage, but concomitant administration of Echinacea extract was able to significantly modulate this damage, indicating the protective effect of Echinacea extract against doxorubicin toxicity on testicular tissue. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that Echinacea hydroalcoholic extract, with its antioxidant properties, is able to modulate part of the damage caused by doxorubicin on the male reproductive system and can be considered as a potential complementary option to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy.

   Objective: The order of reptiles is one of the oldest orders of terrestrial vertebrates. One of the most prominent features studied about this order is the study of reproduction and their reproductive cycles.

Abstract    Kermanshah Province, with an area of 24,640 square kilometers, is the seventeenth largest province in Iran and covers 1.5% of the country's area. The province is bordered by Kurdistan to the north, Lorestan and Ilam to the south, Hamadan to the east, and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to the west. Kermanshah Province is one of the mountainous regions of the country, located between the Iranian Plateau and the Mesopotamian Plain. The province's location in the northwestern part of the Zagros Mountain Range means that the entire province is covered by the peaks and heights of this mountain range. Species diversity is one of the most prominent characteristics of a biological community, and the diversity of bats is considered a biological indicator in mountain ecosystems. Bats are the second largest order of mammals after rodents. This wide diversity is due to the advantage of their ability to fly and echolocation.So far, more than 1474 species from 236 genera and 21 families of bats have been identified, Iranian bats include 52 species from 21 genera belonging to 9 families. During this study, 32 caves were investigated, of which 28 caves had at least one species of bat, the families and species reported in these caves: from the family Rhinolophidae, the genus Rhinolophus including the species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. euryal, R. mehelyi and R. blasii from the family Rhinopomatidae and the genus Rhinopoma including the species Rhinopoma microphyllum and R. muscatellum, from the family Miniopteridae and the genus Miniopterus species Miniopterus pallidus, from the superfamily Vespertilionidae and the genus Myotis, including the species Myotis blythii, M. emarginatus and M. capaccinii, and the genus Pipistrellus includes the species Pipistrellus kuhlii and P. pipistrellus.    The abundance and distribution of the identified species in the study area have major differences, such that in terms of abundance, the caves of Mahidasht, Martwileh and Bibeneh are the most populated caves and the most abundant species are Miniopterus pallidus, Myotis blythii and Rhinopoma microphyllum. The lowest number observed is related to the bat Rhinolophus hipposideros.In terms of bat distribution, Miniopterus pallidus and Rhinolophus euryale are the most widely distributed bats, each present in 7 caves, and the least widely distributed bats are Rhinolophus hipposideros, Rhinolophus blasii, and Pipistrellus pipistrellus, which were observed in only one cave.    Keywords: Kermanshah Province, Bat, Cave, Distribution, Climate   

   Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the fauna and distribution of lizards in northern Hamadan province by measuring morphological, metric and meristic traits using valid identification keys, which will result in the identification and investigation of the species in this region along with a map of the distribution of the samples. Research methodology: Initially, initial studies were conducted extensively on the northern region of Hamadan province and its possible lizard fauna, and the information and maps required for this work were prepared. During numerous trips to the study area, 120 lizard specimens were sampled from 10 different stations between Farvardin 1402 and Mordad 1403. After taking the sample, it was first photographed and the location of the animal's habitat, the date and time of sample collection, the ambient temperature, and other atmospheric conditions such as wind were recorded in a notebook. To identify lizards, the Iranian Reptile Identification Key was used, then after meristic and metric studies, the specimen was released in situ. Also, with the help of these traits and based on reliable identification keys, the families were first determined, then the genus and species of the specimens were identified. Findings: In this study, the species Laudakia caucasia and Trapelus lessonae: Rastegar-pouyani, 2000 and Eremias montanus and Trapelus agilis: Anderson, 1999 were introduced in Hamedan province for the first time. The species Trapelus lessonae: Rastegar-pouyani, 2000 and Eremias montanus Laudakia, caucasaia and Trapelus agilis: Anderson, 1999 and Lacerta media, Ophisops elegans and Ablepharus bivvitatus were identified from the city of Razan and from the city of Kabudarhang, Laudakia caucasia, Trapelus lessonae, Trapelus agilis and Ophisops elegans were also reported from the city of Famenin. The species Cyrtopodion scabrum was also observed in all three cities. Conclusion: From the Agamidae family, the genus Laudakia, the species L.caucasia, the genus Trapelus, the species T.lessonae and T.agilis, from the Lacertidae family, the genus Eremias, the species E.montanus, E.velox, and E.persica, Blanford, the genus Lacerta, the species L.media, the genus Ophisops, the species O.elegans, from the Scincidae family, the genus Ablepharus, the species A.bivvitstus, and from the Gekkonidae family, the genus Cyrtopodion, the species C.scabrum were observed. Keywords: Reptiles, Lizard, Fauna, North Hamadan, Razan.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of empagliflozin on the side effects of doxorubicin on the function and tissue structure of rat testis. For this purpose, 28 adult male mice were prepared and divided into 4 groups as follows. Control group: They were kept with the usual diet and without taking any medicine, with other groups. Doxorubicin group: the animals of this group were injected intraperitoneally with doxorubicin at the rate of mg/kg2 on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The above amount and method were injected, and at the same time empagliflozin was injected daily at the rate of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 28 days. Empagliflozin group: the animals of this group were administered empagliflozin in the above amount and method. After the end of the experiment period, each animal was anesthetized using ketamine and xylazine and blood was taken from the heart. The test tubes containing the blood clot were centrifuged and the serum samples were transferred to the relevant laboratory to measure the sex hormone testosterone and factors related to oxidative stress (MDA, TAC). Also, anesthetized mice were eased without feeling pain, and their right testicle samples were immediately separated and placed in 10% formalin for tissue fixation, and then transferred to the histology laboratory to prepare a tissue slide. Biochemical results showed that in the doxorubicin group, the amount of testosterone hormone and total antioxidant capacity decreased and the amount of MDA increased compared to the control group. Also, in the doxorubicin group, the percentage of non-motile sperms or with non-progressive movement, as well as abnormalities in the head, neck, and tail increased compared to the control group, and the percentage of motile, progressive and normal sperms decreased. In addition, the number of germ cells, the diameter of the spermatogenic tube, and the thickness of its germinal epithelium decreased in the doxorubicin group compared to the control group. In the histological observations, confusion and lack of coherence and tissue order in the arrangement of the seminiferous tubules, complete or local analysis of the tissue corresponding to the germinal covering of the spermatogenic tubules, and the lack of formation and recognition of different sex cells, as well as the relative emptying of the lumen of the tubules from spermatids in the tissue structure of the testis The mice of the doxorubicin group were observed. But treatment with empagliflozin was able to improve all the above adverse changes. Therefore, it seems that empagliflozin can be used to reduce or treat the adverse side effects of doxorubicin in patients undergoing chemotherapy

   Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the common drugs used in cancer treatment, which causes apoptosis of cancer cells. On the other hand, in addition to cancer cells, this drug also affects other organs of the body and causes toxicity in them, among the organs that are affected by this drug is the reproductive system, which It can cause the patient's infertility. Its other side effects can be called insulin resistance and increased blood glucose levels. Empagliflozin (Empa) is one of the common drugs in diabetes mellitus type II, which prevents the reabsorption of glucose from urine by inhibiting sodium glucose cotra  orter 2 (SGLT2). In addition to its anti-diabetic properties, it also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that cause weight loss, lower blood pressure and reduction of heart diseases. In this study, the effect of empagliflozin on the toxicity caused by the use of doxorubicin in the ovary has been investigated. For this purpose, 24 Syrian female NMRI mice aged six weeks were randomly placed into 4 groups of 6, which were kept under standard conditions for 28 days. In the Dox group, on the first day, 10 mg/kg of Dox was injected intraperitoneally, in the Dox+Empa group, in addition to a single injection of Dox at the rate of 10 mg/kg on the first day; 10 mg/kg of Empat was injected daily until the end of the period, in the third group or Empa, 10 mg/kg was injected daily until the end of the period, and the fourth group or control was also injected with physiological saline serum. During the treatment period, the weight of the mice was recorded weekly. After the end of the course and by injecting anesthesia to the mice, blood samples were collected from the heart, and ovarian samples were also collected for histological studies. After tissue passage, the number of different types of follicles were counted and recorded. In addition, by separating serum from blood samples, parameters such as blood glucose, estradiol and progesterone hormones, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation were measured. The results showed that doxorubicin in the Dox group significantly decreased the number of ovarian follicles, the amount of estradiol and progesterone hormones, the amount of weight, and the total antioxidant capacity compared to other groups (P?0.05). Also, doxorubicin caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (P?0.05). On the other hand, Empa caused a relative improvement in the Dox + Empa group due to its antioxidant properties, and the amount of estradiol and progesterone hormones, the total antioxidant capacity, and the number of follicles showed a significant increase compared to the Dox group (P ?0.05); the amount of lipid peroxidation also decreased significantly (P?0.05). The control and Empa groups did not show any obvious difference except for weight and blood sugar. The results show that Empa, having antioxidant properties, has positive effects on reducing the toxicity caused by Dox consumption in the ovaries and can protect the ovaries from the harmful effects of Dox. Keywords

   Sulfonamides and their derivatives are classical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) currently employed in clinical settings. Much research is centered around enhancing the efficacy of sulfonamide derivatives as potent CAIs. Nevertheless, numerous sulfonamide compounds exhibit no  ecific inhibition of all CA isoforms, leading to reduced drug efficacy and the occurrence of undesirable side effects due to off-target inhibition. Consequently, non-classical CAIs, such as inhibitors that contain carboxylic acid groups, have been employed to selectively target specific isozymes, minimizing adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the interaction between sulfonamide/carboxylic acid derivatives as novel non-classical inhibitors and the hCA II by using various spectroscopic and docking methods. The kinetic data demonstrates that compounds 1 and 2 share a similar inhibitory strength against hCA II, effectively inhibiting its esterase activity through a noncompetitive mechanism with Ki values at low micromolar levels. Fluorescence measurements indicated that the synthesized compounds suppressed the inherent fluorescence of hCA II via a static quenching process, with each compound showing a single binding site within the hCA II structure. A thermodynamic analysis highlights the significance of van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds in the binding of these compounds to hCA II. Docking results showed that both compound 1 and compound 2 effectively obstruct the entrance to hCA II's active site, with no significant differences in their binding conformations. While compounds 1 and 2 exhibit CA inhibitory potency lower than that of sulfonamide compounds, this study offers valuable insights that could pave the way for the development of a promising scaffold for designing new CA inhibitors.

  Abstract Background and purpose: One of the most important dimensions in the life of living organisms is how they reproduce. The study of reproduction in animals is a basic solution for biologists to answer many questions related to the biology of different animals. The green Levant frog with the scientific name Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) is one of them from the Ranidae family, so in this research, the reproductive cycle of the female Levant green frog Pelophylax bedriagae was carried out in the Mianrahan area, in Sahne city of Kermanshah province Materials and methods: In this research, after obtaining the relevant permits, samples were taken from their natural habitats in Dinor region in different seasons of the year. SEP was determined by recording the time and place of sampling information related to topographical conditions. The samples were transferred to 10% formalin. Then, the samples were dissected and the shape, color, size and location of the various parts of the reproductive and urinary system in the body were determined and photographed by removing the visceral organs. Then histopathology studies were doneResults: In the non-reproductive season of sexual reproduction, the ovary is inactive, condensed and collected, but in the season of sexual reproduction, these changes and cells are all ready for activity and ciliated cells are all active, to move the egg on the surface of the ovary. In the mating season, many mature eggs were observed on the surface of the ovary, while the eggs were not mature in the non-breeding season. Fat cells in the mating season have abundant fat reserves, but in the non-breeding season, these cells are dense and stacked on top of each other and contain less fat than in the breeding season Discussion and conclusion: Studying the reproductive cycle of Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) in different seasons of the year and different weather conditions showed that this cycle is influenced by weather and seasonal conditions. Paying attention to the information obtained from the species helps the biological studies.

  The genus Gammaru  Fabricius, 1775 is one of the most diverse and important genera of the order Amphipoda, belonging to the family Gammaridae. Members of this group live in waters up to a depth of two meters, as long as the waters are not poor in oxygen and calcium. They have a very extensive habitat and are usually found in cold climates. The main objective of this study is to summarize and investigate the species of the genus Gammaru  in Iran and examine their morphological and diagnostic characteristics. The initial studies on freshwater Gammaru  in Iran were conducted by Karaman, and the su  ecies G. pulex persicu  was discovered in northwest Iran. Later, Loeffler in 1956, Mateus and Mateus in 1990 and Stock et al. (1998) introduced new species including G. miae, G. plumipes, G. protecus, G. pretzmanni, G. paricrenatus, G. anodon, G. parthicus, G. crinicaudatus, and G. lobifer, contributing to the knowledge of Gammaru  ecies in freshwater in Iran. Later, the first three species were rejected by researchers. New species, including G. baloutchi, G. lordeganensis, and G. bakhteyaricu  from the central Zagros region, G. zagrosensis, G. sepidannus, G. shirazinus, and G. loeffleri from southern Zagros, and G. sirvannus, G. hegmatanensis, and G. ilamensis from western Zagros were described. The distribution range of these species is usually limited to several restricted mountainous areas, so they can be considered native to Iran. In addition, three new records of this genus have also been reported: G. lacustris, which is distributed throughout the Holarctic region, with only a few populations in Iran; G. komareki, which is distributed in the Balkan Peninsula and Minor Asia, reported from all over the Alborz region in Iran; and G. pseudosyriacus, which is distributed in Minor Asia and has been found in the Zagros region of Iran. Therefore, to date, 19 species of the genus Gammaru  have been identified in Iran. In this study, distribution data, descriptive and diagnostic characteristics were presented for each species, and important diagnostic traits for species were discussed in a table, and an identification key for the freshwater Gammaru  of Iran is provided.    Keywords:  Amphipoda, Freshwater, Gammaru  ecies, Iran  

   The study of reptiles in Iran has attracted the attention of zoologists due to the abundance and diversity of species. Although these studies have not fully covered all regions of Iran. By correctly knowing the species present in a region and the inter-species and trans-species relationships, one can obtain part of the necessary preparation to deal with environmental damage and use different resources in a more favorable way. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the fauna of reptiles in the southern cities of Ilam province. In this research, sampling of reptiles was done in several stations in the south of Ilam province in the spring and summer of 1400. The research factors included the appearance characteristics, habitat, behavior and day or night activity of the species as well as the collection method. Our field research has identified 19 species of reptiles including 10 species of lizards Laudakia nupta, Trapelus lessonae, Eublepharis angrainyu, Hemidactylus persicus, Ophisops elegans, Saara loricata, Trachylepis aurata, Varanus griseus, Cyrtopodion scabrum, Asaccus Elisae, 8 species of snakes Pseudocerastes urarachnoides, Platyceps rhodorachis, Macrovipera lebetina, Eryx jaculus, Spalerosophis diadema, Platyceps najadom, Natrix tessellata, Dolichophis jugularis and 1 species of turtle Mauremys caspica were found in the study areas.

The increasing progress of knowledge in the field of cancer has increased the survival rate of cancer patients during the past decades. In this way, different drugs have been proposed for these treatments, which have almost the same mechanism of action. According to the use of these drugs Infertility caused by the action of these drugs, which is considered one of the side effects of these drugs, has caused many concerns in these patients, and the research about this has received attention in the last few years, because people who have These drugs are treated, they lose their strength and fertility in many cases, and these drugs have caused many concerns about the continuation of the generation of these people. This has been done, it is reviewed and reviewed, and a review of the mechanism of action and how these drugs function and the chemical structure on the tissue, cellular and molecular characteristics of the reproductive system in humans and other mammals is done..

  Western Iran, especially the provincesof Ilam and Lorestan, in particular, has a unique geography and climaticconditions that support a rich fauna. These two provinces are more or lessforested and the Zagros Mountains extend in them and cause a geographicalbarrier. And the climate has become more diverse. Due to the extensive studieson lizards in these two provinces and the lack of a review on the lizard faunaidentified in these provinces, the present study aims to investigate andcollect the lizards identified and reported in These areas were done. At first,articles, dissertations and books that studied the lizard fauna of Iran,especially Lorestan and Ilam provinces were collected and then the requiredmaterials were extracted and reported. A total of 35 species of lizards from 7families, 20 genera were reported in the study.

  Therehas been a great deal of attention in Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO  ), due to their remarkable characteristics such as high surface-to-volume ratio, large excitation binding energy, optical absorption ability, and UV filtering proprieties. ZnO   are used for various biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, including drug delivery systems, biosensors, anti-diabetic agent, anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity, and imaging. Also, they are used in cosmetics, medicine coatings, and sunscreens due to their unique optical properties. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is proposed due to its fast, clean, safe, and cost-effective, and is efficient alternative to conventional physiochemical methods. This study aimed to isolate and identify aquatic yeast strains for their potential to form ZnO  . The yeast strain, NS02, with high tolerance against zinc acetate (5.25 mM) was isolated using the enrichment technique and was selected as efficient candidate for the biosynthesis of ZnO   under resting cell and cell free extract (CFE) strategy. The preliminary evaluation on the formation of ZnO   was performed by visual observation and UV-visible absorption spectra of the biosynthesized ZnO  . The morphology, size, and elemental distribution of the nanoparticles were determined by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to identify the crystalline phase of the ZnO  . Antibacterial activity of ZnO   against pathogenic bacteria isolated from the clinical specimens was investigated using agar well diffusion method. The isolate NS02 was characterized based on their morphological properties and amplification the ITS-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA regions. In the current study, first time a native aquatic strain Rhodotorula pacifica NS02 is reported for the extracellular synthesis of ZnO   with an average sizes 51.9 nm and 42.6 nm under resting cell and CFE strategy, respectively. The biosynthesized ZnO   had a growth inhibitory effect all tested clinical isolates due to their nanometric size and well-defined dispersity. The results showed that the produced ZnO   had the highest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae and the lowest inhibitory effect on Streptococcus pyogenes

Abstract In this study, from families, Agamidae، Lacertidae، Scincidae، Geckonidae, species of Laudakia nupta،Lacerta media، Hermites auratua، Cyrtopodion scabrum، were selected to study the morphology and histology of the skin and its appendages. Samples were prepared of the Razi university Zoology Museum. The specimens were then dissected and sections of skin tissue were removed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and their femoral glands and preanal glands were removed, and after performing the tissue passage steps, the prepared slides were stained, and studied under a light microscope, findings from microscopic observations of the skin structure of the studied species showed that all species from the surface to the depth have a horny layer (keratinocyte layer), epidermis layer, dermis layer and hypodermis layer that the thickness of the epidermis layer in Laudakia nupta is more than Lacerta media، Cyrtopodion scabrum و Hermites aurata, but the dermis layer in C. scabrum is more developed and has more fat cells, the hypodermic layer develops in the femoral pores of L. media and the preanal glands and dorsal surface of C. scabrum and is rich in fat cells, on the dorsal surface of H. auratua, unlike the other three species, the melanin pigment is located in the hypodermis, and on the abdominal surface, in the hypodermic layer , there are cartilaginous plates, muscle tissue and skeletal tissue, generally, it can be concluded that the thickness of different layers of skin is related to the living environment of lizards, thus, having a thick epidermis (L. nupta) can be related to hard and dry living environment and having a thin epidermis and thick dermis (L. media and H. auratua) can be related to a mild and mountainous environment, the large number of fat cells (C. scabrum) in some species is a factor in isolating the body as well as protecting the body in the event of an impact. In this study, from families, Agamidae، Lacertidae، Scincidae، Geckonidae, species of Laudakia nupta،Lacerta media، Hermites auratua، Cyrtopodion scabrum، were selected to study the morphology and histology of the skin and its appendages. Samples were prepared of the Museum of Zoology the Razi university. The specimens were then dissected and sections of skin tissue were removed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and their femoral glands and preanal glands were removed, and after performing the tissue passage steps, the prepared slides were stained, and studied under a light microscope, findings from microscopic observations of the skin structure of the studied species showed that all species from the surface to the depth have a horny layer (keratinocyte layer), epidermis layer, dermis layer and hypodermis layer that the thickness of the epidermis layer in Laudakia nupta is more than Lacerta media، Cyrtopodion scabrum و Hermites aurata, but the dermis layer in C. scabrum is more developed and has more fat cells, the hypodermic layer develops in the femoral pores of L. media and the preanal glands and dorsal surface of C. scabrum and is rich in fat cells, on the dorsal surface of H. auratua, unlike the other three species, the melanin pigment is located in the hypodermis, and on the abdominal surface, in the hypodermic layer , there are cartilaginous plates, muscle tissue and skeletal tissue, generally, it can be concluded that the thickness of different layers of skin is related to the living environment of lizards, thus, having a thick epidermis (L. nupta) can be related to hard and dry living environment and having a thin epidermis and thick dermis (L. media and H. auratua

During the last half century, the earth's surface has undergone many changes due to human activities through deforestation and urban development. The rate of biodiversity destruction is on the rise due to increasing human domination on natural ecosystems, and this fact becomes alarming when the degradation of human activities is exceeding existing efforts to conserve biodiversity. Human encroachments may impede habitat use by reducing mobility and communication. Bats, as bird mammals, are the second largest order after rodents. This group has a wide variety due to its flight power and echolocation. The use of habitat utility models in order to identify the preferred habitat as well as identify the connection routes of protected areas has become a reliable approach that if combined with field data and use of applied models can create important and reliable results that can be used as a tool for managers. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution model as well as the   habitat patch connectivity of Rhinopoma microphyllum. 11 habitat variables including maximum temperature of the hottest month, seasonal temperature, isotherm, average daily temperature range, vegetation density, distance from surface water sources, altitude, annual rainfall, surface moisture, surface roughness and vegetation roughness near points beside the presence of species were used for modeling. Modeling was performed using the maximum entropy algorithm in MaxEnt software. In order to use the maximum number of points entered in the modeling process, the model was performed with 10 replications and cross-validation method was used to evaluate the model. Then, circuits cape theory by All-To-One method was used to identify connection paths in the study area. Since it is to identify the connection paths of habitat spots, habitat patches were identified using the TSS threshold and the their relationship was established. Based on the results of Jack Knife analysis, vegetation variables, then climatic variables, and finally topographic variables have an effect on species distribution. By applying the threshold limit on the desired habitat of the species, 30 habitat patches were identified, whose area varies from 221.04 square km as the smallest patch to 219416.78 square km as the largest spot, and covers 15.9 percent of the country area totally. The total length of the corridors was calculated 8338.32 km. Most of the connection paths in this study passed through open and low altitude areas and almost no connection path passed through desert areas to connect habitat patches. The largest habitat patch for the species includes the southern, southwestern and western parts as a continuous habitat, and there is no connection corridor in this large habitat patch.   

Lizards belong to the order Squamuta and sub-order Sauria and include the largest number of reptiles. According to the studies of Iranian plateau researchers, with 9 families and more than 148 species, it has one of the richest and most diverse collections of the lizard family in the world. . Due to its geographical conditions such as the existence of many mountains and plains, numerous rivers and temperate climate, Kurdistan province has a high diversity of animals, including a large variety of lizards. So far, little research has been done in this province on the various families of lizards. In the present study, based on desert work from September 2016 to December 2016, a number of lizards related to the family, which is one of the most diverse and abundant families of lizards in Iran with more than 15 species, from 9 stations in the cities of Kurdistan province. In particular, the city of Kamyaran was collected and in the present study, three species of the Cinedidae family including: Ablepharus pannonicus, Mabuya aurata transcaucasia, Eumeces schneiderii zarudnyi were identified in this province.  

Cyrtopodion scabrum Heyden 1827 is a lizard that is widely distributed in southwestern Asia and northern Africa. In Iran, this species is abundant in most parts of the country and is commonly known as a domestic lizard. In this study, 58 specimens of Keeled Rock Gecko were collected by hand from June 2016 to September 2017 from different stations in Iran. After photographing, the samples were fixed in 75% alcohol and identified using valid sources. 10 morphometric and meristic traits were measured from all samples. The sex of adult specimens was determined by observing the anterior pores in males and its absence in females. Independent T-test analysis was used to evaluate sexual dysfunction and PCA principal component analysis was used to examine the differences between different populations. All analyzes were performed in    v.16 software. On the other hand, skulls of C. scabrum and C. caspium were compared. The results show that according to descriptive statistics, most males are larger than females in most traits, and independent T-test analysis shows that the tail length trait is significantly larger in males than females. Populations are completely homogeneous. In terms of skull comparison, the skull length of C. caspium is larger than C. scabrum. Key words: Reptiles, Gekkonidae, Sexual dimorphism and Skull.

Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to survive on land And expand Therefore, the study of reptiles is of particular importance   In recognizing the phone and the diversity of each regionWhich is directly related to the ecosystem and the species status in the population.Given the place of reptiles in the ecological cycleAnd the biodiversity and climate of Iran, which leads to a diverse cover of reptilesIn Iran, there are desert climates, dry and hot, hot and humid, cold-dry, etc., such as forest-Caspian and mountainous climates.            Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to survive on land And expand Therefore, the study of reptiles is of particular importance   In recognizing the phone and the diversity of each regionWhich is directly related to the ecosystem and the species status in the population.Given the place of reptiles in the ecological cycleAnd the biodiversity and climate of Iran, which leads to a diverse cover of reptilesIn Iran, there are desert climates, dry and hot, hot and humid, cold-dry, etc., such as forest-Caspian and mountainous climates.            

The second leading cause of death among women of childbearing age is cancer. One of the most common treatments for cancer is chemotherapy. Some common chemotherapy drugs cross the placenta during pregnancy and cause abnormalities in the development of some organs, including the reproductive organs. Concomitant use of antioxidants with chemotherapy is possible; Reduce its negative effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of ginger extract on testicular berets in offspring born to mice that received chemotherapy during pregnancy. Thus, adult female mice were divided into four groups after mating and determining zero pregnancy. The first group: the control group did not receive any medication, the second group: received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg / kg on day 11 of pregnancy, the third group: received ginger at a dose of 10 mg / kg on days 7 to 11 of pregnancy, the fourth group: Simultaneous administration of ginger and cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg / kg on days 7 to 11 and day 11 of pregnancy, respectively. Eight weeks after the birth of male offspring and their dissection, the testis and tail of the epididymis were isolated and examined for histomorphological and sperm parameters. Histological studies showed that cyclophosphamide significantly reduced the number of Sertoli cells, primary spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids, and significantly reduced sperm count, viability, motility and increased abnormalities in sperm parameters. Sperm morphology is compared to the control group. Concomitant use of ginger extract with cyclophosphamide improves tissue and sperm parameters compared to the cyclophosphamide group, so it can be said that the use of ginger can reduce the destructive effects of cyclophosphamide in offspring of pregnant mice. Reduce chemotherapy treatment.   

Target: Until a few years ago, the study of reptiles was not considered necessary and important, and it was important to interpret these animals as harmful, but the scientific community, due to the various roles of these animals in the lives of other living beings and human social and economic life, recently, research on reptiles It has been considered from different perspectives, especially geographical dispersion. Considering that except for morphological studies, no study has been done on the histology and reproductive cycle of Ablepharus pannonicus, in this study, this aspect of the biology of this species should be addressed. Research methodology: In this study, specimens were collected from nature around Sorkheh Dizeh village located in the west of Kermanshah province. The specimens were then transferred to Razi University Laboratory and after initial examination and recording of morphological characteristics, were described. Then their reproductive system was removed from the body and slice after tissue passage. At the end, the sections were stained and studied under a light microscope. Findings: The male has two testicles, with the right testicle positioned above the left testicle in the abdominal cavity. Each testicle is connected to a tortuous epididymis by a number of efferent ducts. Next to the epididymis is the vas deferens, which also leads to the cloaca. The lumen of each of the testicular tubes of the testis and epididymis has a large amount of free sperm in spring and summer, but in autumn almost no free sperm is seen and more evolving spermatids can be seen. In spring and summer, as a result of testicular activity and increased spermatogenesis, testicular weight and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules increase. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries and an oviduct tube. Examination of ovarian incisions in spring and early summer reveals almost all types of primitive, mature, and ready to ovulate follicles, but in autumn specimens, the ovaries are often devoid of any mature follicles and their follicles are mostly primitive Or in the pre-yolk stage. Conclusion: Given that most of the sexual activity of the animal, the activation of the gonads and ducts connected to them takes place in late spring and early summer, it seems that reproduction in this species is highly dependent on ambient temperature and the animal simultaneously with increasing ambient temperature and Following mating conditions, it reproduces. Therefore, it is concluded that the reproduction pattern in this species is seasonal and is very similar to its other family, Mabuya capensis (1994 Flemming)   .   

Abstract Target: Reptiles are one of the oldest species of terrestrial animals (vertebrates).Given that reproduction is a fundamental feature of all life and one of the aspects of morphological studies of reptiles is their reproductive biology، In this study, the Hemidactylus persicus species of the Gekkonidae family was selected to study the anatomy and histology of the reproductive system and the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Research methodology: To conduct this study, several trips were made to an abandoned brick kiln in Qasr-Shirin city of Kermanshah province in spring and summer, and samples of Hemidactylus persicus were collected and transferred to Razi University laboratory. After examining the appearance of the samples, their body weight and SVL were measured in each season.   The specimens were then dissected and their urogenital tract was removed from the body after examination for anatomy and position. Ovarian and testicular weight were measured and gonadosomatic index was calculated for each sex.   The samples were then fixed in formalin buffer and tissue passage steps were performed on the cut samples, which include dewatering, clarification, impregnation and dominance.   The slides were then stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the prepared slides were studied under a light microscope. Findings:The maximum weight of gonads (ovaries and testes) in Hemidactylus persicus was observed in summer. On the other hand, the average diameter of seminal vesicles and epididymal tubes in males is higher in summer than in spring. The maximum diameter of ovarian follicles is also larger in females in summer than in spring.   In summer most ovarian follicles are in Vitellogenic and Preovalatory phase and in spring in Pre-vitellogenic phase. A large egg was also seen in the oviduct in the spring.   The lumen of the seminiferous tubules of the testis and epididymis in males contain mature sperm in summer, but in the spring there are no sperm in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis.   Sex kidney (RSS) was also observed in males in both spring and summer, but in summer the average diameter of RSS tubes is larger than in spring due to sexual activity. Conclusion:In this study, the results showed that the reproductive activity of male and female specimens in summer is significantly higher than in spring and in fact the animal in spring in the pre-sexual activity phase and in summer in the sexual activity phase .   On the other hand, according to the studies of the reproductive system of this species, it can be concluded that the reproductive pattern of H. persicus is associated and depends on the ambient temperature. Keywords: Hemidactylus persicus, Gekkonidae, histology, reproductive system, seminiferous, epididymis, ovarian follicles.   

Western Iran in general and Ilam province in particular, have a unique geography and climatic conditions that support a rich fauna. Ilam province is more or less forested and the Zagros mountain range stretches along it, which has caused a geographical barrier and diverse climate in the province, so that in the north of the province, temperate mountainous climate and in the south, which has been the focus of our studies in this region. The weather is hot and dry. Due to the lack of detailed studies on lizards of the Lacertidae family in this region, research was conducted in most areas of Ilam province on the species of this family and their habitats. In this study, four species of Lasertidae lizards including Acanthodactylus boskianus, Apathya cappadocica, Mesalina brevirostris and Ophisops elegans were identified and collected. It was found that Ophisops elegan species is present in all habitats of the province.  

AbstractThe use of chemotherapy drugs during pregnancy is often associated with adverse effects on the fetus and often causes abnormalities in the developing fetus, including the fetal reproductive system. Cyclophosphamide is a class of alkaline anti-cancer drugs. The use of this drug during pregnancy, even in the second and third trimesters, due to the passage of the placenta, can cause a variety of abnormalities in the fetus.Ginger has antioxidant properties and its concomitant use with chemotherapy drugs such as cyclophosphamide can reduce the side effects of treatment. In the present study, the protective effects of ginger on the modulation of cyclophosphamide-induced abnormalities in fetuses whose mothers received cyclophosphamide on the 11th day of pregnancy were investigated.This study was performed on pregnant mice that were divided into 4 groups.The control group received normal saline, the cyclophosphamide group received 10 mg / kg body weight of cyclophosphamide on the 11th day of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection, the ginger group received 10 mg / kg body weight of ginger hydroalcoholic extract from the sixth to the tenth day of pregnancy. They received intraperitoneal injection and finally the cyclophosphamide and ginger group, which received the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger from the sixth to the tenth day of pregnancy before receiving the drug cyclophosphamide, and on the eleventh day of pregnancy, 10 mg / kg of cyclophosphamide as an intravenous injection. They received a peritoneum.Mice were killed on the 19th day of gestation by chloroform anesthetics and their embryos were collected. After examining the apparent abnormalities, the embryos were cut on a transverse plate and the tail section of the embryos was studied. Histology was used.Ovarian diameter was measured, and the number of germ cell cysts and the percentage of oocytes in the ovary were examined.The results of macroscopic studies of the fetal body showed that in the cyclophosphamide group, the drug reduced fetal weight, reduced limb length, tail and umbilical cord, and reduced placental weight and diameter compared to the control group (p.050.05). It also induces oligodactyly in the toes, alfantiasis (edema or subcutaneous swelling with thickening of the skin caused by obstruction of lymph flow) in the frontal limb, and bleeding on the surface of the body in fetuses belonging to the cyclophosphamide group. Was controlled with the group. In the ginger cyclophosphamide group, fetal weight showed a significant increase compared to the cyclophosphamide group and the ginger group (p?0.05). Cord length in this group showed a significant difference with control, cyclophosphamide and cyclophosphamide / ginger groups (p?0.05). Placental weight in cyclophosphamide / ginger group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p?0.05). Fetal weight and tail length in the ginger group showed a significant increase compared to the control group and cyclophosphamide / ginger group (p?0.05) while there was no significant difference with the cyclophosphamide group. Cord length in this group is significantly different from cyclophosphamide / ginger group and cyclophosphamide group (p?0.05). While there is no significant difference with the control group.

  Use of chemotherapy during pregnancy due to placental absorption causes negativeeffects and abnormalities in the development of some organs, including thereproductive system. Cyclophosphamide is one of the common chemotherapy drugs.In this study, the protective effects of ginger on the negative effects ofcyclophosphamide in infants born to mother undergoing chemotherapy in mice wereinvestigated. In this study, 30 mature male and female NMRI mice. We placed 1male and 2 female mice in a cage for mating. Mature female mice after mating andobserving vaginal pluque and determining the zero day of pregnancy were dividedinto 4 groups. 1)control group that did not received any drug. 2)ginger group thatreceived the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger at a does of 10 mg/kg body weight onthe sixth to tenth day of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection. 3)cyclophosphamidegroup which received this drug at a does of 10 mg/kg body weight on the eleventhday of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection. 4)ginger/cyclophosphamide groupwhich are simultaneously injected with cyclophosphamide at a does of 10 mg/kgbody weight on the eleventh day a pregnancy, and hydroalcoholic extract of gingerat a does of 10 mg/kg body weight on the sixth to tenth days of pregnancy receivedintraperitoneally. 60 days after birth, female infants were killed, ovaries wereprepared tissue sections and the effects of the treatment on the animal body weight,diameter and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the ovaries wereinvestigated. In the cyclophosphamide group, body weight and ovarian diameterwere reduced compared to the control group, damage in ovarian interstitial cells,fibrosis of the ovarian cortex were observed, and the number of atresia follicles wereincreased (p?0.05). In the ginger group were not significant difference in the bodyweight and ovarian diameter compared to the control group and no damage wereobserved, decrease in the number of atresia follicles and an increase in folliclegrowth were observed (p?0.05). In the ginger/cyclophosphamide group, bodyweight and ovarian diameter increased significantly compared to thecyclophosphamide group and decreased significantly compared to the control andginger groups (p?0.05). Hydroalcoholic extract of ginger seems to improve thedamage caused by cyclophosphamide on the ovaries.

   Lizards belong to the order Squamata and suborder Sauria. They make up the majority of reptiles. so far, according to researchers, 33 genera and about 147 species of lizards have been identified in Iran. Sampling has been done in Divandere region and from the villages of Aliabad, Ebrahimabad, Kalkan, Sharifabad and the mountains around Siah Zagh dam. Done. Divandere city is the center of Divandere city in Kurdistan province in western Iran. The city is surrounded on one side by the Hawazu Mountains and on the other by the Bijar Gross and Tilko areas. Divandere is a city with a mountainous climate in terms of geographical location and climate, which has cold winters and mild and mild summers and rainy springs. Large samples were first fixed by injecting 10% formalin in various parts of the body and then stored in 10% formalin. Some large specimens and all small specimens have been fixed by injecting 96% alcohol into all parts of the body. And then kept in 96% alcohol. In this study, a total of 2 families, 3 genera and 3 species of lizards were collected and identified from the study areas. Among the family Agamidae, two genera of Laudakia and Trapelus were identified. The species of Laudakia, L. caucasia and the species of Trapelus, T. lessonae were identified and collected. Genus Laudakia, of this genus, L. caucasia was identified in Divandere region and Aliabad, Ebrahimabad and Yapal villages. The genus Trapelus, of which only T.lessonae was collected and studied. The family Lacertidae was collected from this family of the genus Ophisops and the species O.elegans. The genus Ophisops, of this genus of lizards, there is only one species and has a very specific trait compared to other lizards of the family Lacertidae. Because this genus is the only genus in this family that does not have eyelids.

    Climate change is one of the most important threats to biodiversity. During recent years, much attention has been focused on declining amphibians. Alien species including hunting fish, and global warming are the important factors of decline amphibians. One of the consequences of global warming is the early droughts of the ponds. On the other hand, amphibian densities in ponds are also affected by changes in water levels. In this study, the interaction effects of three factors including temperature, water level and density were investigated on snout-vent length (SVL), SVL at metamorphosis, time at metamorphosis, percentage of metamorphosis, cannibalism and survival of larvae of Pelophylax bedriagae which was previously known as Pelophylax ridibundus, carried out within 10 months. We designed a 2×2×3 factorial experiment, crossing two levels of temperature ( high =22.5 and low=18.5 ), two levels of density (low, n =5 and high, n =25) and three level of water (low: 300 cc, high 1400 cc, and decreasing 150 cc of water, Once a week). Results of experiment showed the highest survival rate in was observed in the low density / low water / low temperature with 73.33% ±5.77 and the lowest survival rate was observed in the high density / low water / low temperature with 13.31 % ±2.54. The highest hatching percentage was observed in the low temperature×   decreasing water level × low density (93.3 mm±11.54) and the lowest hatching percentage was observed in high temperature× high water level × low density (56.6 mm±15.27). Results of ANOVA showed that three temperature, density, and water level had not significant independent effects on the hatching but   interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the hatching (P=0.05). The highest size at metamorphosis (SVL) was observed in high temperature × decreasing water level × high density (16.21 mm±1.89) and the lowest was observed in low temperature× decreasing water level × high density (10.33 mm±8.95(.Results of ANOVA showed that   temperature had significant independent effects on the size at metamorphosis (SVL)   ut water level and density had not significant independent effects on the size at metamorphosis (SVL). Interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the size at metamorphosis (P=0.008).. Interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the percentage of metamorphosis (P=0.05).  

In the present study, we investigate the herpetofauna of western part of Kermanshah province through measuring the metric and meristic characters using valid identification keys. This task lead to identifying and introduction of probable species in the part along with the distribution maps of the specimens. At first, an extensive preliminary research was done regarding the western part and its probable fauna, and then basic data and essential maps were prepared. Through successive expeditions in the study area between July 2018-September 2019, we recorded 183 specimens from 10 sampling station, and took photographs from them as well as the habitats. The specimens were fixed in ethanol 75% in the laboratory, and their metric and meristic characters were checked and measured. The families, genera and species of the specimens were identified. The species Hemidactylus persicus, Mediodactylus aspratilis, Bunapus tuberculatus, and Tenuidactylus caspius were introduced for the first time in the province. Acanthodactylus nilsoni from Dalahoo and Apathya cappadocica from Dalahoo and Sarmast, Eumeces schneideri princeps from Islam Abad, Homeil, Gilan-e-Gharb, and Dalahoo were introduced. In the present study, 21 species belonged to 19 genera and 7 families from the lizard fauna of the province were collected, as follows, and their morphological characters were studied: the family Agamidae, the subfamily Agaminae, the species Laudakia nupta and Trapelus lessonae, the subfamily Uromastycinae, the species Saara loricata, the family Gekkonidae, the species Cyrtopodiun scabrum, Tenuidactylus caspius, Mediodactylus asperatilis, Hemidactylus persicus, Microgeko helenae, Bunapus tubercuolatus, the family Lacertidae, the species Ophisops elegans, Lacerta media, Acantodactilus nilsoni, Apathya cappadocica, the family Scincidae, the species Ablepharus pannonicus, Heremites septemtniata, Heremites vittata, Eumeces schneideri princeps, the family Varanidae, the species Varanus griseus, the family Eublepharidae, the species Eublepharis angraainyu, the family Phyllodactylidae, the species Asaccus elisae and Asaccus griseonotus were recognized. To assess sexual size dimorphism in H. septemtniata, 17 metric and meristic characters were evaluated and subjected to   -22 in order to analyze statistically. Our results demonstrate a dimorphism between the genders with larger size in females.   

  The tortoise and terappin of the species Testudo graeca and Mauremys caspica are belonged to the families Testudinidae and Geomydidade, respectively. A comparative osteological study can lead to clarification of the adaptive attributes of the species. In the present study, at first we review the systematics and distribution of testudines in Iran, and then investigate their cranial and postcranial osteology in detail. The bones of the species were cleaned according to the common protocol used for preparation of bony material. The skulls of the species showed considerable differences regarding the total appearance, the figures of the bony elements and their connections. Postcranially, even though the cervical and dorsal vertebrae showed considerable differences in shape, but they are same in number in both species. However, the caudal vertebrae are different in shape and number. The sacral vertebrae in both species are same number. The shape and total appearance of the bones constituting the pectoral and pelvic girdles of both species were investigated and their differences were noted. In addition to the superficial differences of the arm, forearm, thigh and shin, the numbers and shapes of the bones constituting the hands and legs of the species are different.

   Study the effect of tamoxifen on the SMARCD1 gene expression in gastric cancer MKN-45 cell line

   خانواده سوسماران مانيتور يا   Varanidae يكي از نه خانواده سوسمار­هاي ايران است كه تنها داراي يك جنس (مونوفايلتيك) است اما حدود   73گونه در اين جنس قرار دارد. مانيتور­ها يا بزمچه­ها بزرگترين سوسماران جهان از لحاظ جثه هستند بزمچه­ها داراي بدن كشيده، پوزه بلند، كشيده و دوكي شكل هستند و دم در آنها بلند و حدود 5/1 برابر طول بدن است، زبان بلند و دو شاخه و چشم­ها با پلك متحرك و مردمكي گرد است، بزمچه­ها روز گرد و شكارچي بوده و آرواره بسيار نيرومندي دارند از جنس وارانوس گونه­هاي الف) بزمچه بنگال (1802، Daudin) Varanus Bengalensis ب) بزمچه بياباني (1803، Daudin) Varanus griseus ج) بزمچه نسترو Varanus nesterovi )(B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015)   در ايران مشاهده شده است. مطالعه روي جمجمه سوسماران بر روي مسائل مربوط به اختلافات بين جمجمه در موجودات متنوع و منشاء آنها و علت اين اختلافات، تمركز كرده است. در ايران مطالعه جامعي در مورد اسكلت كامل سوسماران صورت نگرفته، و اين در حالي است كه اسكلت تاثير بسزايي در زندگي، حركت، شكار، تغذيه و ... دارد و محيط نيز تاثير مستقيم بر اسكلت جاندار مي گذارد. در اين مطالعه به بررسي اسكلت ( Varanus griseus (Daudin, 1803 و B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015 Varanus nesterovi مي­پردازيم. در اين پروژه براي بررسي اسكلت، از دو روش استفاده شده است. ?. خارج كردن اجزاء اسكلتي و عكسبرداري از آن­ها. ?. استفاده از روش CTscan. نتيجه استخراج 302 قطعه استخوان ازبدن سوسمار كه 28 قطعه متصل به هم جمجمه جانور را تشكيل مي­دهد. در مرحله بعد با استفاده از تصاوير اسكن استخوان­هاي خارج شده نامگذاري و اتصالات اسكلتي شناسايي شد. مقايسه اسكلت با گونه­هاي ديگر جنس وارانوس و خانواده­هاي ديگر سوسماران انجام شد و نتيجه وجود تفاوت اندك بين گونه­اي و اختلافات چشمگير بين خانواده­ها مي­باشد كه اين اختلاف­ها ناشي از عوامل متعدد مثل جدايي تكاملي، تفاوت در نوع محيط زيست، تغذيه و رفتار جانور است.

  During recent years, much attention has been focused on declining amphibians. Alien species including mosquitofish, and global warming are the important factors of decline amphibians. One of the consequences of global warming is the early droughts of the ponds. On the other hand, amphibian densities in ponds are also affected by changes in water levels. In this study, the interaction effects of three factors including predatory cues (Gambusia halbrooki), water level and density were investigated on snout-vent length (SVL), SVL at metamorphosis, time at metamorphosis, percentage of metamorphosis and survival of larvae of Bufotes variabilis that carried out within 60 days. We designed a 2×2×3 factorial experiment, crossing two levels of predatory (present of predatory cues and without of predatory cues), two levels of density (low, n =5 and high, n =25) and three level of water (low: 400 cc, high 1400 cc, and decreasing 150 cc of water, Once a week). Result of experiment showed, larval growth rate was highest at the both of present of predator × high water level × high density and present of predator × decreasing water level × low density (0.30 mm/day). The highest size at metamorphosis (SVL) was observed in without of predator × high water level × low density (14.42 mm±0.43). The slowest development time (34.41 days±3.82), the lowest percentage of metamorphosis (18.66%±8.33) and the highest survival rate (32%±10.58) were observed at the present of predator × high water level × high density treatment. Except for the significant impact of present of predator on SVL and density on survival over time, B. variabilis was tolerant and there was no interaction between predator cues, water level and density in term of growth and survival rates.

  Due to the richness of the reptile fauna of the Kuhdasht and Rumshigan cities and the lack of precise bioassay studies, this research studies the maritime phonistic of this city in 1396-1397. A total of 30 specimens from different regions of the study were collected using the Margarine Wool and also using T-shaped long logs. After identification of the samples, the matrix and meristic traits of each sample were measured.

  Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in womenof reproductive age and can cause both pain and infertility.

  Endometriosis is a condition characterizedby endometrial tissue located outside of theuterus, most commonly on the ovary and peritoneum.It affects approximately 10% ofwomen in the United States and 20%–40% ofwomen seeking infertility evaluation

  The yellow-spotted mountain newt Neurergus derjugini is listed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation ofNature (IUCN). In spite of its conservation status and laws protecting it, thespecies continues to decline in the wild. A captive breeding program wassuccessfully established to provide information to support the species’recovery.We designed a   2 ×2 × 2 factorial experiment with two high (N = 14) and low (N = 4) densities,two levels offood (high and low) and the present and absence of spatial complexity (refugia)including (LD/LF/R), (LD/HF/R), (HD/LF/R), (HD/HF/R),(LD/LF/NR), (LD/HF/NR), (HD/LF/NR), (HD/HF/NR).The resultsof the experiment in 10 months showed that the growth, development and survivalrate in larval of N. derjugini is influenced by the amount of availablefood, so that larvae grown in high levels of food have a faster metamorphosistime (P?0.01), larger size (P?0.01) and highersurvival rate (P?0.0001) compared to reared at low levels of food. On the otherhand, the density (P?0.04) and the presence of refugia (P?0.03) showed a significanteffect on survival over time. Also, the interactive effect of these threefactors showed a significant effect on the ageof metamorphosis (P?0.05) and survival rate (P?0.04) over time. In this study, also, the level of cannibalistic behaviour (including the loss of fore and hind limbs, missing toes, tail, and gills, body damage, andwhole body consumption) was investigated. According to the results cannibalism changed as the larvaegrew, from a low level during the first five weeks, peaking from weeks 5–15,and then dropped during weeks 15–37. The results of thisstudy showed that the presence of sufficient food (P?0.002) significantly reducedthe rate of cannibalism over time but interaction it with density and refugiashowednon significant effect. Information obtained from the current experiment could improve the productivity of captive breeding facilities toensure the release of adequate numbers of individuals for reintroductionprograms.

AbstractIntroduction:  Dermatophytes are known to be the most common cause of cutaneous diseases in Iran. Also, with regard to increasing number of antifungal-resistant dermatophytes, antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes serves as a useful tool in managing clinical dermatophytosis.Materials and methods:  A total of 60 isolates of dermatophytes belonging to  T. interdigitale, T. rubrum, T.  tonsurans,  and  E. floccosum  were analyzed by molecular method and antifungal susceptibility test. Antifungal susceptibility testing of all isolates was assessed to 9 antifungal agents using CLSI guidelines.Results:  MIC50  for luliconazole and lanoconazole was 0.001 and 0.004 µg/ml, compared to 0.03, 0.06, 0.06, 0.06, 0.125, 1, 8 µg/ml for terbinafine, itraconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin, voriconazole, and fluconazole, respectively. The results indicated that  Trichophyton  tonsurans  was the most susceptible species to antifungals wherea  Epidermophyton floccosum  was the most resistant species to them.Conclusion:  Our results assist clinicians about the necessity of antifungal susceptibility testing to select effective strategies for management of clinical cases of dermatophytosis. Also, new generation drugs, such as luliconazole and lanoconazole, are recommended for the treatment of dermatophytosis.Keywords  Dermatophytes, Antifungal susceptibility test, Dermatophytosis  

AbstractToday,the use of pesticides in agriculture is inevitable. Pesticides produce freeradicals and can damage the reproductive system. . Therefore, antioxidants ornanoparticles can be used to improve the damage caused by pesticides.Antioxidants can slow down or prevent cell damage by neutralizing freeradicals. Cerium oxide is essential for protecting the cells against oxidativestress. In this study, the effects of cerium oxide on parameters and malathionpesticide abnormalities were investigated.Therefore, we divided adult male ratsinto 5 groups of 5 for a duration of 4 weeks. The first control group receivedno medication. The second group, malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg,a third group of serum oxide at a concentration of 55 mg / kg, a fourth groupof malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg, of cerium oxide at aconcentration of 5 mg / kg, a fifth group with a concentration of 155 mg Per kgof serum oxide at a concentration of 15 mg / kg, the sixth group was injectedwith malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg, of cerium oxide at aconcentration of 25 mg / kg, the seventh group was injected with malathion 155mg bicarbonated and serum oxide55 mg / kg, bw were treatedintraperitoneally. After the treatment period, all rats were sacrificed bydisplacement of the neck and the genitals were removed from their body. Theglands were used for histological studies from the stages of stabilization,dehydration, clarification, and treatment. Then 5 micrometers were cut andstained with Hematoxylin Eosin paint. Also after sperm and smear suspensionsthe slides were stained with papanicula staining. And sperm morphology werestudied.Histopathological and spermatic studiesshowed that malathionis reduce the number of sertoli cells, primaryspermatocytes, spermatylated round spleen, and in sperm parameters, spermcount, survival, motility and sperm morphological abnormalities increasecompared to the grooved control. While the results showed that cerium oxideplus malathionis improves the parameters of tissue and sperm and morphology ofmalathion. It can be said that serum oxide can reduce the negative effects ofthe use of malathion in spermatogenesis and improve the quality of sperm.Keywords:Malathion, Cerium oxide, Testis, Sperm, Mice  

Freshwater shrimps of Mediterranean basin belong to three family (Atyidae, Palaemonidae andTyphlocarididae) and 11 genera. Most species have a very restricted distributional range. The Mediterranean basin locatedat the intersection between Europe, Asia, and Africa. The purpose of this researchis the survey of freshwater shrimp fauna in Kermanshah province using themolecular and morphological methods. Seven populations were collected from thisarea. In morphologic and morphometric study, more than 48 characters wereinvestigated. In this study, mithocondrial (COI) gene was used for speciesdelimitation. The analysis of bayesian tree suggest that the freshwater shrimp populations in Kermanshah province, belongs to one separated clad. Thisclad contains fours subclades. The results of morphologicaland molecular analysis, supported the presence of four new species in this part of Iran.  

  Abstract:The project is based on the distribution of Samaritan Lahtian or keiseri workshops.In order to find new habitats for this organism, in order to assess the conservation status of Lorestani salamanders, as well as providing suggestions for the conservation of the speciesin question.In the course of this work, the past research in this field and the use of previous and new researches and researches were carried out. Asked by the local staff and specialists, and the fieldwork, and information gathering from the Von Fleur district and information retrieval of the previous habitats and new habitats.In this work, changes in the annual precipitation and changes in the temperature of humidity were studied (the table and the modalities of these three very effective factors were prepared), which was carried out with the help of other ministries, such as the Meteorological Office, the Environment and Agricultural Directorate, which partly relates to a distribution in relation to distribution The general living, living habitats, mapping out the distribution of Samaritan Lorestani and species reduction during the last several years. The reasons for reducing such salamanders include: 1- Natural threats such as floods, spasms, bait-eaters, bombs and dangers. 2. Human threats such as financial abuse. -Decoration-removal of specimens from the country-Non-scientific research activities-tourists and climbers with noise pollution. And degradation of the habitat and disinfection of the detergent to the water; 3 - the lack of research projects and in particular research.In this research, 29 habitats have been identified and investigated. The area where the Samaritan is found is from the Tanghaft and continues to the -Shahzadehahmad. These areas are in the territory of Lorestan and Khuzestan.The habitats of Lorestan province include: Tafo - Dareh Gol - DoolShali - Abanbar - Nargeseh - Koolchap waterfall - Abkesh - Choobeh - Ashkab - Abliseneh - Doolnesar - Kerser - Mordestan - Vejenab and habitats of the province Khuzestan also includes: Sar gach–Dareh palangi - Kermab - Labsefid–Cheshmeh zeid- Bozorgab waterfall - Abzaleh - Absardeh-Chenare mongreh -Dehsorkhe-Shahzadehahmad–Hajibarikab – Talehzang - Koolsat.A new habitat has been identified in the village of Seven-Cheshmeh, Poldokhtar, in the Lorestan province of Chalkal, located 5 km from   Goribalmak, which, unlike the cascading habitats, has a warm and dry climate.

  In this study, the origin of the reptiles is reviewed, and generalizations are given about them, the families of lizards that there are in Iran are introduced then the characteristics of each are described. The focus of this review is on the Agamidae family which is a deffer family with ecological and morphological structure, more than 33   ecies and 54 genera and is one of the fourth largest reptile family in the vast areas of Australia and Asia. All of the four genera and 20   ecies of Agamidae in Iran is investigated by ecological and morphological characteristics.

  The Heremites vittatus is one of the lizards of the Scincidae family, which spreads beyond the Algeria, Egypt, Cyprus, Jordan, occupied Palestine, Lebanon and Turkey in the western regions of Iran. According to available information, this species is viable in terms of reproductive breeding, but, unlike lactation species, there has been no study on the structure and histology of the reproductive system of living species. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the genitourinary and histological study of urinary and digestive system, which is closely related to reproduction.The fixed lizard sample from the Zoology Museum of the Faculty of Sciences of Razi University of Kermanshah was prepared. After this step, the specimens were described and the genital and digestive system was removed from the body.Different parts of these two organs were first studied for descriptive characteristics and then they were stained with microscopic observations of stabilization, dewatering, clarification, molding, cutting and staining with H&E. The tissue cuts were ultimately studied under a light microscope.Studies on the genitourinary system showed that in the reproductive system of the female, in the direction of the ovary duct, the diameter of the duct is larger from the beginning of the oviduct to its end, and along this path, a large number of secreted cells, such as glandular cells along the digestive tract there are. Also, during kidney histology studies, in these lizards, we found a small dispersion of kidney flesh, which is evidence of low urine output in these reptiles.Histologic studies on the digestive system also showed that in the case of the esophagus, this member, unlike the mammalian mammalian organs, was implanted by one or two rows of lobed squamous cells, the stomach was mammals like a cytoplasmic single-layer epithelium Shortcodes are surrounded In the case of narrow intestines, an interesting feature observed is the presence of enterocytes with their cystic cytoplasm containing secretion vesicles. Another thing we noticed about the intestine was that it was rarely found among intestinal enterocytes of jar cells. Also in the large intestine, the size of the intestine was smaller than other species.During the study on the liver, this lizard noticed dark spots in the liver cells. Liver organs, unlike what is in the mammal, have no liver lobes and are integrated.In general, according to the results obtained from genital studies, it can be concluded that the reproductive pattern of this species is a viable laying. Also, by studying the device, it can be seen from the differences in the structure of near and far twisted tubes, as well as the glomerular network compared with other animals and how it is distributed throughout the kidneys. It also has features in the structure of its digestive tract. The equivalent is not seen in mammals.

    Identification of the core gene regulatory network involved in conversion of PC12 cell line into neuron-likecells by staurosporine.

سمينار 

  AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) is currently a fast-growing clinical complication in the world.In pregnancy, Pancreatic ?-cells hyperplasia is a normal finding and this could lead to a higher fasting and postprandial insulin levels.Along with mentioned process, placental hormones release, can enhance insulin resistance especially in third trimester of pregnancy period.Gestational diabetes mellitus results when increased ?-cell function does not overcome insulin resistance in body.Diabetes can induce genital system developmental defects in fetus.The objective of our investigation was to evaluate impacts of Boric acid administation on animal model of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus and consequently its effects on testicular development in offsprings of pregnant diabetic mice.In order to carry out this research we coupled male and female mice and after pregnancy all mice were divided into four groups.Group 1(Normal control):animals which recieved normal saline. Group 2(Diabetic control):animals that recieved single intraperitoneal(i.p) injection of alloxan 200 mg/kg on the third day of pregnancy for diabetes mellitus induction. Group 3(Boric acid control(:animals were recieved boric acid 10 mg/kg three times intraperitoneally on days 6th,8th and 10th of pregnancy. Group 4(Diabetic treated with boric acid):animals were recieved intraperitoneally alloxan on third day and boric acid on days 6th,8th and 10th of pregnancy.After 60 days from birth of male mice,they were sacrificed and their testes were seperated and prepared for experimental precedures. Boric acid administation in appropriate dosage could ameliorate adverse effects of diabetes mellitus on testicular development and consequently, testes structure and function.In offspring of diabetic control animals treated with boric acid a significant increase was shown in sperm vital indices (SVIs) such as total sperms count(TSC),sperms viability(SV) and sperms motility(SM) in comparison with diabetic control offspering.A signficant decrease in sperms morphological anomalies was shown in boric acid treated diabetic mouses in comparison with diabetic control offsprings.According to our histomorphometric analysis,diabetic control offsprings in comparison with normal control offsprings showed a   significant decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and also in testicular lumen and germinal epithelium thickness.In boric acid control offsprings in comparison with normal control group offsprings there were no signifcant change showed in both sperm vital indices and histomorphometric quantities in comparison with normal control group offsprings.Diabetic control offsprings in comparison with normal control offsprings showed significant increase but a significant decrease in testes weight.In boric acid treated diabetic animals offsprings in comparison with diabetic control group offsprings showed significant increase.But boric acid treated diabetic animals offsprings showed no significant change in comparison with normal control offsprings.

  The use of pesticides in agriculture is inevitable. Given the negative effects that humans have on the fertility of those exposed to these toxins, pesticides produce free radicals and damage to the reproductive system, hence can be used to compensate for damage. Pesticide-induced antioxidants use natural antioxidants that are better and more affordable, so plant extracts containing phenolic compounds as antioxidants can be used as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs for the treatment of infertility. For this project, adult male mice with a mean age of 10 to 12 weeks of NMRI race were selected randomly and divided into 6 groups. The first group was treated with a solution of 3.65 mg / kg of cyromazine pesticide in physiologic serum. The second group was treated with a solution of 11 mg / kg of cyromazine pesticide weights. The third group was treated with cyromazine pesticide solution with a 1% concentration of Rosa Cinina extract. The fourth group was treated with a solution of the second group with a 1% concentration of seed extract of Rosa canina. The group 5 received 1% concentration of Rosa canina seed extract and group 6 without receiving. Intraperitoneal injections For 14 days, after 14 days of treatment, the mice were killed. Finally, the testes were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin to analyze the damage. The results of the experiments and the results showed that the use of cyromazine pesticides damaged the reproductive system. Mice receiving cyromazine had a significant reduction in body weight and testis weight in mice. Also, a significant decrease in pulmonary diameter, stem diameter, lumen diameter of the seminal tube, reduction of reproductive epithelium thickness, cyromazine significantly decreased in the index Important sperms such as total sperm count, survival rate of sperm, sperm motility. In this group, morphological anomalies of sperm were also observed in this group. Based on our histomorphometric analyzes, the use of Rosa canina seed extract significantly increased body weight, testicular weight, increased osteoporosis, diarrhea, gingival epithelium thickness, increase in vital vital parameters of sperm, such as total sperm count, Survival rate, sperm motility, and a significant reduction in the morphological abnormalities of sperms. There was no significant difference in the mice that received the extract of Rosa canina compared to the control group.

    AbstractPseudocerastes Boulenger 1896 is a part of Viperidae family & Viperinae subfamily. This kind ikclude 3 species: P.fieldi, P.persicus, P.urarachnoides.In the current study new habitats of P.urarachnoides in Dehloran city in Ilam province is introduced. To introduce these new habitats, different indexes of P.urarachnoides will be considered like type of vegetation, type of bed, height of sea surface, gradient, direction and size of the floor of the tree. Vegetation of the habitat of this viper is variable & consist of types of tropical plants, annual plant & grass bushes. Of the many years old plants, more than two tree species Pistacia otlantica and Quercus are selected by P.urarachnoides. According to the studies of viper habitat the ambush bed of all samples were in chalk bed. At the beginning of work, information like date and time of sampling and coordinates of the presence point of viper (including geographical latitude and elevation and height of area recorded by GPS. To record the gradient the android application Clinometer was used. Then, using digital camera photos taken from the habitat & also samples. Non biological parameter like temperature recorded by mercury thermometer. Another part of the current study was to compare the various skeletal bone elements in adult specimens P.urarachnoides and P.pericus and different patterns between skulls of these two type studied structurally.Skull and jaw elements were identified using valid sources. Then, using a digital camera and scanner HP G4010 model, photos taken from the back, abdominal, anterior and posterior perspectives of the skulls. After that, bone elements were identified and named. The identified bony elements were measured by a digital caliper with a precision of 0.01 mm and then standardized. For standardization the size of all bony elements was divided into square bone(Quadrates) sizes & multiplied by 100. Then, the standardized numbers for each bone element were compared between the two species. Differences between the two species are anterior bone marrow end (squaremosals) in P.persicus that does not reach the sternum but in P.urarachnoides it contacts the bone. In P.persicus about 30% and in P.urarachnoides about 20% of the length of the bony loop extends to the ultrasonal bone. Bones in the back of the forehead (post frontal) 0f P.persicus touch the P.urarachnoides. The other difference that seen on the appearance of the skull’s bones was the bone of the tooth. This bone is in two species & in P.urarachnoides is thinner & has more arc than P.persicus.Keywords: ambush, habitat, Ilam province, Dehloran city, skull, P.urarachnoides, and P.persicus

  Abstract:The purpose of this study is the fauna on lizards of area southandsouwesterloresstan province by the analysis of the morphological characters and the identification keys, which its results are the identification and introduction of the species existing in this area along with the distributed map of the samples.The first primary study and research were done extensively in twoarea koohdasht and poldokhtar about fauna probably lizards, and the information and the needed maps for this project were provide.During several field works carried out during 2014-2016 a number of 66 specimens of lizards were collected from 10 stations of the study area.Pictures and slides were taken from the live specimense and the specimens were transferred to the laboratory and were fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol and then their metric and meristic features were carefully examined.Then according to these features and based on the valid identification keys, the family, genus, species and in some cases the su  ecies of each sample were identified.In addition, for each specimen, some investigations were carried out in terms of habitate, climate conditions, flora and the amount of the rainfall of this region were also studied. Moreover, different characteristics of the specimens were studied in the natural environment.The identified samples belong to 14 species and 11genusand 6 families including: laudakia nuptanupta   and Trapelus lessonae from the family Agamidae; Cyrtopodion scabrum and Hemidactyluspersicus andHemidactylusromeshkanicusandMicrogeckoehelenaefrom the family Gekkonidae; AsaccuselisaeandAsaccusgriseonotus andAsaccusgranularis from the family Phyllodactylidae; Eublepharis angramainyufrom the family Eublepharidae;Lacerta mediaand Ophisops elegans eleganse from the family Lacertidae; Ablepharus pannonicus and Trachylepisseptemtaeniatusfromthe family Scincidae   Keywords:Lorestan،Lizard،Fauna،Asaccus    

  Lizard skulls has an interesting and complicated structure that give us manyinformation. Study of skulls and particularly comparative studies in this basis about phylogenic use and >The purpose of the skull osteology is to describe the important patterns of variation in lizard skulls and also to describe the ecomorphologic convergence patterns in this taxonomy. These studies will focus on issues related to the base structures of creatures, different in skulls of various creature and their origins and the reason of these differences. Studies on reptiles and especially mammals have shown that morphology and mechanisms of masticatory organs have been adapted with their feeding and eating habits. Models of jaw system have shown that animals with different feeding ecology, have different digestive system.Clearly, vegetarians bite more tightly their food than insectivorous. ,,In this research, we have studied and compared the skulls of Laudakia, Trapelus, Pherynocephalus species, that are the main purpose of this study and first examined the structures like skull, palate, brain box, mandible and teeth of Laudakia nupta, Laudakia caucasia, Trapelus agilis, Trapelus Lessonae, Phrynocephalus persicus, Phrynocephalus scutellatus species as a representative of the mentioned species and each of the bones was described, then we compare the skull of this species. Then to determine the evolutionary status of the skull structure a study conducted comparative approach. In general we concluded that there is a meaningful different in nasal bone, quadrate bone and the angle between pterygoid bone and square bone between mentioned species.

The Eremias montanus from Lasertidea family has been reported and introduced for the first time in 2001 in Siah Darreh area located in the north east of Kermanshah at a height of about 2000m. Considering that so far various biologic aspects of this species not studied, in this study the biology of reproduction and some characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract and blood of this species were studied. For the implementation of this study during the consecutive trips to the accommodation of this kind samples of lizards in the Spring, Summer,Fall with different appliances collected. After hunting and transfering the samples to the lab first their metric and meristic characteristics were measured. Consequently, using insulin syringes the blood samples were prepared from their heart. In blood samples the hematocrit parameters, number of them and their digestive system and morphology and size of the blood cells were examined. Then, the samples were described and their genital and digestive systems were outside of their body. First different parts of the two systems studied in terms of anatomic properties and then by fragmentation for microscopic observations they were took part of the stages of consolidation, dewatering, tra  arent, moulding, cutting and staining with hemotoxin aothin. Finally, the produced tissue cuts were studied and examined accurately under optical microscope. The results of these studies indicated that the maximum weight of the gonads (ovaries and testicles) can be seen in the Spring. While this parameter is associated with decreased appreciably in the fall season.

Mangrove forest is a community of evergreen trees and shrubs that exist in tropical and subtropical tidal and subtidal areas, marshes, river estuaries, along the beach and gulf with   fine grain sediment soil, and grows in submerged and salt water. The worlds mangroves, including 65 tree species belonging to 22 genera and 16 families, which are reported   from 112 countries. Mangroves have been estimated between to be 14 and 24 million hectares. They occur usually in areas between 30 degrees North and South Latitude. In Iran, mangrove forest has been spread 25?11 and 27? 52 N and inclusive tree species are Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. Most of the Iranian mangrove can be seen in the Siric zone in the Hormozgan province.   Iranian mangrove in terms of its scope  ranked 43 in the world and 10 in Asia   and the largest are among the countries in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea.   In this research  we used Google  Earth software to determine   mangrove forest  areas of  the norther  littorals of  the Persian Gulf  and the Oma  ea.     In this study we used Google Earth pro and calculated   area, perimeter, latitude and determine distances to residential areas.   Finally,   we   considered areas that are the nearest together as a common region and thus identified 37 zones with an area of approximately 17557 hectares. Based on these informatio     istan-Balouchestan and Bushehr province, each have 7 zones respectively, with an area of 928 and 587 hectares and Hormozgan province have 23 zones with an about 16041 hectares. The survey also collected information on threatening factors that may impact on the existence of the mangrove vegetation cover.

This study examined the effects of 1) increased salinity, 2) effects of Mosquitofish predation and increasing salinity, 3) effect of atrazine and 4) copper on growth, development and survival of the green toad, Bufotes variabilis during embryonic, hatching and early larval periods. 1) This study examined the effects of increased salinity on growth, development and survival of the green toad, Bufotes variabilis during embryonic, hatching and early larval periods in 24 day. Conducted a laboratory trial to determine at what level salinity (0.20, 0.70, 1.70, 2.70, 3.70, 4.70, 5.70, 6.70, 7.70, 8.70 and 10 g/L) negatively effects on growth, development and survival. Results obtained from this study showed that salinity over 3.7 g/L increased embryonic mortality and reduced hatching and survival rates. Meanwhile increases in salinity more than 3.70 g/L caused a significant (p<0.05) extension in the hatching period. At salinities over 8.70 g/L unhatched and dead appeared with signs of shrinkage and distorted appearance. Hatched B. variabilis tadpoles at 3.70 to 4.70 g/L also had morphological abnormalities, such as distortion of tail. After a 3-week experiment, size of tadpoles exposed to 0.70 g/L salinities were higher (7.66±0.58 mm) but that of the over 0.70 g/L was lower compared with the 0.20 g/L (7.36±0.38 mm). However, under this salinity (0.70 g/L), survival and hatching of embryos were not affected. Larvae tolerated salinity 0.20 to 3.70 (g/L) with highest survival (80 to 30 %), but salinity of 10 (g/L) caused mortality of all individuals within 12 h, 7.70-8.70 (g/L) within 7 days, 5.70-6.70 g/L within 10 days and 4.70 (g/L) were tolerated within 21 days. 2) Investigated the effects of Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation and increasing salinity on larvae and tadpole of Bufotes variabilis in 2 levels of fish density (1 and 3 G. affinis) and 2 levels of salinity (1.20 g/L and 2.70 g/L) with control treatments including low fish/Low salinity, low fish/high salinity, high fish/Low salinity, high fish/high salinity in 28 days. B. variabilis was tolerant of both fish density and increased salinity and there was no interaction between fish density and increased salinity (p>0.05). But, separately and combined effects of fish density and salinity level showed significant effects on growth and development over time (p<0.000). Time did not influence the effects of salinity or presence of fish on survival of larvae (p>0.05). The result showed larvae grown at the high fish/high salinity treatment, exhibited smallest growth rate (0.22 mm/day) and lowest survival rate (0.00%). Also, our data showed that in larvae grown at the low fish/low salinity growth rate and development stage was fastest (0.33 mm/day and Gosner 30.35±0.67), and survival rate at control treatment was higher (90.66%±0.66) compared with individuals reared in other treatments. High salinity/ high fish treatment contained malformation and abdominal edema. 3) This study examined the negative effects of atrazine at concentrations of 0, 2, 7, 15, 25, 30 and 40 mg/L on growth, development and survival in 25 days. Results obtained from this study showed that atrazine over >25 mg/L increased embryonic mortality and reduced hatching and survival rates. After 18 day, larvae at atrazine over >30 mg/L appeared with signs of shrinkage and distorted appearance. After 25 day experiment, size of tadpoles exposed to 2 mg/L atrazine were higher (5.51±0.19 mm) but that of the >2 mg/L was lower compared with the control treatments (6.81±0.42 mm). But under this atrazine concentration (2 mg/L), survival and hatching of embryos were not affected. Larvae in both control and 2 (mg/L) treatments showed highest survival rate (85.33±4.61 and 82.66±4.61, respectively).   

  ats are one of the most successful mammalian orders and the most diverse in the world after rodents. These groups for flight and Echolocation are unique among mammals and have a wide diversity. So far, more than 1,365 species from 203 genera in 18 families have been identified. Also, 50 species of bats from 19 genera in 8 families has been reported from Iran. Numerous studies have documented that habitat loss, land use alteration, environmental pollution, diseases, over exploitation of some bat species and direct demolition of bat roosts are among the threatening factors that have vanished several bat species and brought more species to the brink of extinction

  With a distance of 437,065 square kilometers, Iraq is located in southwest Asia bordered with Turkey in north, Iran in east, Kuwait in southeast, Saudi Arabia in south, Jordan in west, and Syria in northwest. It has a thin border of about 58 kilometers with the Persian Gulf in its north and reaching Zagros Mountains in northwest. Iraq is unique for having two large rivers of Tigris and Euphrates, which have bought several smaller rivers, lakes and marshes in the central and southern part of the country (al-hammar, al-huweza, al-dalmaj, al-gebaesh...). This eventually has created a significant ecological variety in this country. In terms of geographic regions, Iraq can be categorized in four general parts including different geographical regions, climates and aboriginal areas and landscapes. Iraq’s mountainous regions, Algeria, desert areas and land deposits include 9 to 11 main terrestrial eco-regions that some of them can be categorized as the key eco-regions to cover wider areas of the country. These eco-regions include Zagros Mountains forest steppe, Tigris and Euphrates alluvial salt marsh, Arabian Desert and the Arabian Desert’s shrubberies, Mesopotamia desert plant, Middle East steppe, East Mediterranean forest with trees with broad leaves, Red Sea NOPO Syndyan desert, tropical semi-desert, South of Iran NOPO Syndyan desert, semi-desert, and Persian Gulf. Also world marine eco-regions in Iraq include (Saudi interior, the upper and lower Tigris and Euphrates) and a Persian Gulf marine eco-region that covers some parts of the Atlantic basin.   This assortment includes tailless amphibians (Anura) and tailed ones (Caudata). There is not much information in this field. There is no history of past frogs, toads or newts in the pond. In overall, this group of animals is not known in Iraq and mostly is known as the vertebrates. Primary studies on Amphibians and Reptiles were done by Khalaf (1959), Reed and Max (1959). A book about the “defining the concept of amphibians in the Middle East” was written by Leviton et al in 1992 but there was not much information about the Iraq Amphibians in this book.