In recent years, environmental pollution with heavy metals and toxic metalloids, including arsenic (As), has become a global challenge for food security and ecosystem health. Arsenic, which enters the environment through natural sources and human activities such as mining and the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, disrupts physiological and biochemical processes in plants. This leads to reduced growth, impaired photosynthesis, oxidative stress, and ultimately decreased agricultural productivity. Thiourea, as an organic sulfur compound, can help mitigate arsenic stress in plants. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is recognized as a suitable method for nanoparticle production due to its non-toxic nature and simplicity. Accordingly, this study investigated the protective effects of thiourea nanoparticles against arsenic stress in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). In this research, thiourea nanoparticles were first synthesized via a hydrothermal method using pomegranate peel extract. Subsequently, under hydroponic conditions, plants were treated with different concentrations of sodium arsenate (0, 200, 400, and 600 µM) and thiourea nanoparticles (0, 200, and 400 mg/L). The results indicated that arsenic stress, particularly at 600 µM, significantly reduced growth parameters, decreased chlorophyll content, and led to considerable arsenic accumulation in plant tissues, especially in the roots. Additionally, markers of oxidative stress, including hydrogen peroxide production and alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities, were observed. However, the application of thiourea nanoparticles effectively improved growth indices, increased chlorophyll content by 34%, reduced hydrogen peroxide by 45%, and decreased arsenic accumulation in roots by 50%. Furthermore, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and peroxidase increased by 25%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that thiourea nanoparticles possess a significant ability to mitigate the toxic effects of arsenic through multiple mechanisms, including neutralization of reactive oxygen species, reduction of arsenic uptake and translocation in plants, activation of the antioxidant defense system, and enhancement of plant metabolism. This study clearly shows that thiourea nanoparticles can be used as a novel, effective, and environmentally friendly strategy for managing arsenic-contaminated soils and improving the growth of crops under stress conditions. The application of this technology not only has the potential to increase agricultural production in polluted areas but also represents a significant step towards achieving sustainable agriculture and maintaining environmental health. Given the high potential of rapeseed for phytoremediation and its economic importance, the use of thiourea nanoparticles could be a promising strategy to address the challenge of soil contamination with heavy metals.    Keywords: Thiourea Nanoparticles, Arsenic, Brassica napus, Heavy Metals, Nanotechnology, Sustainable Agriculture.   

   Wheat plant is the most important agricultural and edible crop in the world, which is cultivated on a wider scale compared to other crops due to its high nutritional value, ease of cultivation, possibility of long-term storage and adaptability to different weather conditions. Meanwhile, the production of this strategic plant is threatened due to various climatic threats, lack of water and increase in the heat of the earth. Based on this, finding solutions to reduce the effect of water shortage as the most important obstacle in achieving wheat production goals is of great importance. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of silicon nanoparticles on increasing the resistance of wheat plants to drought stress. The sample of the research included the Sauers variety of wheat (as a variety used in dry and wet areas). This research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with drought (irrigation regimes of 3, 6 and 9 days) and priming with nano silicon at levels (zero, 400 and 800 mg/liter) in three replications. The primed seeds were affected by different irrigation regimes after germination and reaching the 6-leaf stage. After 36 days, the samples were taken and some growth, physiological and nutritional parameters were measured in the samples. The results of this research showed that the highest proline in the stem is in the treatment of 800 ppm nano silicon and 3 days of irrigation. Regarding the fresh weight of the stem, the highest amount is related to the 9-day irrigation period and 0 ppm concentration of nanosilicon. The highest amount of chlorophyll a is related to the 400 ppm nanosilicon treatment and the 9-day irrigation period, as well as the 3-day irrigation period and 400 ppm nanosilicon concentration.

This study aimed to analyze the pollen samples collected from the provinces of Ilam, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Hamedan in western Iran. The pollen samples were examined to identify their botanical origin and to investigate the chemical composition of the honey bee pollen.The pollen samples were initially sorted by color, and microscopic slides were prepared to examine their morphological characteristics using a light microscope. The results revealed that pollen grains with a yellow to creamy color spectrum were the most abundant and were considered the dominant pollen types. The Brassicaceae plant family was identified as the dominant botanical origin of pollen samples from Kermanshah and Ilam provinces. Additionally, the dominant pollen sources in the Kurdistan, Lorestan, and Hamedan provinces were found to be the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, and Dipsacaceae plant families.Based on the results, the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, and Caryophyllaceae plant families were identified as the most attractive for honey bees. The pollen samples collected from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces exhibited the highest (373.11 mg/g) and lowest (137.06 mg/g) levels of phenolic compounds, respectively. Similarly, the highest (7.70 mg/g) and lowest (2.45 mg/g) concentrations of flavonoids were found in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces, respectively. The highest protein content (16.63 mg/g) was observed in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan province.  

  lants are subjected to stresses during their life cycle, and drought is one of the most important of these stresses. Drought stress affects growth and development and metabolic activities. Silicon improves the tolerance of plants to drought stress by increasing water absorption through the roots and increasing nutrients and reducing the rate of tra  iration. Various types of silicon and nano silicon have been investigated and compared in improving the resistance of this plant to drought stress.The results obtained by silicon increases the tolerance of plants against various stresses, including drought stress. The use of silicon in the conditions of drought stress led to an increase in the fresh and dry weight of the stem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of silicon and silicon nanoparticles on some physiological and biochemical parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgare) of Sarroud cultivar under drought stress. Nanoparticles interact with plant cells and depending on the properties of nanoparticles, they cause many morphological and physiological changes in plants.Nanosilicon is an important metal oxide among different types of nanoparticles, which has characteristics such as reactivity and a high surface-to-volume ratio, easily penetrating the plant. Therefore, nanosilicon, due to its direct and indirect effect on plants, improves the plant's mineral nutrition, increases Plant resistance or detoxification against oxygen free radicals increases plant growth and development in drought stress conditions. According to the results of analysis of variance and comparison of averages, it was observed that drought stress reduced vegetative growth in each barley plant. By examining the wet weight of the upper part of the soil and roots, the effect of drought stress on the wet weight of the upper part of the soil and roots was significant, but no significant difference was observed due to the effect of drought stress.With the passage of time, the barley plant shows a tendency to decrease in terms of wet weight in response to increasing levels of dry treatment, so application on the fourteenth day shows the lowest wet weight and the control day shows the highest wet weight. The measurement results regarding the dry weight of the upper part of the soil and the root show that the effect of drought stress on the dry weight of the root and the upper part of the soil is significantly different. In addition, the examination of changes in chlorophyll a and b proteins under drought stress conditions showed that the effect of drought stress on these characteristics is significant and causes a decrease in protein and chlorophyll in barley plants.

      طب سنتي يكي از علوم تجربي است كه با ظهور و پيدايش علوم مدرن همچنان اهميت و جايگاه خود را مانند گذشته حفظ كرده است. طب سنتي كه در گذشته حاصل كسب تجارب در زمينه­ي استفاده از روش­هاي درماني مختلف بوده است امروزه به صورت آكادميك و سازمان يافته شده تدريس و مورد بهره برداري قرار مي­گيرد. طب سنتي بنابر تعريف ارائه شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهاني عبارت است از مجموعه­اي از مهارت­ها، دانش و روش­هاي مبتني بر تجربه كه به منظور پيشگيري، كاهش و درمان انواع بيماري­ها مورد استفاده قرار مي­گيرد. كتاب الصيدنه في الطب (داروشناسي در پزشكي) آخرين اثر ابوريحان بيروني است كه به صورت تنها نسخه­ي اصلاح نشده به زبان عربي به ما رسيده ‌است. اين اثر گرانبها منبعي در داروشناسي سده‌هاي ميانه­ي خاورزمين است كه در آن بيش از هزار دارو با منشا گياهي، حيواني و معدني با اشاره به نام‌هاي آن‌ها به بسياري از زبان‌ها و گويش‌ها توصيف شده‌ است. در صيدنه اثري از مدح و اهدا نامه معمول ديده نمي‌شود و از هدف‌هاي نوشتن آن نيز مستقيما سخني نرفته ‌است. بيروني با درك اهميت زياد اين مسئله، حدود ???? نام گياه، حيوان، ماده­ي معدني و فراورده‌هاي آن‌ها را به زبان‌هاي عربي، يوناني، سرياني، هندي، فارسي، خوارزمي، سغدي، تركي و جز اين‌ها گرد آورده و توضيح داده ‌است و بدين ترتيب گام جديدي در راه تنظيم و ترتيب اصطلاحات دارويي زمان خود برداشته ‌است. با توجه به اين كه تا كنون يك بررسي جامع در خصوص اين كتاب انجام نشده است اين پژوهش انجام شد و اميدواريم كه در آينده بتوانيم اطلاعات موجود در اين كتاب ارزشمند را استخراج و در صورت امكان به صورت يك پايگاه داده­ي مناسب درآوريم.    واژگان كليدي: طب سنتي، الصيدنه في الطب، پايگاه داده.       طب سنتي يكي از علوم تجربي است كه با ظهور و پيدايش علوم مدرن همچنان اهميت و جايگاه خود را مانند گذشته حفظ كرده است. طب سنتي كه در گذشته حاصل كسب تجارب در زمينه­ي استفاده از روش­هاي درماني مختلف بوده است امروزه به صورت آكادميك و سازمان يافته شده تدريس و مورد بهره برداري قرار مي­گيرد. طب سنتي بنابر تعريف ارائه شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهاني عبارت است از مجموعه­اي از مهارت­ها، دانش و روش­هاي مبتني بر تجربه كه به منظور پيشگيري، كاهش و درمان انواع بيماري­ها مورد استفاده قرار مي­گيرد. كتاب الصيدنه في الطب (داروشناسي در پزشكي) آخرين اثر ابوريحان بيروني است كه به صورت تنها نسخه­ي اصلاح نشده به زبان عربي به ما رسيده ‌است. اين اثر گرانبها منبعي در داروشناسي سده‌هاي ميانه­ي خاورزمين است كه در آن بيش از هزار دارو با منشا گياهي، حيواني و معدني با اشاره به نام‌هاي آن‌ها به بسياري از زبان‌ها و گويش‌ها توصيف شده‌ است. در صيدنه اثري از مدح و اهدا نامه معمول ديده نمي‌شود و از هدف‌هاي نوشتن آن نيز مستقيما سخني نرفته ‌است. بيروني با درك اهميت زياد اين مسئله، حدود ???? نام گياه، حيوان، ماده­ي معدني و فراورده‌هاي آن‌ها را به زبان‌هاي عربي، يوناني، سرياني، هندي، فارسي، خوارزمي، سغدي، تركي و جز اين‌ها گرد آورده و توضيح داده ‌است و بدين ترتيب گام جديدي در راه تنظيم و ترتيب اصطلاحات دارويي زمان خود برداشته ‌است. با توجه به اين كه تا كنون يك بررسي جامع در خصوص اين كتاب انجام نشده است اين پژوهش انجام شد و اميدواريم كه در آينده بتوانيم اطلاعات موجود در اين كتاب ارزشمند را استخراج و در صورت امكان به صورت يك پايگاه داده­ي مناسب درآوريم.    واژگان كليدي: طب سنتي، الصيدنه في الطب، پايگاه داده.   

  Qasr Shirin city, due to its hot and dry weather conditions, has its own ecological situation, it is under the influence of three regions of plant geography of Iran - Turan, Sahara-Arabian and Mediterranean. According to the above point, specific taxa have adapted to these conditions in this area. Also, the winds that enter this region from the direction of Iraq affect the atmosphere of this region. The purpose of this investigation was to study allergenic pollens and particles floating in the air. In the above area, the pollens in the air were checked by the Durham method, and the greatest variety of pollens was related to the plants of the families of Amaranthaceae and Asteraceae as well as the pollens of cultivated and decorative plants such as pine. They had a scattered area. In addition, particles of biological origin, including light pieces of various plant parts, such as hairs and pieces of skin tissue, leaves and flowers, seeds and small winged fruits, and pieces or spores of mushrooms. , bacteria and viruses were observed on the surface of the slide. 50 samples of the important plants of the region were collected and then transferred to the herbarium of Razi University and identified, and the " Acetolysis - Erdtman" method was used to examine the pollen with the help of a light microscope (LM). These studies included the size of the polar and equatorial axis, shape, valve condition and surface decorations of the pollen grains and showed that the studied pollen grains were small, medium, large and very large in terms of size, for example, the largest seed Pollen is a type of Scabiosa sp. from the family of Dipsacaceae and the smallest is related to some Boraginaceae plants. These pollens, in terms of apertures (colpus and pore), included: Monoporate, Triporate, Pantoporate, Pantoporate, Colpate, Colporate (Zonocolpate and Pantocolpate). Also, in terms of surface decorations, using an optical microscope, in the form of: Striate, Striate- Granulate, Microechinate, Microechinate-Perforate, Macroechinate, Macroechinate-Perforate, Psilate, Psilate-Vrrucate and Rticulate were observed. Key words: Atmosphere, allergenic pollens, acetolysis method, Dorham method, Kermanshah

   The study of reptiles in Iran has attracted the attention of zoologists due to the abundance and diversity of species. Although these studies have not fully covered all regions of Iran. By correctly knowing the species present in a region and the inter-species and trans-species relationships, one can obtain part of the necessary preparation to deal with environmental damage and use different resources in a more favorable way. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the fauna of reptiles in the southern cities of Ilam province. In this research, sampling of reptiles was done in several stations in the south of Ilam province in the spring and summer of 1400. The research factors included the appearance characteristics, habitat, behavior and day or night activity of the species as well as the collection method. Our field research has identified 19 species of reptiles including 10 species of lizards Laudakia nupta, Trapelus lessonae, Eublepharis angrainyu, Hemidactylus persicus, Ophisops elegans, Saara loricata, Trachylepis aurata, Varanus griseus, Cyrtopodion scabrum, Asaccus Elisae, 8 species of snakes Pseudocerastes urarachnoides, Platyceps rhodorachis, Macrovipera lebetina, Eryx jaculus, Spalerosophis diadema, Platyceps najadom, Natrix tessellata, Dolichophis jugularis and 1 species of turtle Mauremys caspica were found in the study areas.

  Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that may be detected in water and plants. Wheat, as a food consumed by 60% of the world's population, may absorb a large amount of cadmium through its roots and transfer cadmium to the branches and seeds, thus causing risks to human health. Biochar is known to protect plants against water salinity and heavy metal stress. Biochar can be an effective amendment that can immobilize heavy metals in water, reduce metal uptake by plants and increase crop yield. However, there are only limited studies on the application of biochar in this field. Uncertainty remains in the results because these studies have a wide range of biochar properties, environmental conditions, and study design parameters. To investigate the effectiveness of biochar under field conditions, this study reviewed 34 biochar field trials published before June 30, 2020. Cd mobility was analyzed in depth because most of the available data were on cadmium contamination. The results showed that in all studies, the addition of biochar to water led to an average decrease of 33 and 28% in the exchangeable fraction of cadmium in water and cadmium enrichment of plant tissues. Product yield increased by an average of 21%. The efficiency of biochar varies depending on water characteristics, biochar characteristics such as raw materials, biochar dosage and weather factors such as precipitation. It was found that rice straw or hardwood-derived biochar may be the best for Cd stabilization in water. Increasing the pH and OC of water due to the addition of biochar significantly reduced the mobility of cadmium in water. In the aerial part, including the stem, the water was contaminated with cadmium. Finally, in wheat that is irrigated with water containing cadmium, the accumulation of cadmium was higher than the control and its accumulation was higher in the root.Key words: biochar - cadmium - Sardari wheat - heavy metals - water

The increasing progress of knowledge in the field of cancer has increased the survival rate of cancer patients during the past decades. In this way, different drugs have been proposed for these treatments, which have almost the same mechanism of action. According to the use of these drugs Infertility caused by the action of these drugs, which is considered one of the side effects of these drugs, has caused many concerns in these patients, and the research about this has received attention in the last few years, because people who have These drugs are treated, they lose their strength and fertility in many cases, and these drugs have caused many concerns about the continuation of the generation of these people. This has been done, it is reviewed and reviewed, and a review of the mechanism of action and how these drugs function and the chemical structure on the tissue, cellular and molecular characteristics of the reproductive system in humans and other mammals is done..

   House flies have cost the world dearly by transmitting more than 100 different pathogens to humans. In addition, they have been important economic pest in livestock and poultry production, which has affected the world agricultural economy by contamination livestock products and trasmitting variuos pathogens to them.As a result it forces affected communities to use pesticided extensively. Chemical control (by insecticides) is the most important method of controlling pests and vectors due to its immediate and rapid effect on the pest population and the property of controlling disease-carrying insects. Pest resistance to insecticides and residual toxins in nature poses undesirable risks. The essential oils and extracts of a number of plants have been identified and used to kill and repel insects, which due to their toxicity, systemicity, easy biodegradability and the nature of the effect on host metabolism, have the potential to manage insect and pests. In this study, the repellent and lethal effects of walnut, chamomile, yarrow and oak leaf essential oils on houseflies in natural and laboratory environments were investigated and it was found that walnut leaf essential oil used in the highest dose and time period has the highest lethality (96.6%)and to a lesser extent yarrow essential oil (80%), chamomile essential oil (56.6%) and finally the least effect belonged to oak leaf essential oil (36.6%). In the study of repellent performance of the mentioned plants on houseflies, in the highest dose of essential oil and the first time period used, the highest repellent effect (46.6%) belonged to yarrow essential oil and chamomile essential oils (30%), walnut leaves (16.6) And oak leaves (6.6%) were in the next ranks. In this study,different lethal and repellent results were obtained from different doses of each of the plant essential oils, which finally, due to their biocompatibility and minimal effects of human and animal poisoning, these essential oils can be used to kill and repel houseflies. Of course, they kill for a longer period of time than conventional chemical insecticides. I would like to note that with more accurate and continuous research, it is possible to find essential oils and plant extracts with higher lethal and repellent effects and to provide more conditions for their use in a suitable period of time. Keywords: Herbal Essential Oil, Houseflies, Insecticides, Kurdish Ethnic Medicine, Mortality, Repellency

AbstractThe use of chemotherapy drugs during pregnancy is often associated with adverse effects on the fetus and often causes abnormalities in the developing fetus, including the fetal reproductive system. Cyclophosphamide is a class of alkaline anti-cancer drugs. The use of this drug during pregnancy, even in the second and third trimesters, due to the passage of the placenta, can cause a variety of abnormalities in the fetus.Ginger has antioxidant properties and its concomitant use with chemotherapy drugs such as cyclophosphamide can reduce the side effects of treatment. In the present study, the protective effects of ginger on the modulation of cyclophosphamide-induced abnormalities in fetuses whose mothers received cyclophosphamide on the 11th day of pregnancy were investigated.This study was performed on pregnant mice that were divided into 4 groups.The control group received normal saline, the cyclophosphamide group received 10 mg / kg body weight of cyclophosphamide on the 11th day of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection, the ginger group received 10 mg / kg body weight of ginger hydroalcoholic extract from the sixth to the tenth day of pregnancy. They received intraperitoneal injection and finally the cyclophosphamide and ginger group, which received the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger from the sixth to the tenth day of pregnancy before receiving the drug cyclophosphamide, and on the eleventh day of pregnancy, 10 mg / kg of cyclophosphamide as an intravenous injection. They received a peritoneum.Mice were killed on the 19th day of gestation by chloroform anesthetics and their embryos were collected. After examining the apparent abnormalities, the embryos were cut on a transverse plate and the tail section of the embryos was studied. Histology was used.Ovarian diameter was measured, and the number of germ cell cysts and the percentage of oocytes in the ovary were examined.The results of macroscopic studies of the fetal body showed that in the cyclophosphamide group, the drug reduced fetal weight, reduced limb length, tail and umbilical cord, and reduced placental weight and diameter compared to the control group (p.050.05). It also induces oligodactyly in the toes, alfantiasis (edema or subcutaneous swelling with thickening of the skin caused by obstruction of lymph flow) in the frontal limb, and bleeding on the surface of the body in fetuses belonging to the cyclophosphamide group. Was controlled with the group. In the ginger cyclophosphamide group, fetal weight showed a significant increase compared to the cyclophosphamide group and the ginger group (p?0.05). Cord length in this group showed a significant difference with control, cyclophosphamide and cyclophosphamide / ginger groups (p?0.05). Placental weight in cyclophosphamide / ginger group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p?0.05). Fetal weight and tail length in the ginger group showed a significant increase compared to the control group and cyclophosphamide / ginger group (p?0.05) while there was no significant difference with the cyclophosphamide group. Cord length in this group is significantly different from cyclophosphamide / ginger group and cyclophosphamide group (p?0.05). While there is no significant difference with the control group.

  Use of chemotherapy during pregnancy due to placental absorption causes negativeeffects and abnormalities in the development of some organs, including thereproductive system. Cyclophosphamide is one of the common chemotherapy drugs.In this study, the protective effects of ginger on the negative effects ofcyclophosphamide in infants born to mother undergoing chemotherapy in mice wereinvestigated. In this study, 30 mature male and female NMRI mice. We placed 1male and 2 female mice in a cage for mating. Mature female mice after mating andobserving vaginal pluque and determining the zero day of pregnancy were dividedinto 4 groups. 1)control group that did not received any drug. 2)ginger group thatreceived the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger at a does of 10 mg/kg body weight onthe sixth to tenth day of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection. 3)cyclophosphamidegroup which received this drug at a does of 10 mg/kg body weight on the eleventhday of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection. 4)ginger/cyclophosphamide groupwhich are simultaneously injected with cyclophosphamide at a does of 10 mg/kgbody weight on the eleventh day a pregnancy, and hydroalcoholic extract of gingerat a does of 10 mg/kg body weight on the sixth to tenth days of pregnancy receivedintraperitoneally. 60 days after birth, female infants were killed, ovaries wereprepared tissue sections and the effects of the treatment on the animal body weight,diameter and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the ovaries wereinvestigated. In the cyclophosphamide group, body weight and ovarian diameterwere reduced compared to the control group, damage in ovarian interstitial cells,fibrosis of the ovarian cortex were observed, and the number of atresia follicles wereincreased (p?0.05). In the ginger group were not significant difference in the bodyweight and ovarian diameter compared to the control group and no damage wereobserved, decrease in the number of atresia follicles and an increase in folliclegrowth were observed (p?0.05). In the ginger/cyclophosphamide group, bodyweight and ovarian diameter increased significantly compared to thecyclophosphamide group and decreased significantly compared to the control andginger groups (p?0.05). Hydroalcoholic extract of ginger seems to improve thedamage caused by cyclophosphamide on the ovaries.

  Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in womenof reproductive age and can cause both pain and infertility.

AbstractToday,the use of pesticides in agriculture is inevitable. Pesticides produce freeradicals and can damage the reproductive system. . Therefore, antioxidants ornanoparticles can be used to improve the damage caused by pesticides.Antioxidants can slow down or prevent cell damage by neutralizing freeradicals. Cerium oxide is essential for protecting the cells against oxidativestress. In this study, the effects of cerium oxide on parameters and malathionpesticide abnormalities were investigated.Therefore, we divided adult male ratsinto 5 groups of 5 for a duration of 4 weeks. The first control group receivedno medication. The second group, malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg,a third group of serum oxide at a concentration of 55 mg / kg, a fourth groupof malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg, of cerium oxide at aconcentration of 5 mg / kg, a fifth group with a concentration of 155 mg Per kgof serum oxide at a concentration of 15 mg / kg, the sixth group was injectedwith malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg, of cerium oxide at aconcentration of 25 mg / kg, the seventh group was injected with malathion 155mg bicarbonated and serum oxide55 mg / kg, bw were treatedintraperitoneally. After the treatment period, all rats were sacrificed bydisplacement of the neck and the genitals were removed from their body. Theglands were used for histological studies from the stages of stabilization,dehydration, clarification, and treatment. Then 5 micrometers were cut andstained with Hematoxylin Eosin paint. Also after sperm and smear suspensionsthe slides were stained with papanicula staining. And sperm morphology werestudied.Histopathological and spermatic studiesshowed that malathionis reduce the number of sertoli cells, primaryspermatocytes, spermatylated round spleen, and in sperm parameters, spermcount, survival, motility and sperm morphological abnormalities increasecompared to the grooved control. While the results showed that cerium oxideplus malathionis improves the parameters of tissue and sperm and morphology ofmalathion. It can be said that serum oxide can reduce the negative effects ofthe use of malathion in spermatogenesis and improve the quality of sperm.Keywords:Malathion, Cerium oxide, Testis, Sperm, Mice  

Freshwater shrimps of Mediterranean basin belong to three family (Atyidae, Palaemonidae andTyphlocarididae) and 11 genera. Most species have a very restricted distributional range. The Mediterranean basin locatedat the intersection between Europe, Asia, and Africa. The purpose of this researchis the survey of freshwater shrimp fauna in Kermanshah province using themolecular and morphological methods. Seven populations were collected from thisarea. In morphologic and morphometric study, more than 48 characters wereinvestigated. In this study, mithocondrial (COI) gene was used for speciesdelimitation. The analysis of bayesian tree suggest that the freshwater shrimp populations in Kermanshah province, belongs to one separated clad. Thisclad contains fours subclades. The results of morphologicaland molecular analysis, supported the presence of four new species in this part of Iran.  

Iridaceae family have important herbs, some of which are widely used by humans and many of them are distributed in rangelands and used by livestock. Since the plants have a swollen underground, they can be invaded by many diseases such as fungi, viruses and bacteria. For this reason, it is very important to identify different species of this family in Iran, especially in western Iran. Also, due to the diversity of herbaceous herbs and the importance of palynology in the dissociation of this family taxon, the study of pollen morphology with the aid of light microscopy (LM) and in particular the electron microscopy of transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) is scientifically significant. Pollen grains were studied by LM (14 species), SEM (6 species), and TEM (5 species). Pollen grains of the studied species are very large (Iris hymenospatha), large (10 species) and medium (3 species), in spherical, spherical, oval and oval forms, with maroreticulate, reticulate, barbed echinate-perforated. In addition, the species differed in terms of the sulcus surface, width of muri and the size of lumen. Using the transient electron microscope, the ectexine thickness (thickness of the tectum, foot layer thickness and length and width of the columns), different layers of the intine, and the presence or absence of the endexine, the shape and diameter of the caput of cullumella were shown in the studied specimens. The highest thickness of the tectum was (I / I 33.1-66.3) in Iris reticulata micron and the lowest was in Crocus pallasii (0-4 / 57) microns. The shape of the columns in most of the studied species was fungal and the microrelief (the surface of tectum) were smooth in all species. Endexine was absent in all studied species and only in species I. Reticulata and Gynandriris Sisyrinchium were fragmented and thin. Using the plotted chart, with the aid of LM data, it can be seen that the different studied species of each genus were next to each other and the Gynandriris genus was closely related to the Iris. So, the palynomorphological data showed a large variation in pollen grain size. In this study, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from this underlying underground part, which were identified by their morphological characteristics. Therefore, due to the importance of preserving irrigated ornamentation of iridaceae family and the use of these plants in the production of various herbal medicines, identification of pathogens and species associated with these plants is important.Keywords: Iridaceae, LM, SEM, TEM, Fusarium solani،   Rhizoctonia solani

سمينار 

  The use of pesticides in agriculture is inevitable. Given the negative effects that humans have on the fertility of those exposed to these toxins, pesticides produce free radicals and damage to the reproductive system, hence can be used to compensate for damage. Pesticide-induced antioxidants use natural antioxidants that are better and more affordable, so plant extracts containing phenolic compounds as antioxidants can be used as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs for the treatment of infertility. For this project, adult male mice with a mean age of 10 to 12 weeks of NMRI race were selected randomly and divided into 6 groups. The first group was treated with a solution of 3.65 mg / kg of cyromazine pesticide in physiologic serum. The second group was treated with a solution of 11 mg / kg of cyromazine pesticide weights. The third group was treated with cyromazine pesticide solution with a 1% concentration of Rosa Cinina extract. The fourth group was treated with a solution of the second group with a 1% concentration of seed extract of Rosa canina. The group 5 received 1% concentration of Rosa canina seed extract and group 6 without receiving. Intraperitoneal injections For 14 days, after 14 days of treatment, the mice were killed. Finally, the testes were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin to analyze the damage. The results of the experiments and the results showed that the use of cyromazine pesticides damaged the reproductive system. Mice receiving cyromazine had a significant reduction in body weight and testis weight in mice. Also, a significant decrease in pulmonary diameter, stem diameter, lumen diameter of the seminal tube, reduction of reproductive epithelium thickness, cyromazine significantly decreased in the index Important sperms such as total sperm count, survival rate of sperm, sperm motility. In this group, morphological anomalies of sperm were also observed in this group. Based on our histomorphometric analyzes, the use of Rosa canina seed extract significantly increased body weight, testicular weight, increased osteoporosis, diarrhea, gingival epithelium thickness, increase in vital vital parameters of sperm, such as total sperm count, Survival rate, sperm motility, and a significant reduction in the morphological abnormalities of sperms. There was no significant difference in the mice that received the extract of Rosa canina compared to the control group.

  AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) is currently a fast-growing clinical complication in the world.In pregnancy, Pancreatic ?-cells hyperplasia is a normal finding and this could lead to a higher fasting and postprandial insulin levels.Along with mentioned process, placental hormones release, can enhance insulin resistance especially in third trimester of pregnancy period.Gestational diabetes mellitus results when increased ?-cell function does not overcome insulin resistance in body.Diabetes can induce genital system developmental defects in fetus.The objective of our investigation was to evaluate impacts of Boric acid administation on animal model of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus and consequently its effects on testicular development in offsprings of pregnant diabetic mice.In order to carry out this research we coupled male and female mice and after pregnancy all mice were divided into four groups.Group 1(Normal control):animals which recieved normal saline. Group 2(Diabetic control):animals that recieved single intraperitoneal(i.p) injection of alloxan 200 mg/kg on the third day of pregnancy for diabetes mellitus induction. Group 3(Boric acid control(:animals were recieved boric acid 10 mg/kg three times intraperitoneally on days 6th,8th and 10th of pregnancy. Group 4(Diabetic treated with boric acid):animals were recieved intraperitoneally alloxan on third day and boric acid on days 6th,8th and 10th of pregnancy.After 60 days from birth of male mice,they were sacrificed and their testes were seperated and prepared for experimental precedures. Boric acid administation in appropriate dosage could ameliorate adverse effects of diabetes mellitus on testicular development and consequently, testes structure and function.In offspring of diabetic control animals treated with boric acid a significant increase was shown in sperm vital indices (SVIs) such as total sperms count(TSC),sperms viability(SV) and sperms motility(SM) in comparison with diabetic control offspering.A signficant decrease in sperms morphological anomalies was shown in boric acid treated diabetic mouses in comparison with diabetic control offsprings.According to our histomorphometric analysis,diabetic control offsprings in comparison with normal control offsprings showed a   significant decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and also in testicular lumen and germinal epithelium thickness.In boric acid control offsprings in comparison with normal control group offsprings there were no signifcant change showed in both sperm vital indices and histomorphometric quantities in comparison with normal control group offsprings.Diabetic control offsprings in comparison with normal control offsprings showed significant increase but a significant decrease in testes weight.In boric acid treated diabetic animals offsprings in comparison with diabetic control group offsprings showed significant increase.But boric acid treated diabetic animals offsprings showed no significant change in comparison with normal control offsprings.

  lant pollen and fungi spores are the most important allergic factors. Air contamination with plant pollen and opportunist fungal species and the presence of their spores on respiratory tract, can play an important role on the occurrence of asthma, coetaneous mycoses, and allergic reactions particularly in immunocompromised patients. Kermanshah province as one of the most important provinces in western Iran, definitely can be contaminated with air contaminations particularly fungi and plant pollen. So, the objectives of this study were to identification of prevalence fungal species and some important grains allergy in the atmosphere of Kermanshah district using morphological studies. The presence of air fungal spores was analyzed using settle plate and prepared culture in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic and macroscopic characters were performed to identify all fungi. 43 samples were collected from different areas of the atmosphere of Hasan-abad district in Kermanshah province center within all four seasons of the year. Three fungal species including Aspegillus niger (19), Fusarium solani (10), and Penicillium sp. (14) were identified based on morphological features. In this study some important grains allergy were identified based on Durham and Erdtman methods in Kermanshah province (especially in Hassa   Abad). Pollens morphological characters were investigated using the light microscope. Morphological featurs shewd all pollens belonge to Apiaceae, Asteraceae ,Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae , Juglandaceae, Papilionaceae ,Pinaceae,   oaceae and Polygonaceae familly. In this research, all of fungi species are known as the human pathogenic and the presence of them in the atmosphere as a part of air pollution can cause significant problems for human health, particularly in the respiratory tracts. This research by was also performed by Durham procedure accurately for the first time in the west of Iran and results obtained for different biological scientists, especially the tendency of medicineAbstractPlant pollen and fungi spores are the most important allergic factors. Air contamination with plant pollen and opportunist fungal species and the presence of their spores on respiratory tract, can play an important role on the occurrence of asthma, coetaneous mycoses, and allergic reactions particularly in immunocompromised patients. Kermanshah province as one of the most important provinces in western Iran, definitely can be contaminated with air contaminations particularly fungi and plant pollen. So, the objectives of this study were to identification of prevalence fungal species and some important grains allergy in the atmosphere of Kermanshah district using morphological studies. The presence of air fungal spores was analyzed using settle plate and prepared culture in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic and macroscopic characters were performed to identify all fungi. 43 samples were collected from different areas of the atmosphere of Hasan-abad district in Kermanshah province center within all four seasons of the year. Three fungal species including Aspegillus niger (19), Fusarium solani (10), and Penicillium sp. (14) were identified based on morphological features. In this study some important grains allergy were identified based on Durham and Erdtman methods in Kermanshah province (especially in Hassa   Abad). Pollens morphological characters were investigated using the light microscope. Morphological featurs shewd all pollens belonge to Apiaceae, Asteraceae ,Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae , Juglandaceae, Papilionaceae ,Pinaceae,   oaceae and Polygonaceae

  Wilting and decaying diseases of Fusarium ordinary peas root caused by fungi (Fusarium oxysprum f.sp.cicer and F. solani f.sp. pisi) were of the most important diseases this plant in different countries and Iran and their control are difficult and costly. Continuous use of fungicides is caused the development, rebellion and resistance the pathogen against fungicides, Biocontrol of plant fungal diseases by bacteria antagonist is a powerful replacement for chemical pesticides. In this study, control factors this disease by ordinary pea plant growth promoting bacteria has been studied in laboratory and greenhouse. Isolation of bacteria was done in the farms of Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces, and screening was performed in the laboratory by inhibiting zone. Number of 100 bacteria were isolated and with screening in the laboratory by inhibiting zone 16 isolates that formed halo, were selected and B6 isolate with 10 mm inhibitory zone introduced as the best isolate. In the results greenhouse B2 and B13 isolates against pathogenic of F. o had the greatest influence and decreased disease more than 90%. B2 isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/73 times and root length of 2/41 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 3/5 times and root dry weight of 2/17 times and B6 isolates against the pathogen with least control, the disease was reduced by 40%. B2 isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/44 times and root length of 1/75 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 5/03 times and root dry weight of 2/99 times and in the greenhouse results B6 isolates was effective against pathogenic of F. s and patients over 70 reduced. This isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/3 times and root length of 1/38 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 5/27 times and root dry weight of 4/48 times. identify R DNA 16S showed that isolates were as B1, B2, B6, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14 and B15 belong to species syringae Pseudomonas, Bacilus subtilis, B6, P. putida, P. syringae, B12, Bulkholderia cepacia, B. subtilis, B. cepacia were. In total isolates B6 and B2 is introduced as superior isolate.Key words: Biological Control, Fusarium Oxysprum, Fusarium Solani, Zone of Inhibitory, Bacillus, Pseudomonas.

       Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects on shoots contained 16-66 semen. Biology of pest showed crab louse has one season in year in weather condition of west Islam Abad Town and it spends winter as unfertilized female substance on shoots. The most important natural enemy of this species in the region was parasitoid bee Habrolepis dalmanii that (Hym: Encyrtidae), has significant role in reducing adult population.      Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects on shoots contained 16-66 semen. Biology of pest showed crab louse has one season in year in weather condition of west Islam Abad Town and it spends winter as unfertilized female substance on shoots. The most important natural enemy of this species in the region was parasitoid bee Habrolepis dalmanii that (Hym: Encyrtidae), has significant role in reducing adult population.      Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects

  Contribution to the pollen morphology and taxonomy in the Genus Tulipa  Tulipa is one of the most important genera of the family Liliaceae and the pollen morphology studied of its species is very significant. Pollens for this study were taken from the collections in the Main Botanical Garden Moscow (MHA), Russia; Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian, Academy of Science, St. Petersburg (LE); Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MW), Russia; Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran; Razi University Herbarium (RUH), Kermanshah, Iran; Herbarium of Agriculture and natural resources Research center of Kermanshah, Iran. In this study, 30 species of pollen grains by light microscope (LM) and 13 species with scanning electron microscope (SEM) were studied. For Light microscopy was used to Erdtmans acetolysis technique and samples were prepared in glycerin and gelatin. For any 25 pollen grains were studied, in this study, the polar axis (P) and the diameter of the equatorial axis (E) and P / E ratio was determined. The measurements were performed using a calibrated eyepiece at 40x magnification. For SEM studies unacetolysed pollen grains were attached to aluminum stubs and sputter coated with Au and examined under scanning electronic microscope. These studied species were different form each other by size, shape, muri width, Lumina size. This research studied species showed a single, homogeneous, bisymmetrical, monosulcate, trisulcate, broad spherical to oval. Outline of pollen grains at equatorial position in all investigated species is oblate and polar view - oblate-spheroidal. Size of pollen grain T. hoogiana B.Fedtschenko from subg. Leiostemones is medium (33/2 ± 5/4 µm), but the size of pollen T.biebersteiniana Schult.f of sub genus Eriostemones (62/4 ± 6/8 µm) is large. Pollen grains of studied species in subgenus Eriostemoes have monosulcate and foveate-striate surface, the other ones from subgenus Leiostemones have three-apertures and foveate-tuberculate surface. The possible evolutionary trends include (1) monosulcate, (2) monosulcate with operculum, (3) trisulcate. In additional intermediate monosulcate – trisulcate (T. clusiana DC.), and intermediate trisulcate – inaperture (T. tschimganica Z.Botsch ). In shape is the oval (T. tarda Stapf. from sect. Biflores Hall ex Zonn) to nearly spherical (T. ulphylla Wendelbo from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). Also the exine ornamentation from   microreticulate (T. tarda) to striate - foveate (T. biebersteiniana) was developed. Finally psilate ornamentation (T.systola Stap. from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). are the most advanced states. Dendrogram ward cluster analysis using optical microscopy data for all of studied species, divided into four groups: The first group (A) which contains the majority of of the investigation species. The second group (B) and third (C) include the following species belonging to the subg. Eriostemones. The fourth group (D) pollen grains belong to the subg. Leiostemones with nearly spherical in shape, trisulcate and pollen are smaller in size than other groups (A, B, C). In cluster analysis, electron microscopy data Variety of T. montana Lindl. separated from each other. Cluster analysis of the data light and electron microscopic analysis of T. tarda and T. sylvestris L. belonging to the Subg. Eriostemones are together on a branch. Thus, the species studied by palynomorphological characteristic are easily separated.While the morphology of the various parts of their bodies show many similarities with each other.     Key word: Dendrogram, Ornamentation, Outline, Pollen grain, Tulipa

  Contribution to the pollen morphology and taxonomy in the Genus Tulipa  Tulipa is one of the most important genera of the family Liliaceae and the pollen morphology studied of its species is very significant. Pollens for this study were taken from the collections in the Main Botanical Garden Moscow (MHA), Russia; Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian, Academy of Science, St. Petersburg (LE); Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MW), Russia; Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran; Razi University Herbarium (RUH), Kermanshah, Iran; Herbarium of Agriculture and natural resources Research center of Kermanshah, Iran. In this study, 30 species of pollen grains by light microscope (LM) and 13 species with scanning electron microscope (SEM) were studied. For Light microscopy was used to Erdtmans acetolysis technique and samples were prepared in glycerin and gelatin. For any 25 pollen grains were studied, in this study, the polar axis (P) and the diameter of the equatorial axis (E) and P / E ratio was determined. The measurements were performed using a calibrated eyepiece at 40x magnification. For SEM studies unacetolysed pollen grains were attached to aluminum stubs and sputter coated with Au and examined under scanning electronic microscope. These studied species were different form each other by size, shape, muri width, Lumina size. This research studied species showed a single, homogeneous, bisymmetrical, monosulcate, trisulcate, broad spherical to oval. Outline of pollen grains at equatorial position in all investigated species is oblate and polar view - oblate-spheroidal. Size of pollen grain T. hoogiana B.Fedtschenko from subg. Leiostemones is medium (33/2 ± 5/4 µm), but the size of pollen T.biebersteiniana Schult.f of sub genus Eriostemones (62/4 ± 6/8 µm) is large. Pollen grains of studied species in subgenus Eriostemoes have monosulcate and foveate-striate surface, the other ones from subgenus Leiostemones have three-apertures and foveate-tuberculate surface. The possible evolutionary trends include (1) monosulcate, (2) monosulcate with operculum, (3) trisulcate. In additional intermediate monosulcate – trisulcate (T. clusiana DC.), and intermediate trisulcate – inaperture (T. tschimganica Z.Botsch ). In shape is the oval (T. tarda Stapf. from sect. Biflores Hall ex Zonn) to nearly spherical (T. ulphylla Wendelbo from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). Also the exine ornamentation from   microreticulate (T. tarda) to striate - foveate (T. biebersteiniana) was developed. Finally psilate ornamentation (T.systola Stap. from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). are the most advanced states. Dendrogram ward cluster analysis using optical microscopy data for all of studied species, divided into four groups: The first group (A) which contains the majority of of the investigation species. The second group (B) and third (C) include the following species belonging to the subg. Eriostemones. The fourth group (D) pollen grains belong to the subg. Leiostemones with nearly spherical in shape, trisulcate and pollen are smaller in size than other groups (A, B, C). In cluster analysis, electron microscopy data Variety of T. montana Lindl. separated from each other. Cluster analysis of the data light and electron microscopic analysis of T. tarda and T. sylvestris L. belonging to the Subg. Eriostemones are together on a branch. Thus, the species studied by palynomorphological characteristic are easily separated.While the morphology of the various parts of their bodies show many similarities with each other.     Key word: Dendrogram, Ornamentation, Outline, Pollen grain, Tulipa

  Contribution to the pollen morphology and taxonomy in the Genus Tulipa  Tulipa is one of the most important genera of the family Liliaceae and the pollen morphology studied of its species is very significant. Pollens for this study were taken from the collections in the Main Botanical Garden Moscow (MHA), Russia; Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian, Academy of Science, St. Petersburg (LE); Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MW), Russia; Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran; Razi University Herbarium (RUH), Kermanshah, Iran; Herbarium of Agriculture and natural resources Research center of Kermanshah, Iran. In this study, 30 species of pollen grains by light microscope (LM) and 13 species with scanning electron microscope (SEM) were studied. For Light microscopy was used to Erdtmans acetolysis technique and samples were prepared in glycerin and gelatin. For any 25 pollen grains were studied, in this study, the polar axis (P) and the diameter of the equatorial axis (E) and P / E ratio was determined. The measurements were performed using a calibrated eyepiece at 40x magnification. For SEM studies unacetolysed pollen grains were attached to aluminum stubs and sputter coated with Au and examined under scanning electronic microscope. These studied species were different form each other by size, shape, muri width, Lumina size. This research studied species showed a single, homogeneous, bisymmetrical, monosulcate, trisulcate, broad spherical to oval. Outline of pollen grains at equatorial position in all investigated species is oblate and polar view - oblate-spheroidal. Size of pollen grain T. hoogiana B.Fedtschenko from subg. Leiostemones is medium (33/2 ± 5/4 µm), but the size of pollen T.biebersteiniana Schult.f of sub genus Eriostemones (62/4 ± 6/8 µm) is large. Pollen grains of studied species in subgenus Eriostemoes have monosulcate and foveate-striate surface, the other ones from subgenus Leiostemones have three-apertures and foveate-tuberculate surface. The possible evolutionary trends include (1) monosulcate, (2) monosulcate with operculum, (3) trisulcate. In additional intermediate monosulcate – trisulcate (T. clusiana DC.), and intermediate trisulcate – inaperture (T. tschimganica Z.Botsch ). In shape is the oval (T. tarda Stapf. from sect. Biflores Hall ex Zonn) to nearly spherical (T. ulphylla Wendelbo from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). Also the exine ornamentation from   microreticulate (T. tarda) to striate - foveate (T. biebersteiniana) was developed. Finally psilate ornamentation (T.systola Stap. from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). are the most advanced states. Dendrogram ward cluster analysis using optical microscopy data for all of studied species, divided into four groups: The first group (A) which contains the majority of of the investigation species. The second group (B) and third (C) include the following species belonging to the subg. Eriostemones. The fourth group (D) pollen grains belong to the subg. Leiostemones with nearly spherical in shape, trisulcate and pollen are smaller in size than other groups (A, B, C). In cluster analysis, electron microscopy data Variety of T. montana Lindl. separated from each other. Cluster analysis of the data light and electron microscopic analysis of T. tarda and T. sylvestris L. belonging to the Subg. Eriostemones are together on a branch. Thus, the species studied by palynomorphological characteristic are easily separated.While the morphology of the various parts of their bodies show many similarities with each other.     Key word: Dendrogram, Ornamentation, Outline, Pollen grain, Tulipa

  Contribution to the pollen morphology and taxonomy in the Genus Tulipa  Tulipa is one of the most important genera of the family Liliaceae and the pollen morphology studied of its species is very significant. Pollens for this study were taken from the collections in the Main Botanical Garden Moscow (MHA), Russia; Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian, Academy of Science, St. Petersburg (LE); Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MW), Russia; Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran; Razi University Herbarium (RUH), Kermanshah, Iran; Herbarium of Agriculture and natural resources Research center of Kermanshah, Iran. In this study, 30 species of pollen grains by light microscope (LM) and 13 species with scanning electron microscope (SEM) were studied. For Light microscopy was used to Erdtmans acetolysis technique and samples were prepared in glycerin and gelatin. For any 25 pollen grains were studied, in this study, the polar axis (P) and the diameter of the equatorial axis (E) and P / E ratio was determined. The measurements were performed using a calibrated eyepiece at 40x magnification. For SEM studies unacetolysed pollen grains were attached to aluminum stubs and sputter coated with Au and examined under scanning electronic microscope. These studied species were different form each other by size, shape, muri width, Lumina size. This research studied species showed a single, homogeneous, bisymmetrical, monosulcate, trisulcate, broad spherical to oval. Outline of pollen grains at equatorial position in all investigated species is oblate and polar view - oblate-spheroidal. Size of pollen grain T. hoogiana B.Fedtschenko from subg. Leiostemones is medium (33/2 ± 5/4 µm), but the size of pollen T.biebersteiniana Schult.f of sub genus Eriostemones (62/4 ± 6/8 µm) is large. Pollen grains of studied species in subgenus Eriostemoes have monosulcate and foveate-striate surface, the other ones from subgenus Leiostemones have three-apertures and foveate-tuberculate surface. The possible evolutionary trends include (1) monosulcate, (2) monosulcate with operculum, (3) trisulcate. In additional intermediate monosulcate – trisulcate (T. clusiana DC.), and intermediate trisulcate – inaperture (T. tschimganica Z.Botsch ). In shape is the oval (T. tarda Stapf. from sect. Biflores Hall ex Zonn) to nearly spherical (T. ulphylla Wendelbo from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). Also the exine ornamentation from   microreticulate (T. tarda) to striate - foveate (T. biebersteiniana) was developed. Finally psilate ornamentation (T.systola Stap. from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). are the most advanced states. Dendrogram ward cluster analysis using optical microscopy data for all of studied species, divided into four groups: The first group (A) which contains the majority of of the investigation species. The second group (B) and third (C) include the following species belonging to the subg. Eriostemones. The fourth group (D) pollen grains belong to the subg. Leiostemones with nearly spherical in shape, trisulcate and pollen are smaller in size than other groups (A, B, C). In cluster analysis, electron microscopy data Variety of T. montana Lindl. separated from each other. Cluster analysis of the data light and electron microscopic analysis of T. tarda and T. sylvestris L. belonging to the Subg. Eriostemones are together on a branch. Thus, the species studied by palynomorphological characteristic are easily separated.While the morphology of the various parts of their bodies show many similarities with each other.     Key word: Dendrogram, Ornamentation, Outline, Pollen grain, Tulipa

    The pollen morphology of 28 species from 14 tribes of Poaceae family were examined by Light Microscopy (LM). Also 7 of studied species investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).Plant speciemen was collected from different parts of Kermanshahprovince and then transferred them to identify the herbarium at Razi University (RUH). In additional pollens for this study were taken from thecollections in the RUH.For LM observations, pollens were acetolysed following the technique of the Erdtman (1960) andmounted in glycerine jelly. Slides were prepared for LM by mounting pollen in glycerin jelly. Sizemeasurements were taken based on 25 pollen grai   the values of P (polar axis length) and E (equatorialdiameter) were measured and the P/E ratios were calculated. Measurements were recorded using both a 40 ×objective, and a crossed micrometer eyepiece graticule.For SEM studies unacetolysed pollen grains were examined. The results showed that pollen formsin studied species are from Spheroidal to Oblate and size of Pollens are 27-92 µ. The outline of pollen in polar view is spherical and equatorialview is spherical-elliptical.Exine surfacebyLM for all species studied is granular, but exine ornamentation using SEM is areolate, echinate,psilate, or tuberculate.Data obtained from cluster analysis by ward’s method for LM in studied species are divided into four groups by size ofpollen grian. Cluster analysis using SEM based on operculum of pore,pore size, and exine ornamentation shows three groups instudiedspecies.  Keywords: Poaceae, Tribe, exine ornamentation, Microscope, Fusarium