This doctoral dissertation investigates the ?-decay chains and decay mode predictions of the superheavy nuclei with proton numbers Z=118-124. The ?-decay half-lives were systematically calculated using several semi-empirical relations, including the Denisov–Khudenko, Royer, Horoi, the Universal Decay Law (UDL), the Universal curve (UNIV), and the Viola–Seaborg–Sobiczewski (VSS) formulas, in addition to the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation combined with the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition. For spontaneous fission (SF), two distinct approaches were employed: The Bao et al. formulation, which incorporates shell corrections and nucleon blocking effects, and the Soylu relation, derived from the liquid-drop model framework.The predictive accuracy of the models was evaluated through a root-mean-square (rms) comparison with available experimental data on known superheavy isotopes. The results demonstrate that among the different approaches, the WKB approximation and Royer’s analytical formula yield the best agreement with experimental observations. In contrast, significant discrepancies were found between the spontaneous fission half-lives predicted by the Bao and Soylu models, highlighting the sensitivity of SF calculations to model-dependent parameters such as shell corrections and isospin effects.The analysis reveals multiple possible ?-decay chains for isotopes of Z=118-124, some of which are terminated by spontaneous fission, depending on the relative dominance of the competing decay modes. These findings not only confirm trends reported in earlier studies but also extend the predictive framework for identifying potentially long-lived isotopes suitable for future synthesis attempts.Overall, this research provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for decay mode predictions beyond the valley of stability, offering valuable insights that may guide forthcoming experimental efforts aimed at producing and characterizing new superheavy elements.

In this thesis, the optical response of quantum dot molecules without and with the presence of metal nanoparticles has been studied. Using the density matrix formalism, the system's behavior is analyzed, and the governing equations of the quantum system are solved in the steady state. By solving the dynamic equations of the system, the linear and nonlinear optical responses have been investigated by calculating the first- and third-order susceptibilities, and the two-photon absorption cross section of quantum dot molecules has been determined. In addition, the phenomenon of induced tra  arency resulting from electron (hole) tunneling between quantum dots in quantum dot molecules has been studied, and the effect of physical parameters such as the tunneling intensity, the energy difference between the energy levels, and the distance between the quantum dot and the metal nanoparticle in a quantum dot molecule system has been investigated. The results obtained can be useful in improving the control of optical properties and designing nanophotonic and optoelectronic structures.

   بينش امروزي ما پيرامون جهان هستي مبتني بر مدل استاندارد ذرات بنيادي مي‌باشد. مطابق اين جهان از يك مجموعه فرميون‌هاي بنيادي اسپين 12   به نام كوارك‌ها و لپتون‌ها تشكيل شده است و برهم كنش‌هاي ميان اين سنگ‌هاي اوليه طبيعت عبارتند از: برهم كنش الكترومغناطيسي، برهم كنش هسته‌اي قوي، و برهمكنش هسته‌اي ضعيف است كه از طريق مبادله بوزون‌هاي پيمانه‌اي به نام فوتون، گلئونW±   و‏Z0   صورت مي‌گيرد. اين مدل در نيمه دوم قرن بيستم در نتيجه ي تلاش مشاركت آميز دانشمندان در عرصه جهاني شكل گرفت. فرمول بندي كنوني آن در اواسط دهه ???? ميلادي پس از تاييد تجربي وجود كوارك‌ها نهايي شد.

AbstractThe process of fission is oneof the oldest topics of nuclear physics that has been of interest since thepast. In the process of fission, various topics are studied. One of thesetopics is the kinetic energy of fission fragments. When the nucleus breaks,fission fragments are created, which are separated due to Coulomb repulsion andhave kinetic energy. In this thesis, using the transition state model andconcepts of the Fermi gas model, as well as considering the potential aroundthe saddle point as a parabola, the dependence of the average total kineticenergy of the fission fragments on the excitation energy of the compoundnucleus is investigated. For neutron-induced fission of 238U, 235U,233U, 239Pu, 232Th and 237Npnuclei, for which the experimental results related to total kinetic energy areavailable, we have compared theoretical calculations with the experimentalresults. The obtained results for the mentioned systems show that this.theoretical model can reproduce the experimental data well.  

   The scattering is one of the most important subject in different sciences, include nuclear physics. In this thesis, consider the scattering and interaction of charged particles, which named ionizing radiations by the atoms of the target environment and specific its electrons. This review treated in two viewpoint of align="left" >The quantities using in both viewpoint, but with different definition of other is momentum transfer vector and cross-section of the collision. Because they are obtained in terms of quantities that is measurement in laboratory. The particle momentum transfer to the material is marking of internal structure of the material. As much as the transfer momentum become grader is means that the particle contact to much depth of substance. The quantities we will obtain are the result of the measurement. But two much important and key quantities obtained from the analysis of these interactions are called form factor and stopping power. The form factor represents the internal structure of the system and is a quantity to get by the charged particles in the scattering experiment.   Also, the stopping power is the amount of average energy that incident charged particles to loses in collision with target medium per unit path length of that. In this process, the kinetic energy of the incident particles to the heat energy of the scattering medium, which is also called the weakening medium is converted. In other words, this energy transfer is usually called incident particle energy loss. But for solve the collision problem and obtain the stopping power formula, we have to does simplification and modeling. Without modeling, it is not possible to obtain a formula of stopping power that can be used in laboratory conditions. The stopping power is generally divided into three align="left" >but, in various branches of physics, such as nuclear physics, the electronic stopping power is very important, because by knowing the value of this quantity, the kinetic energy of charged particles emitted from radioactive materials and their range in matter can be determined with a high approximation. By knowing these two values ??of particle radiation, the important information about the detection of radioactive rays can be obtained. And especially these values ??are used in technologies about protection against the radioactive rays and radiotherapy. In this research, the electronic stopping power is consideration especially.

  Abstract:One of thequantities studied in the fission process is the mass distribution of thefission fragments. When fission occurs, fission fragments with different massesare created. In this thesis, the temperature dependence of the fission fragmentmass yield width for high excitation energies is investigated. The width of themass yield depends on the number of nucleons in the nuclei, the volume andsurface terms of the energy level density parameter, the temperature and thepotential stiffness parameter related to the degree of freedom of the massasymmetry. Calculations are done using the transition state fission model. Forfission of 201Tl, 207Bi, 210Po and 213Atnuclei, we will compare the results of theoretical calculations withexperimental data. Also, the contribution of the surface term of the energylevel density parameter in the width is investigated for differenttemperatures.Keywords: Fission fragment, Temperature dependence, Width of mass yield

 Theproperties of the fusion barrier of actinide compound nuclei with atomic numberin the range of 90 ? Z ? 95 have been studied for different target andprojectile combinations. The mass numbers of these nuclei are in the range of228 ? A ? 244. The total interaction potential is considered as the sum ofCoulomb potential and nuclear potential. The height and radius of the fusionbarrier as well as the curvature of the fission barrier have been investigated.After calculating the height and radius of the fusion barrier, the formulationfor these quantities is presented, which will show their dependence on the massnumber and atomic number of the projectile and target. Using theseformulations, we have calculated the fusion cross section for the reactions 38S+181Ta, 32S+181Ta, 38S+208Pb, and 16O+208Pband compared with the experimental data.

  Carbon is one of the most important and interesting

Identifying the type of subsurface magnetic sources and theirlocation are the main goals of interpreting magnetic maps. This issue is ofgreat importance due to geological applications. Magnetic sources havedifferent geometric and physical properties that are located at differentdepths. Also, the form of anomalies caused by these sources depends on thedirection of magnetism and induction, which in total all these factors make thecomplexity and difficulty of interpreting these maps. Therefore, there arevarious ways to reduce these difficulties, most of which are based on magneticfield derivatives. In this dissertation, the analytical signal method and themathematical concept of correlation coefficient have been used. Since thecharacteristics of anomalous generating sources lie in the form and dimensionsof their analytical signal diagram, it is possible to calculate the correlationof the analytical signal diagram of these anomalies with the analytical signaldiagram of a network of hypothetical sources with specific characteristicsconsidered below the harvest profile. The hypothetical source properties thatare most correlated with the real source are attributed to the real source.Here, we applied the method on artificial springs of thin vertical verticaldykes without accident and random buoys, contacts, horizontal cylinders andthree adjacent dykes. In the vertical dyke model with a thickness of 2 m and amagnetic self-sufficiency of SI05 / 0 in a horizontal position of 50 m, whichwas located at a depth of 5 m above the ground and in a total magnetic field of50,000 nano Tesla with an inclination angle of 50 ° and zero deviation, thehighest correlation coefficient The analytical signal of the Dyke model and theanalytical signal produced by the hypothetical sources with a structural indexof 1 were exactly 1.00, and the depth and horizontal position of the model wereestimated at 5 m and 50 m, respectively. For the dyke model with random noise,we added a random noise with a mean value of zero and a deviation fromcriterion 2 to the data of the dyke model using Excel software, and forstructural index 1, the highest correlation coefficient value was 0.9787, butthe estimated results for Depth and horizontal position were 5 meters and 50meters as before, and this indicates that the method is slightly sensitive tonoise. It was a dyke and they differed only in terms of horizontal position.For closely spaced dykes at 25 m and 50 m, the estimated depth was 4 m and fordykes at 85 m, a depth of 5 m was obtained, indicating the accuracy of themethod. In order to solve this problem, we chose the length of the harvestprofile so that it includes only one anomaly. With this measure, the horizontalposition for adjacent dykes is 25.73 meters and 52 meters, respectively   and depth were estimated for both 5 m. Tocalculate the correlation coefficient between the analytical signal of thecontact model at a depth of 5 m and the horizontal position of 50 m and theanalytical signal generated by the hypothetical sources by placing a value ofzero for the structural index of hypothetical sources, the maximum correlationcoefficient was 1 and the values ??of depth and horizontal position 5 metersand 50 meters were estimated, respectively. In the horizontal cylinder model,by selecting structural index 2 for hypothetical sources, the maximum value ofcorrelation coefficient equal to 1 was calculated and the values ??of depth andhorizontal position were estimated exactly according to the model.  

 abstract

   this thesis, the production of mesons and electron-positron destruction at the Z0 pole is studied. Therefore, using quadratic quadratic quenching functions with pQCD, first, the disturbance is calculated. Then the branching ratios and the states with its longitudinal and transverse polarization are calculated. We also compute the decay rates for the mesons, namely (? (Z ^ 0 ? B_s ^ * X)) / ?_tot and its longitudinal and transverse polarization modes. Therefore, we calculated the surface area of the production of these mesons around the pole in the DEPHI experiment.

در اين پايان نامه، تابش هاي باردار به دو دسته تقسيم مي شود.گروه اول الكترون و پوزيترون و گروه دوم ذرات سنگين مانند ذرات آلفا،پروتون، ميون و ساير هسته هاي سنگين را دربرمي گيرد.براي محاسبه توان توقف پروتون و آلفا از رابطه بته بلاخ استفاده مي شود.ميزان اتلاف انرژي پروتون وآلفارا در ماهيچه،استخوان وبافت نرم با استفاده از نرم افزار ميپل محاسبه كرده ونتايج آن را با استفاده از نرم افزار اوريجين در نمودارها نشان داده شده است.توان توقف پروتون و آلفا را در آب و طلا بدون تصحيح وبا درنظر گرفتن تصحيح اثر چگالي محاسبه شده است.اثر چگالي در انرژي هاي بالا، باعث كاهش ميزان توان توقف مي شود.توان توقف پروتون و آلفا را در آلومينيوم بدون تصحيح و بادر نظر گرفتن تصحيحات اثر چگالي، باركاس و بلاخ نيز انجام داده شده است.بررسي ها نشان مي دهد كه توان توقف با تصحيح اثر باركاس و بلاخ در انرژي هاي پايين كاهش مي يابد. 

يك از روش هاي ژئوفيزيكي پركاربرد روش الكترومغناطيسي مگنتوتلوريك است كه در اكتشافات هيدروكربني و مطالعات عميق ساختار زمين مورد استفاده قرار مي گيرد. روش مگنتوتلوريك يك روش با چشمه انرژي طبيعي مي باشد و اساس آن القاي الكترومغناطيسي است. در اين پايان نامه با در نظر گرفتن   حالت هاي مختلفي سعي در بدست آوردن اطلاعاتي از نحوه چگونگي تأثير تغييرات نفوذپذيري مغناطيسي بر روي منحني هاي مقاومت ويژه و فاز هستيم. از طريق مدل سازي پيشرو به مقاومت ويژه ظاهري و فاز يك زمين لايه اي كه ضخامت، مقاومت ويژه و نفوذپذيري آن به صورت اختياري   در نظر گرفته شده اند، در گستره اي از فركانس ها مي رسيم. با تغيير دادن نفوذپذيري مغناطيسي به نتايجي دست مي يابيم كه ما را در تفسير بهتر داده هاي مگنتوتلوريك ياري مي كنند. مدل سازي پيشرو توسط نرم افزار MATLAB   صورت مي گيرد و جواب هاي آن توسط نمودارهايي بر حسب فركانس يا دوره رسم مي شوند. نتيجه نشان مي دهد كه با افزايش نفوذپذيري مغناطيسي يك لايه مقدار مقاومت ويژه ظاهري كه از طريق مدل سازي پيشرو به دست مي آيد دچار افزايش مي شود. اين   مورد نشان دهنده اين است كه نفوذپذيري مغناطيسي يك عامل مؤثر در داده هاي به دست آمده در روش مگنتوتلوريك است. مقدار فاز   نيز با توجه به افزايش يا كاهش مقاومت ويژه لايه ها و اينكه نفوذپذيري كدام لايه تغيير مي كند، پاسخ هاي متفاوتي به دست مي دهد. درحالت كلي اگر با عمق، مقدار مقاومت ويژه افزايش يابد مقدار فاز كمتر از 45 درجه مي شود و اگر با افزايش عمق مقدار مقاومت ويژه كاهش يابد، مقدار فاز بيشتر از 45 درجه مي شود.

In this thesis, pregnant radiation is divided into two groups. The first group is the electron and positron, and the second group contains particles that are heavier than electrons, such as alpha particles, protons and muons, and other heavy nuclei. To calculate the power of the electron and the muon, the relationship between the beta-blade is used, this relation is different for light and light particles. The amount of electron energy dissipated by the amount of energy dissipated by the collision with the emission electrons and the energy loss due to radiation. It is calculated using the software of the mailbox and its results are shown in the graph using the software version. And for muon, it is also repeated in water and soft tissue and muscle without considering the effect of density. The results show that the power of stopping radiation in high energies is low and low in energy, and the effect of high energy density reduces the amount of stopping power.

  In this thesis ,we first calculated electric and magnetic form factors of proton   y investigating the scattering of electron- proton and   using rosenbluth formula.It is observed the form factors of proton decreased as   increases that is agreement with experimental results. Then by considering the   cattering of electron-deuteron and electron – helium3 the electric and magnetic form factors     of neutron was determined. The obtained results show that the neutron electric form factor is approximately zero while the magnetic form factor is consistent with form factor scaling .Also will due attention to calculated form factors of neutron , we found that in high energies ,the structure of neutron is affected by nuclear effects.  Keywords: scattering,cross section,form factors

  In this thesis, we study one of the modes of super-heavy elements decay, which is spontaneous fission decay.   A review of the various theories about this decay has been presented. Some features of these elements, such as fission barrier, kinetic energy of fission fragments, and spontaneous fission half-life will be analyzed.   We also compare the results of the theory of different quantities with empirical results.

  We have studied the fusion cross section for heavy ions interaction. We calculated the scattering potential as the sum of Coulomb and Proximity potential. For spherical and deformed states of projectile and targets nuclei, we calculated fusion cross section and compared with experimental data. Calculations are done for   ,   ,   ,   and   ystems in above and below the fusion barrier. With regard to the deformation parameter for the nuclei, the consistency between theoretical and experimental data is improved especially in the energies below the barrier.

  Inthis research, muon catalyzed fusion in solid systems D-T   (deuterium-tritium), H-D-T   (Hydrogen-deuterium-tritum) andthree-layer HT-D2-DT   are studied In particular the role of muonichelium atoms in all mentioned system has been inrestigated.Thepoint kinematic equtions are numerically solved to calculate muon cyclingcoefficient muon cycling rate and the effective sticking coefficient for theproposed system. The obtained results are compared with It is shown that themuon cycling coefficient in three-layer decrease. Also to consider muonichelium atoms in fusion cycling reduces fusion yield in mentioned systems.

  Using effective liquid drop model, we studied the proton radioactivity and alpha decay of some neutron deficient nuclei. For these nuclei the experimental half- lives are available. The purpose of this thesis is to calculate the half-lives of these decays based on the effective liquid drop model and competition between them. For som isotopes Ir and Au, the variations of half-lifves of these decays are plotted in terms of the neutron number. Also, for the proton radioactivity, we have obtained the variation of the reduced half-lives with Coulomb parameter. The reduced half-lives logarithm has a linear relation ship with this parameter. The obtained results of this model show that there is a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results for the half-lives of the proton and alpha decay. Also, the dominant decay mode predicated by this model is in a agreement with the experimental results.

  Abstract   Operational algebra method means the technique of applying ladder operators to obtain spectra   of eigenvalues energy and wave eigenfunctions corresponding to quantum mechanical operators that are widely used in educational books related to solving the equation of momentum and harmonic oscillator Is taken. Dirac first devised these operators and was able to use this method to analyze angular momentum and to show that the quantum number of the total angular momentum should be a half-integer multiplicity of Planck's constant.        There are several advantages to using this method in contrast to the old method of solving the second-order differential equation but this technique involves employing ladder operators for the radial equation of the hydrogenlike atom is not found as an important model in books and research papers related to quantum physics; instead, only an analytical method with the series-solution method is used. In this new method, first by constructing a commutative operators set, we create the Hilbert space associated with it, which is the same space of the system's state, and then, by creating a linear combination of the non-commutative operators system set, we define the increasing and decreasing operators. In this new research based on the nature of wave mechanics, the operational algebra method is used to solve the Schr?dinger equation for the hydrogenlike atom system, whith similar functions to the previous models in the effect of ladder operators on quantum states of the system, energy quantization and the orthonormal wave eigenfunctions Will be produced quite accurately and without any arbitrary assumptions.

in this study, While studying the structure of the nucleus,And the study of nuclear potentials and nucleon-nucleon interactions,In order to solve the Schr?dinger equation for the Woods-Saxon potential in the presence of the spin-orbit interaction, a method for solving quadratic differential equations, called the Nikiforov-Uvarve method, has been used,Using this method, the Schr?dinger equation is solved for the Wood-Saxon potential in the presence of the spin-orbit interaction, and then the corresponding diagrams are drawn.Also, the values obtained are compared with experimental values.

Optical Absorption of Monolayer Graghene in The Presence of Magnetic Field and Energy Gap Parameter Effects

  In this thesis, muon catalyzed fusion (µCF) has been investigated. Efficiency of muon catalyzer, cycling rate, total sticking coefficient, and efficiency of neutron for dual D-T and triple H-D-T systems have been calculated. Effect of helium impurity on dual D-T system was also studied.The results show that the maximum efficiency is occurred in presence of the same density of deuterium and tritium. Impure helium can increase efficiency when tritium density is very low and it causes efficiency decreasing when tritium density is very high. The study also shows that H-D-T system with higher hydrogen has lower efficiency, and indeed increasing hydrogen to deuterium-tritium system decreases system efficiency.

  In heavy ions fusion fission reactions one can measure different quantities. One of them is the mass distribution of fission fragments. Variance or standard deviation of mass distribution is important quantity that study experimentally and theoretically. Two models that apply for studying this model are saddle point model and scission point model. In the present work, using these models we calculated the standard deviation of mass distribution for a number of reactions and compared with experimental data. The saddle point model has better consistency with experimental results.   

  In this thesis, we study various versions of the proximity potential and calculate the half-life of heavy clusters in cluster decay. For calculation the half-life of heavy clusters. We can use the liquid drop model (LDM), Double Folding model (DFM) and etc. In the present work, we used the proximity potential model and using this model we first obtained nuclear potential and total potential and using this approach calculated the cluster half-life. Obtained results are compared with experimental data and liquid drop model. Obtained results show a good perficiency of this potential in prediction of heavy clusters half-life.   

  in this thesis, we intend to study the temperature dependence of thermal tra  ort properties of gapped graphene layer in the presence of magnetic field perpendicular to graphene plane.Therfore based on the tight binding model   and Zeeman term,the electronics structure of the system can be obtained.Based on the well known relations ,thermal conductivity can be related to tra  ort coefficients.The effects of gapped parameter variation o   temperature dependence of thermal conductivity has been investigated.

Ternary fragmentation by calculating the potential energy surfaces (PES)with the inclusion of deformation and orientation degrees of freedom forthe 4He- and 10Be-accompanied fission of the 252Cf nucleus is studied. most favored ternary fragmentation channels in the light charged particles(4He and/or 10Be)-accompanied fission of the 252Cf nucleus are predictedusing the PES calculations. The sensitivity of PES due to the groundstate quadrupole deformation (?2) and the orientation effects (90?–90? and0?–0?) of the fragments are analyzed.

The alpha decay half-lives of superheavy nuclei (SHN) are investigated by employing a unified fission model (UFM) and Royer’s analytical formula .The good agreement with the experimental data indicates the UFM and the analytical formula are useful tools to investigate these ?-decays. A modified formula is proposed for determining the spontaneous fission half-lives based on Swiatecki’s formula. The spontaneous fission half lives for heavy and SHN in regions from Th to Fl are calculated systematically. Experimental data are well reproduced by the modified Swiatecki formula. The competition between ? decay and spontaneous fission is analyzed in detail and the decay modes are predicted for the unknown cases.

 In this thesis: We intend to study the tempereture behavior of the quantitis such as electrical cenductivityand specitic heat of carbon armchair nanoribbon.

همجوشي هسته اي از طريق كاتاليزور   ميوني يكي   از روش هاي انجام   همجوشي براي توليد   انرژي است. اين روش به دليل انجام شدن در دماي محيط و عدم توليد پسماند هاي راديواكتيو مضر، در سال هاي اخير مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در اين پايان نامه ما با استفاده از روش برنامه نويسي فرترن به حل معادلات ديناميكي پرداختيم و بازده كاتاليزور ميوني را براي سيستم هاي D-T و H-D-Tدر شرايط جامد و مايع محاسبه نموده ايم و شرايط بهينه براي انجام همجوشي را   به دست آورده ايم. هم چنين   مشاهده كرديم كه با افزايش   غلظت تريتيم، بازده كاتاليزور ميوني در سيستم   H-D-T افزايش مي يابد، در حاليكه در سيستم D-Tيك قله در نمودار ديده مي شود. اما با افزايش چگالي   محيط، بازده در هر دو   سيستم افزايش مي يابد. هم چنين آهنگ   چرخه ي ميون، طيف زماني نوترون هاي حاصل از   همجوشي و ضريب چسبندگي مؤثر سيستم ها را نيز محاسبه نموده ايم. در انتها نيز اثر اسپين بر بازده همجوشي كاتاليزور ميوني بررسي كرده ايم و مشاهده كرديم كه با وارد كردن اسپين در معادلات ديناميكي، بازده همجوشي اندكي كاهش مي يابد.

In this thesis first we are talking about Deep inelastic scattering and Parton model. In short study nuclear model and effect to change parton distribution in nuclei. Then we come to the parton distribution evolution equations, DGLAP, and how to solve it. Here we solve the equation in the approximation DLL. Finally, with the help of a weight factor obtain nuclear Parton distribution functions from a single nucleon Parton distribution functions (related to experimental measurements).Result of study nuclear distribution function show the nuclear effect such as: Shadowing in low x and EMC and anti Shadowing in high x.