Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of fenugreek root extract on blood parameters and liver histology in hypercholesterolemic rats. Research methodology: 36 male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6). 1- Control group: consumed regular food for 8 weeks. 2- Control group: They were fed a high cholesterol diet (containing 2% cholesterol) for 8 weeks from the beginning to the end of the experiment (8 weeks). 3- Group 3: They were fed a high cholesterol diet (food containing 2% cholesterol) for 4 weeks and after this period, they received 50 mg/kg of fenugreek extract along with the high cholesterol diet for another four weeks. 4- Group 4: They were fed a high cholesterol diet (food containing 2% cholesterol) for 4 weeks and after this period, they received 100 mg/kg of fenugreek extract along with the high cholesterol diet for another four weeks. 5- Group 5: They were fed a high cholesterol diet (food containing 2% cholesterol) for 4 weeks and then received 200 mg/kg of fenugreek extract along with the high cholesterol diet for another four weeks. 6- Group 6: They were fed a cholesterol diet for 4 weeks High (food containing 2% cholesterol) and after this period, for another four weeks, they were fed with high cholesterol diet at a rate of (400 mg/kg) of fenugreek extract. Fenugreek extract was administered to rats daily by gavage. The weight of the rats was evaluated at the beginning and end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, after deep anesthesia, blood samples were taken from all rats and liver samples were separated and stored in a freezer at -20 °C for subsequent experiments. The values ??obtained in different groups were analyzed with    version 21 statistical software and the level of P < 0.05 was considered as a significant difference in the measurements in different groups. Findings: At the end of the experiment, no significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of body weight (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol and triglycerides in the groups receiving fenugreek extract decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). HDL increased in all groups receiving the extract of the sedge compared to the control group and even compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, the extract of the sedge had no significant effect on the plasma LDL of rats (P<0.05), but VLDL decreased in the groups treated with the extract of the sedge (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in terms of glucose between the tested groups, although the group receiving 400 mg/kg of the extract of the sedge showed a high average glucose. The liver enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was the highest in the control group (222 u/l) and the use of different doses of the extract of the sedge in hypercholesterolemic rats caused a significant decrease in this liver enzyme (P<0.05). But alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was the highest in the control group and significantly decreased in the groups receiving 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of senna extract (P<0.05). Albumin and total protein did not differ significantly between the groups. Only group 3 (50 mg/kg extract dose) showed a significant increase in albumin levels compared to the other groups (P<0.05). Urea, uric acid and creatinine did not change significantly under the influence of high doses, but uric acid in group 6 was significantly higher than groups 2 and 3. Consumption of senna extract at all levels, especially at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, caused a decrease in MDA. The highest antioxidant capacity (TAC) was observed in group 6 with an average of 0.74 mmol/l (P<0.05). The control group (hypercholesterolemia without extract) had the lowest TAC value (0.45 mmol/l).

   Wheat plant is the most important agricultural and edible crop in the world, which is cultivated on a wider scale compared to other crops due to its high nutritional value, ease of cultivation, possibility of long-term storage and adaptability to different weather conditions. Meanwhile, the production of this strategic plant is threatened due to various climatic threats, lack of water and increase in the heat of the earth. Based on this, finding solutions to reduce the effect of water shortage as the most important obstacle in achieving wheat production goals is of great importance. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of silicon nanoparticles on increasing the resistance of wheat plants to drought stress. The sample of the research included the Sauers variety of wheat (as a variety used in dry and wet areas). This research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with drought (irrigation regimes of 3, 6 and 9 days) and priming with nano silicon at levels (zero, 400 and 800 mg/liter) in three replications. The primed seeds were affected by different irrigation regimes after germination and reaching the 6-leaf stage. After 36 days, the samples were taken and some growth, physiological and nutritional parameters were measured in the samples. The results of this research showed that the highest proline in the stem is in the treatment of 800 ppm nano silicon and 3 days of irrigation. Regarding the fresh weight of the stem, the highest amount is related to the 9-day irrigation period and 0 ppm concentration of nanosilicon. The highest amount of chlorophyll a is related to the 400 ppm nanosilicon treatment and the 9-day irrigation period, as well as the 3-day irrigation period and 400 ppm nanosilicon concentration.

This study aimed to analyze the pollen samples collected from the provinces of Ilam, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Hamedan in western Iran. The pollen samples were examined to identify their botanical origin and to investigate the chemical composition of the honey bee pollen.The pollen samples were initially sorted by color, and microscopic slides were prepared to examine their morphological characteristics using a light microscope. The results revealed that pollen grains with a yellow to creamy color spectrum were the most abundant and were considered the dominant pollen types. The Brassicaceae plant family was identified as the dominant botanical origin of pollen samples from Kermanshah and Ilam provinces. Additionally, the dominant pollen sources in the Kurdistan, Lorestan, and Hamedan provinces were found to be the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, and Dipsacaceae plant families.Based on the results, the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, and Caryophyllaceae plant families were identified as the most attractive for honey bees. The pollen samples collected from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces exhibited the highest (373.11 mg/g) and lowest (137.06 mg/g) levels of phenolic compounds, respectively. Similarly, the highest (7.70 mg/g) and lowest (2.45 mg/g) concentrations of flavonoids were found in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces, respectively. The highest protein content (16.63 mg/g) was observed in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan province.  

   Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the common drugs used in cancer treatment, which causes apoptosis of cancer cells. On the other hand, in addition to cancer cells, this drug also affects other organs of the body and causes toxicity in them, among the organs that are affected by this drug is the reproductive system, which It can cause the patient's infertility. Its other side effects can be called insulin resistance and increased blood glucose levels. Empagliflozin (Empa) is one of the common drugs in diabetes mellitus type II, which prevents the reabsorption of glucose from urine by inhibiting sodium glucose cotra  orter 2 (SGLT2). In addition to its anti-diabetic properties, it also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that cause weight loss, lower blood pressure and reduction of heart diseases. In this study, the effect of empagliflozin on the toxicity caused by the use of doxorubicin in the ovary has been investigated. For this purpose, 24 Syrian female NMRI mice aged six weeks were randomly placed into 4 groups of 6, which were kept under standard conditions for 28 days. In the Dox group, on the first day, 10 mg/kg of Dox was injected intraperitoneally, in the Dox+Empa group, in addition to a single injection of Dox at the rate of 10 mg/kg on the first day; 10 mg/kg of Empat was injected daily until the end of the period, in the third group or Empa, 10 mg/kg was injected daily until the end of the period, and the fourth group or control was also injected with physiological saline serum. During the treatment period, the weight of the mice was recorded weekly. After the end of the course and by injecting anesthesia to the mice, blood samples were collected from the heart, and ovarian samples were also collected for histological studies. After tissue passage, the number of different types of follicles were counted and recorded. In addition, by separating serum from blood samples, parameters such as blood glucose, estradiol and progesterone hormones, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation were measured. The results showed that doxorubicin in the Dox group significantly decreased the number of ovarian follicles, the amount of estradiol and progesterone hormones, the amount of weight, and the total antioxidant capacity compared to other groups (P?0.05). Also, doxorubicin caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (P?0.05). On the other hand, Empa caused a relative improvement in the Dox + Empa group due to its antioxidant properties, and the amount of estradiol and progesterone hormones, the total antioxidant capacity, and the number of follicles showed a significant increase compared to the Dox group (P ?0.05); the amount of lipid peroxidation also decreased significantly (P?0.05). The control and Empa groups did not show any obvious difference except for weight and blood sugar. The results show that Empa, having antioxidant properties, has positive effects on reducing the toxicity caused by Dox consumption in the ovaries and can protect the ovaries from the harmful effects of Dox. Keywords

  lants are subjected to stresses during their life cycle, and drought is one of the most important of these stresses. Drought stress affects growth and development and metabolic activities. Silicon improves the tolerance of plants to drought stress by increasing water absorption through the roots and increasing nutrients and reducing the rate of tra  iration. Various types of silicon and nano silicon have been investigated and compared in improving the resistance of this plant to drought stress.The results obtained by silicon increases the tolerance of plants against various stresses, including drought stress. The use of silicon in the conditions of drought stress led to an increase in the fresh and dry weight of the stem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of silicon and silicon nanoparticles on some physiological and biochemical parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgare) of Sarroud cultivar under drought stress. Nanoparticles interact with plant cells and depending on the properties of nanoparticles, they cause many morphological and physiological changes in plants.Nanosilicon is an important metal oxide among different types of nanoparticles, which has characteristics such as reactivity and a high surface-to-volume ratio, easily penetrating the plant. Therefore, nanosilicon, due to its direct and indirect effect on plants, improves the plant's mineral nutrition, increases Plant resistance or detoxification against oxygen free radicals increases plant growth and development in drought stress conditions. According to the results of analysis of variance and comparison of averages, it was observed that drought stress reduced vegetative growth in each barley plant. By examining the wet weight of the upper part of the soil and roots, the effect of drought stress on the wet weight of the upper part of the soil and roots was significant, but no significant difference was observed due to the effect of drought stress.With the passage of time, the barley plant shows a tendency to decrease in terms of wet weight in response to increasing levels of dry treatment, so application on the fourteenth day shows the lowest wet weight and the control day shows the highest wet weight. The measurement results regarding the dry weight of the upper part of the soil and the root show that the effect of drought stress on the dry weight of the root and the upper part of the soil is significantly different. In addition, the examination of changes in chlorophyll a and b proteins under drought stress conditions showed that the effect of drought stress on these characteristics is significant and causes a decrease in protein and chlorophyll in barley plants.