نياز مبرم به منابع پروتئين پايدار براي تضمين امنيت غذايي آينده، حشرات خوراكي را به عنوان گزينه‌اي مناسب در نظام‌هاي غذايي چرخشي مطرح ساخته است. سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. رژيم غذايي يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده تنظيم رشد، تركيب غذايي و بازده تبديل غذا در سوسك زرد آرد مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي اثرات ?? تيمار غذايي فرموله شده، بر عملكرد زيستي و 10 تيمار غذايي بر تركيبات غذايي و بازده تبديل خوراك لاروهاي   سوسك زرد آرد با سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با نسبت‌هاي مختلف سبوس گندم (WB)، آرد لوبيا (BF)، آرد عدس (LF) و آرد سويا (SF) و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، رطوبت و خاكستر) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. نوع تيمار غذايي تأثير معني‌داري بر بعضي تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها نظير پروتئين و چربي نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند. اما بر تركيبات شيميايي نظير خاكستر و رطوبت بدن اثر معني دار داشتند. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تبديل غذا به شدت تحت تأثير تركيب بستر بودند(p < 0.05). جيره شاهد مبتني بر سبوس گندم خالص، بالاترين نرخ رشد نسبي (?/??? ميلي‌گرم در روز)، پايين‌ترين نسبت تبديل خوراك (???/?) و بيشترين بازده تبديل غذايي براي هر دو شاخص غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI)،   ??/?? درصد و هضم‌شده (ECD) ??/?? درصد را به دست آورد؛ عليرغم اينكه كمترين ميزان مصرف خوراك را داشت. در مقابل، جيره‌هاي غني‌شده با حبوبات موجب افزايش مصرف خوراك شدند، اما به بازده تبديل به مراتب پايين‌تري منجر شدند كه نشان‌دهنده عدم تعادل مواد مغذي در اين جيره‌ها است. در نتيجه، كيفيت بستر و قابليت هضم آن مهم‌تر از مقدار خوراك است. فرمولاسيون‌هاي مبتني بر سبوس گندم، تركيب غذايي بهينه‌اي براي توليد كارآمد كرم آرد زرد فراهم مي‌كنند و الگويي براي نظام‌هاي تغذيه چرخشي در مقياس بزرگ در صنعت پروتئين حشرات ايجاد مي‌نمايند.   

  Iran, due to its position at the intersection of three biogeographical realms—Palearctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian—is considered one of the key centers of reptilian biodiversity in southwestern Asia. Within this context, snakes of the genus Platyceps (family Colubridae) represent a group of non-venomous, fast-moving, and ecologically adaptable snakes that play a crucial role in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the systematics, geographical distribution, and patterns of sexual dimorphism in the species Platyceps najadum across Iran. Morphological data were collected from 29 museum specimens (18 males and 11 females), and nine key morphometric traits, including snout–vent length (SVL), tail length, head dimensions, and counts of ventral and subcaudal scales, were subjected to statistical analyses. Results from Welch’s t-test and Wilcoxon tests revealed that females are significantly larger than males in SVL, head length, head width, number of ventral scales, and head width-to-length ratio (p < 0.001). In contrast, males possess relatively longer tails. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed complete sexual segregation in multivariate space, with the first two principal components accounting for over 92% of the total variance. This dimorphic pattern, i.e. females being larger, is consistent with the "fecundity selection" hypothesis, as larger body and head size in females may confer greater reproductive capacity and potentially enable the consumption of larger prey. Distribution maps also showed remarkable congruence with previous reports, confirming the presence of four species, including P. najadum, P. rhodorachis, P. karelini (including the three subspecies karelini, chesnii, and mintonorum), and P. schmidtleri, in the mountainous belts of the Alborz and Zagros, central plains, and southern regions of Iran. Despite morphological consistency with global diagnostic characteristics of the genus Platyceps, the absence of molecular data and limited sampling in border regions—particularly in contact zones among P. karelini subspecies—continues to pose challenges for confirming taxonomic status and assessing potential hybridization. This study not only addresses critical knowledge gaps regarding the morphological diversity and biogeography of Platyceps in Iran but also lays the groundwork for future research in evolutionary, ecological, and conservation domains concerning this important group of reptiles.

  The genus Gammarus is one of the most diverse groups of the order Amphipoda and the class Crustacea. Members of this taxon are widely found in freshwater habitats around the world at mid-latitudes. The aim of this study was to investigate the populations of the genus Gammarus from springs and mirages in Sonqor County in the northeast of Kermanshah Province based on morphological traits. In the present study, five populations were collected from the springs of Lillemanj, Cheshmeh Vakili, Deh Asyab, Charmleh, and Baoleh in the study area. For morphological study, after determining the sex of the specimens, the body parts of the specimens were separated under a loupe with dissecting needles and fixed on a slide containing Euoparal glue. Then, the slides were measured and photographed under a light microscope equipped with a LABOMED iVu 7000 camera, and the different parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator CS6 software. The results of this study confirm the presence of a new species of the genus Gammarus from the Deh Asyab spring and four new records of the species G. anodon from the Lillemanj, Vakili, Charmleh and Baoleh springs based on morphological traits such as the dorsal-posterior angle of epimeral plates I to III, the size and number of filaments on the surface of antenna II, the presence or absence of fine spines on the dorsal surface of the pectoral and abdominal segments, and the shape of caudal segments I to III in the springs of Sonqor County.

   The present study investigates the fauna of small mammals in Kermanshah Province, located in western Iran. Due to its unique geographical position and high climatic diversity, Iran harbors a remarkable richness of mammalian species. Kermanshah Province, situated within the Zagros Mountain range and characterized by a semi-humid climate, complex topography, and diverse habitats such as oak forests, mountain pastures, limestone caves, and plains, is recognized as one of the country’s key centers of biodiversity. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon library resources, scientific articles, and the re-examination of museum specimens. The results reveal that the small mammal fauna of Kermanshah Province comprises four orders: Rodentia, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, and Eulipotyphla. Among these, Chiroptera exhibits the highest diversity, with 19 species (45.24%) distributed across five families: Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, Rhinopomatidae, and Miniopteridae. Representative species include the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), Blyth’s myotis (Myotis blythii), the pale bent-wing bat (Miniopterus pallidus), and the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii), most of which primarily inhabit natural caves in the region. Rodentia ranks second in diversity, with 15 species (35.71%). Several families, including Muridae, Cricetidae, and Sciuridae, are represented in the province. Notable species include the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus), Persian jird (Meriones persicus), social vole (Microtus socialis), and Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), which occupy forest, steppe, and even residential habitats. Eulipotyphla is represented by six species (14.29%), while Lagomorpha includes two species (4.76%): the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and the Afghan pika (Ochotona rufescens). Overall, the findings highlight the considerable species richness of small mammals in Kermanshah Province. However, several threats—including habitat destruction and fragmentation, climate change, agricultural expansion, and illegal hunting—pose serious risks to the survival of many species. Therefore, comprehensive field studies, continuous population monitoring, and the development of integrated management and conservation strategies are essential to safeguard this valuable genetic reservoir in the region.

   سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين گونه‌هاي حشرات خوراكي، در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. دماي پرورش يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده موفقيت اقتصادي اين فعاليت مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي چهار تيمار دمايي (??، ??، ?? و ?? درجه سانتي‌گراد) و سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با جيره پايه سبوس گندم و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، فيبر، خاكستر و انرژي) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. تغيير دما تأثير معني‌داري بر تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها (پروتئين، چربي، فيبر و خاكستر) نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند كه نشان مي‌دهند تركيبات شيميايي بيشتر تحت تأثير كيفيت بستر غذايي قرار دارند تا دما. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تغذيه‌اي به شدت تحت تأثير دما بودند(p < 0.05). با افزايش دما، طول دوره لاروي و شفيرگي به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافت.   بيشترين نرخ رشد نسبي و اندازه نهايي لاروها در دماي ?? درجه مشاهده شد. اما بالاترين نرخ بقا (????) و موفقيت در دگرديسي مربوط به دماهاي ?? و ?? درجه بود كه در دماي ?? درجه به ترتيب به ??/??? و ??/??? كاهش يافت.   مصرف غذا و غذاي جذب‌شده با افزايش دما به‌طور معني‌داري افزايش، اما كارايي تبديل غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI) و هضم‌شده (ECD) كاهش يافت . در نتيجه بايستي گفت كه اگرچه دماهاي بالاتر (?? و ?? درجه) منجر به تسريع رشد و كوتاه‌تر شدن چرخه توليد مي‌شوند، اما اين مزيت با كاهش نرخ بقا و كارايي تبديل غذا همراه است. با در نظر گرفتن توأم تمامي فاكتورها، محدوده دمايي ?? تا ?? درجه سانتي‌گراد به‌عنوان دماي بهينه براي پرورش لارو T. molitor   پيشنهاد مي‌گردد. در اين محدوده، تعادل مناسبي بين سرعت رشد، نرخ بقاي بالا و كارايي قابل قبول سيستم برقرار مي‌شود.

In recent years, environmental pollution with heavy metals and toxic metalloids, including arsenic (As), has become a global challenge for food security and ecosystem health. Arsenic, which enters the environment through natural sources and human activities such as mining and the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, disrupts physiological and biochemical processes in plants. This leads to reduced growth, impaired photosynthesis, oxidative stress, and ultimately decreased agricultural productivity. Thiourea, as an organic sulfur compound, can help mitigate arsenic stress in plants. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is recognized as a suitable method for nanoparticle production due to its non-toxic nature and simplicity. Accordingly, this study investigated the protective effects of thiourea nanoparticles against arsenic stress in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). In this research, thiourea nanoparticles were first synthesized via a hydrothermal method using pomegranate peel extract. Subsequently, under hydroponic conditions, plants were treated with different concentrations of sodium arsenate (0, 200, 400, and 600 µM) and thiourea nanoparticles (0, 200, and 400 mg/L). The results indicated that arsenic stress, particularly at 600 µM, significantly reduced growth parameters, decreased chlorophyll content, and led to considerable arsenic accumulation in plant tissues, especially in the roots. Additionally, markers of oxidative stress, including hydrogen peroxide production and alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities, were observed. However, the application of thiourea nanoparticles effectively improved growth indices, increased chlorophyll content by 34%, reduced hydrogen peroxide by 45%, and decreased arsenic accumulation in roots by 50%. Furthermore, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and peroxidase increased by 25%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that thiourea nanoparticles possess a significant ability to mitigate the toxic effects of arsenic through multiple mechanisms, including neutralization of reactive oxygen species, reduction of arsenic uptake and translocation in plants, activation of the antioxidant defense system, and enhancement of plant metabolism. This study clearly shows that thiourea nanoparticles can be used as a novel, effective, and environmentally friendly strategy for managing arsenic-contaminated soils and improving the growth of crops under stress conditions. The application of this technology not only has the potential to increase agricultural production in polluted areas but also represents a significant step towards achieving sustainable agriculture and maintaining environmental health. Given the high potential of rapeseed for phytoremediation and its economic importance, the use of thiourea nanoparticles could be a promising strategy to address the challenge of soil contamination with heavy metals.    Keywords: Thiourea Nanoparticles, Arsenic, Brassica napus, Heavy Metals, Nanotechnology, Sustainable Agriculture.   

Abstract    Kermanshah Province, with an area of 24,640 square kilometers, is the seventeenth largest province in Iran and covers 1.5% of the country's area. The province is bordered by Kurdistan to the north, Lorestan and Ilam to the south, Hamadan to the east, and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to the west. Kermanshah Province is one of the mountainous regions of the country, located between the Iranian Plateau and the Mesopotamian Plain. The province's location in the northwestern part of the Zagros Mountain Range means that the entire province is covered by the peaks and heights of this mountain range. Species diversity is one of the most prominent characteristics of a biological community, and the diversity of bats is considered a biological indicator in mountain ecosystems. Bats are the second largest order of mammals after rodents. This wide diversity is due to the advantage of their ability to fly and echolocation.So far, more than 1474 species from 236 genera and 21 families of bats have been identified, Iranian bats include 52 species from 21 genera belonging to 9 families. During this study, 32 caves were investigated, of which 28 caves had at least one species of bat, the families and species reported in these caves: from the family Rhinolophidae, the genus Rhinolophus including the species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. euryal, R. mehelyi and R. blasii from the family Rhinopomatidae and the genus Rhinopoma including the species Rhinopoma microphyllum and R. muscatellum, from the family Miniopteridae and the genus Miniopterus species Miniopterus pallidus, from the superfamily Vespertilionidae and the genus Myotis, including the species Myotis blythii, M. emarginatus and M. capaccinii, and the genus Pipistrellus includes the species Pipistrellus kuhlii and P. pipistrellus.    The abundance and distribution of the identified species in the study area have major differences, such that in terms of abundance, the caves of Mahidasht, Martwileh and Bibeneh are the most populated caves and the most abundant species are Miniopterus pallidus, Myotis blythii and Rhinopoma microphyllum. The lowest number observed is related to the bat Rhinolophus hipposideros.In terms of bat distribution, Miniopterus pallidus and Rhinolophus euryale are the most widely distributed bats, each present in 7 caves, and the least widely distributed bats are Rhinolophus hipposideros, Rhinolophus blasii, and Pipistrellus pipistrellus, which were observed in only one cave.    Keywords: Kermanshah Province, Bat, Cave, Distribution, Climate   

   Abstract Introduction and purpose Studies strongly indicate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of methyl jasmonate. However, no study has been conducted on the anti-migraine effects of methyl jasmonate.   Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate on the behavioral appearances of migraine headaches as well as the changes of some factors involved in oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex and brainstem tissues of rats following in a rat model of nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced   migraine . Materials and methods: In this study, fourty two adult male Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=6) including the control, sham, NTG, and NTG+ methyl jasmonate pretreated and posttreated groups at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Five intraperitoneal injections (every other day) of NTG was used to induce migraine attacks like symptoms. Following NTG injection, the animals show behavioral indicators indicative of migraine headaches including cage climbing, freezing (immobility), resting and head and face rubbing(facial rubbing). Pain behaviors were recorded for 90 min. In order to accurately record pain behavior, in addition to manual recording of pain movements, it was recorded and re-evaluated with an automatic image recording system. After of the drugs injection and behavioral evaluation of migraine headache, rats were deeply anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine, and the cortical and brainstem tissues were isolated and used to measure factors related to oxidative stress, including catalase, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and ROS. Results: The grooming and climbing behaviors was decreased in NTG-treated rats as compared to control group, while these behaviors was increased in the groups of rats pre-treated and post-treated with   methyl jasmonate at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg compared to the NTG group. The time of freezing, resting and facial rubbing was increased in the migraine group compared to the control group, however, such behaviors was decreased in all the groups treated with methyl jasmonate compared to the NTG group. The activity of catalase and glutathione induction was   decreased in NTG group as compared to the control and sham groups.   However, the groups pre-treated and post-treated with methyl jasmonate (5 and 10 mg/kg) showed increase in catalase activity and production of glutathione as compared to NTG group. In addition, malondialdehyde and ROS levels was increased in   TG-treated rats as compared to the control and sham groups.   evertheless, treatment with methyl jasmonate at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg could decrease such activity in comparsion to the NTG group Conclusion: In general, the results of this research indicate that methyl jasmonate is able to reduce the severity of migraine headaches and oxidative stress in NTG-treated rats.   These effects might be partly mediated by its antioxidant potential. Keywords: Methyl jasmonate-Migraine-Nitroglycerin-Rats-Oxidative stress

   Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the common drugs used in cancer treatment, which causes apoptosis of cancer cells. On the other hand, in addition to cancer cells, this drug also affects other organs of the body and causes toxicity in them, among the organs that are affected by this drug is the reproductive system, which It can cause the patient's infertility. Its other side effects can be called insulin resistance and increased blood glucose levels. Empagliflozin (Empa) is one of the common drugs in diabetes mellitus type II, which prevents the reabsorption of glucose from urine by inhibiting sodium glucose cotra  orter 2 (SGLT2). In addition to its anti-diabetic properties, it also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that cause weight loss, lower blood pressure and reduction of heart diseases. In this study, the effect of empagliflozin on the toxicity caused by the use of doxorubicin in the ovary has been investigated. For this purpose, 24 Syrian female NMRI mice aged six weeks were randomly placed into 4 groups of 6, which were kept under standard conditions for 28 days. In the Dox group, on the first day, 10 mg/kg of Dox was injected intraperitoneally, in the Dox+Empa group, in addition to a single injection of Dox at the rate of 10 mg/kg on the first day; 10 mg/kg of Empat was injected daily until the end of the period, in the third group or Empa, 10 mg/kg was injected daily until the end of the period, and the fourth group or control was also injected with physiological saline serum. During the treatment period, the weight of the mice was recorded weekly. After the end of the course and by injecting anesthesia to the mice, blood samples were collected from the heart, and ovarian samples were also collected for histological studies. After tissue passage, the number of different types of follicles were counted and recorded. In addition, by separating serum from blood samples, parameters such as blood glucose, estradiol and progesterone hormones, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation were measured. The results showed that doxorubicin in the Dox group significantly decreased the number of ovarian follicles, the amount of estradiol and progesterone hormones, the amount of weight, and the total antioxidant capacity compared to other groups (P?0.05). Also, doxorubicin caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (P?0.05). On the other hand, Empa caused a relative improvement in the Dox + Empa group due to its antioxidant properties, and the amount of estradiol and progesterone hormones, the total antioxidant capacity, and the number of follicles showed a significant increase compared to the Dox group (P ?0.05); the amount of lipid peroxidation also decreased significantly (P?0.05). The control and Empa groups did not show any obvious difference except for weight and blood sugar. The results show that Empa, having antioxidant properties, has positive effects on reducing the toxicity caused by Dox consumption in the ovaries and can protect the ovaries from the harmful effects of Dox. Keywords

SOX2, HIF-1a, HDAC1, and c-MET genes. And lncRNA-H19 and Casp-3 were prepared in MCF-7 cell line at different time intervals and cultured in optimal laboratory conditions. The results of the MTT test showed that increasing the concentration in the treatment with cobalt II chloride, sodium butyrate, and the combination of these two together, significantly decreases the survival of MCF-7 cells. Also, using the NBT test, it was proved that the amount of ROS accumulated in the cell increased with the increase in concentration in all three treatments. While, with the passage of time, the graph of ROS accumulation decreased significantly. Evaluation of migration was done with different concentrations of both compounds and a mixture of them. The results showed that the treatment with cobalt II chloride increased the migration of cells compared to the control group. In the treatment group with sodium butyrate, a decrease in migration was observed compared to the control group. In addition, in the mixed treatment of both compounds, a decrease in migration was observed compared to the control group. In order to investigate the cell cycle using flow cytometry technique, they were treated with cobalt II chloride and sodium butyrate and a combination of both. The results showed that cobalt chloride II led to the aggregation of cells in the G2/M phase, the cells treated with sodium butyrate aggregated in the G2/M phase and the group treated with a higher concentration of sodium butyrate aggregated in the G0/G1 phase. In the combined treatment of both compounds, the population of cells was often arrested in the G2/M phase. Also, the effect of treatment with sodium butyrate cobalt chloride II and a mixture of both compounds was measured by Real-time PCR technique to investigate the expression of, HIF-1?, HDAC, c-MET and lncRNA-H19 genes. In the treatment with cobalt II chloride, the expression level of c-MET and HDAC genes decreased, and the expression of HIF-1? and H19 genes increased compared to the control group. In the treatment with sodium butyrate, the expression of HDAC gene decreased and the expression of HIF-1?, H19, c-MET genes increased compared to the control group. In the treatment group with a mixture of two compounds, the expression of HDAC and c-MET genes decreased and HIF-1? and H19

  درماتوفيت­ها شايع­ترين عواملايجاد بيماري­هاي قارچي پوستي يا درماتوفيتوزيس هستند. درماتوفيتوزيس يك بيماري پوستي شايع در سگ­ها   مي­باشد. تشخيص گونه­هاي قارچي به درمان بهتر بيماري كمك مي­كند. روش­هاي قديمي براي شناخت گونه­هاي درماتوفيت­ها زمان­بر هستند و در بسياري از مواقع كارآمد نمي­باشند. اخيرا روش­هاي مولكولي متعددي مبتني بر DNA سلول به منظور بررسي گونه درماتوفيت­ها استفاده مي­شوند. هدف از اين مطالعه، تشخيص مولكولي جدايه­هاي درماتوفيتي از سگ­هاي مبتلا به درماتوفيتوزيس در شهر كرمانشاه بود. بدين منظور، مجموعا 30 ضايعه جدا شده از سگ در محيط PDA كشت داده شد و پس از خالص­سازي و بررسي­ مشخصات ميكروسكوپي و ماكروسكوپي نمونه­هاي كشت شده، DNA آن­ها استخراج شده و قطعات ژني   ITS و D1/D2 با استفاده از پرايمرهاي عمومي ITS1/ITS4 و NL1/NL4 تكثير شدند. محصولات PCR به­منظور تعيين توالي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. براساس تعيين توالي ناحيه ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 و D1/D2 ، كه برروي تعدادي از نمونه­ها صورت گرفت، سويه­هاي مورد مطالعه، ميكروسپوروم كنيس، ترايكوفايتون روبروم

The largest genus of the Gammaridae family is GammarusFabricius, 1775, which are widely found in freshwater environments of the northern hemisphere. To date, 19 species of this genus have been identified in Iran. The aim of this research is to investigate the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the genus Gammarus in the Yuan wetland of Kermanshah province. In this study, samples ofthe Gammarus genus were collected from five stations in the Yuan wetland, and the chemical characteristics of the water were evaluated. In the laboratory, first, the gender of the samples was identified and then the body parts of each sample were separated with dissection needles and placed on a slide containing Euparal glue.In the next step, the body parts of each sample were measured and photographedby LAMBOMED iVu 7000 light microscope equipped with a camera. Subsequently, various parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator software.The results of the morphological examinations confirmed the new record of the species G. anodon (the only Gammarus species in the Yuan wetland) based on the diagnostic characteristics of the species using the identification key of this genus. The distinguishing features of this species include the presence of a keel on the dorsal-median surface of urosomites1-3, the presence of small spines on the dorsal surface of pereonites 6-7, and relatively large black eyes. In addition, the investigations showed that intrapopulation variations are minor. Ecological data analysis also revealed that members of this species are found in environments with high water hardness, alkaline conditions, and high oxygen levels. Key words:G. anodon, morphological characters, Yuan wetland, Kermanshah Province.   

  The genus Gammaru  Fabricius, 1775 is one of the most diverse and important genera of the order Amphipoda, belonging to the family Gammaridae. Members of this group live in waters up to a depth of two meters, as long as the waters are not poor in oxygen and calcium. They have a very extensive habitat and are usually found in cold climates. The main objective of this study is to summarize and investigate the species of the genus Gammaru  in Iran and examine their morphological and diagnostic characteristics. The initial studies on freshwater Gammaru  in Iran were conducted by Karaman, and the su  ecies G. pulex persicu  was discovered in northwest Iran. Later, Loeffler in 1956, Mateus and Mateus in 1990 and Stock et al. (1998) introduced new species including G. miae, G. plumipes, G. protecus, G. pretzmanni, G. paricrenatus, G. anodon, G. parthicus, G. crinicaudatus, and G. lobifer, contributing to the knowledge of Gammaru  ecies in freshwater in Iran. Later, the first three species were rejected by researchers. New species, including G. baloutchi, G. lordeganensis, and G. bakhteyaricu  from the central Zagros region, G. zagrosensis, G. sepidannus, G. shirazinus, and G. loeffleri from southern Zagros, and G. sirvannus, G. hegmatanensis, and G. ilamensis from western Zagros were described. The distribution range of these species is usually limited to several restricted mountainous areas, so they can be considered native to Iran. In addition, three new records of this genus have also been reported: G. lacustris, which is distributed throughout the Holarctic region, with only a few populations in Iran; G. komareki, which is distributed in the Balkan Peninsula and Minor Asia, reported from all over the Alborz region in Iran; and G. pseudosyriacus, which is distributed in Minor Asia and has been found in the Zagros region of Iran. Therefore, to date, 19 species of the genus Gammaru  have been identified in Iran. In this study, distribution data, descriptive and diagnostic characteristics were presented for each species, and important diagnostic traits for species were discussed in a table, and an identification key for the freshwater Gammaru  of Iran is provided.    Keywords:  Amphipoda, Freshwater, Gammaru  ecies, Iran  

سرطان پستان شايع ترين نوع سرطان و دومين عامل مرگ و مير در زنان است. عوامل موثر بر سرطان پستان شامل عوامل محيطي و ژنتيكي مي باشد. براي درمان اين بيماري از روش جراحي، پرتو درماني وشيمي درماني استفاده مي شود.   اما هركدام از اين روش ها با عوارض و محدوديت هايي نظير سركوب سيستم ايمني كارديوميوپاتي و افزايش احتمال ابتلا به سرطان اندومتر، مقاومت دارويي و عود مجدد بيماري مواجه هستند، به همين دليل امروزه به دنبال روش هاي درماني جايگزين هستند كه استفاده از تركيبات گياهي و فيتوكميكال از جمله روش هاي موثر در درمان سرطان است كه به تنهايي يا به صورت تركيبي با روش هاي درماني قديمي تر يعني شيمي درماني و پرتودرماني استفاده مي شود. ميوه ي انگور حاوي تركيبات فيتوكميكال است و با توجه به اينكه ميزان غلظت تركيبات فنولي و خاصيت آنتي اكسيداني هسته ي انگور نسبت به ديگر اجزاي انگور بيشتر است، از عصاره ي هسته ي انگور (GSE) در اين پژوهش استفاده شد. همچنين پژوهش هاي پيشين حاكي از آن بود كه انگور شاهاني ملاير نسبت به انگور عسگري تاثير ضدسرطاني بيشتري دارد، بنابراين در اين پژوهش از هسته ي انگور شاهاني ملاير استفاده شد. در اين مطالعه عصاره گيري هسته ي انگور به كمك اتانول انجام گرفت. سپس سلول هاي MCF-7 در پليت 96 خانه كشت داده شد و با غلظت 10، 25، 50 و 100 ميكروگرم بر ميلي ليتر از GSE به مدت 24، 48 و 72 ساعت مورد تيمار قرار گرفت و در ادامه با روش تريپان بلو و تست MTT تاثير اين غلظت ها بر تكثير رده ي سلولي MCF-7 سنجيده شد. براي بررسي سيكل سلولي از روش فلوسايتومتري استفاده شد و در نهايت به كمك روش Real-Time PCR، تاثير غلظت هاي 50 و 100 ميكروگرم بر ميلي ليتر بر بيان ژن P53 مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. تجزيه و تحليل داده ها نيزبه كمك نرم افزار SPSS، tseuQllec، LinReg PCR، REST 2009 sofware انجام گرفت. نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش نشان داد كه غلظت هاي 50 و 100 ميكرو گرم بر ميلي ليتر GSE بيشترين تاثير را بر تكثير رده ي سلولي MCF-7 دارد، همچنين GSE شاهاني ملاير به صورت وابسته به زمان و غلظت، سبب توقف سيكل سلولي در فاز G0/G1 و القاي آپوپتوز به كمك افزايش بيان P53 مي شود و غلظت 100 ميكروگرم بر ميلي ليتر GSE بيشترين تاثير را در القاي آپوپتوز به همراه دارد.

   The study of reptiles in Iran has attracted the attention of zoologists due to the abundance and diversity of species. Although these studies have not fully covered all regions of Iran. By correctly knowing the species present in a region and the inter-species and trans-species relationships, one can obtain part of the necessary preparation to deal with environmental damage and use different resources in a more favorable way. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the fauna of reptiles in the southern cities of Ilam province. In this research, sampling of reptiles was done in several stations in the south of Ilam province in the spring and summer of 1400. The research factors included the appearance characteristics, habitat, behavior and day or night activity of the species as well as the collection method. Our field research has identified 19 species of reptiles including 10 species of lizards Laudakia nupta, Trapelus lessonae, Eublepharis angrainyu, Hemidactylus persicus, Ophisops elegans, Saara loricata, Trachylepis aurata, Varanus griseus, Cyrtopodion scabrum, Asaccus Elisae, 8 species of snakes Pseudocerastes urarachnoides, Platyceps rhodorachis, Macrovipera lebetina, Eryx jaculus, Spalerosophis diadema, Platyceps najadom, Natrix tessellata, Dolichophis jugularis and 1 species of turtle Mauremys caspica were found in the study areas.

Rapidpopulation growth in the 21st century will lead to reduced access to food and,consequently, increased demand for protein. Scientists have suggested insectsas alternatives to animals because of their high nutritional value, highreproductive ability, low greenhouse gas emissions, and animal protein source. Tenebriomolitor species is a suitable option for industrial cultivation due to itsrelative ease of breeding. This insect has complete metamorphosis, i.e. fourstages: egg, larva (mealworm), pupa and adult. Mealworm has a high nutritionalvalue and is used for feeding farmed animals. This study examined the effect ofseven types of diets including 400 grams (gr) of wheat bran flour as a controltreatment (W), 200 + 200 gr of barley and wheat flour (A), 100 +300 gr ofbarley and wheat flour (B), 200 + 200 gr of chickpea and wheat flour (C), 100 +300 gr of chickpea and wheat flour (D), 200 + 200 gr of corn and wheat flour(E), 100 + 300 g of corn and wheat flour (F) on physiological parameters، nutritionalvalue and growth rate of larval body length and weight of T. molitorlarvae.   The effect of the mentionedseven treatments with five temperature treatments of 22, 25, 28, 31 and 34Celsius degrees on biological and reproductive parameters of T. molitor,life table, absence of fruit in insect breeding and cannibalism behavior havebeen investigated. The highest and lowest average length of body were recordedin W and A treatments and weight in W and D treatments, respectively. The lifetable was designed and the shape of the survival curve in different treatments wasconvex. The effect of the nutritional factor and the absence of fruit in thediet on the biological and reproductive parameters of T. molitor

لاكپشت هاي دريايي گونه­هايي از خزندگان هستند كه در مناطق استوايي و گرم زندگي مي‌كنند. يكي از 16 راستهخزندگان كه در ??? ميليون سال گذشته تكامل‏ پيداكرده‌اند راسته Testudines است ‏كه‏ تاكنون ‏تنها چهار راسته از آن‌ها باقي‌مانده‌اند.يكي از اين چهار راسته، Testudinata مي‌باشدكه لاكپشت هاي Terrapins و Tortoises جزءاين‏ راسته ‏هستند، اين‏ راسته ‏كه ‏گاه ‏بانام‏ علمي Chelonian شناخته مي‌شود داراي دو زير راسته به ‏نام Pleurodira و Cryptodira است. زير راسته‏اول‏ بزرگ‌ترين ‏زير راسته ‏است‏ كه ‏داراي ?? خانواده ‏مي‌باشد‏و‏ لاك‌پشت‏هاي‏ دريايي در يكي از اين دو تاخانواده‏ها قرار مي‏گيرند. بيش‏ از ??? گونه‏ ازلاكپشت هاي دريايي‏ تا‏كنون‏ زيسته‏اند ‏ولي ‏تنها هفت گونه از ‏آن‌ها‏باقي‏مانده‏اند كه پنج گونه آن در ايران وجود دارد كه عبارت‌اند از: 1- لاك‌پشتسبز (Green turtle)، لاك‌پشتمنقار عقابي (Hawks bill)، لاك‌پشت زيتوني (olive turtle)، لاك‌پشت سر قرمز (Loggerhead turtle) و لاك‌پشت‏ پشت چرمي (leatherbacktrutle)‏، لاك‌پشت منقار عقابي Eretmochelys imbricata) ) در ميانساير لاكپشت هاي دريايي تنها گونه‌اي است كه براي اولين بار در سال 1970 جزءگونه‌هاي در معرض خطر و در سال 1996 جزء گونه‌هاي در معرض خطر انقراض، در ليستقرمز سازمان IUCN قرار گرفت ،پراكنش اين‌گونه در منطقه خليج‌فارسدر سواحل شمالي و جنوبي آن و سواحل جنوبي سيستان و بلوچستان در درياي مكران هست كهبيش‌ترين تعداد در قسمت‌هاي شمالي خليج در منطقه سواحل ايراني هست اين‌گونه درايران در جزاير هرمز، شيدور، قشم، ام ال كرم، نخيلو، بني فارور، لاوان، كيش،تهمادون، لارك و هنگام ديده‌شده است ،در ايران جمعيت‌هاي لاك‌پشت دريايي درنتيجه تأثيراتمستقيم و غيرمستقيم بشري ازجمله شكار بي‏رويه ‏يا‏ غيرقانوني به‌شدت در حال كاهشاست. حداقل ?? كشور جهان ميزبان آشيانه‏هاي اين‌گونه هستند بااين‌وجودبسياري از اين جايگاه‏هاي ‏آشيانه سازي داراي تراكم كمي هستند فراوان‌ترين گونه‏هاي لاكپشت هاي دريايي در خليج‌فارس، لاك‌پشتسبز و منقار عقابي است ،لاك‌پشت منقار عقابي در برخي از جزاير ايران تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند،نوع ماده آن‌ها در اواخر بهار به سمت ساحل آمده و تخم‌گذاري مي‌كند به‏طوركليدرهرلانه به‌طور متوسط 140 تخم مي‌گذارند و كل دوره تخم‌گذاري حدوداً دو هفته زمانمي‌برد و تقريباً دو ماه طول مي‌كشد كه تخم‌ها در شن ساحل به بچه لاك‌پشت تبديلشوند جنسيت بچه لاك‌پشت‌ها و سرعت رشد آن به دماي محيط بستگي دارد، دماي زيادتمايل جنين را به جنسيت ماده افزايش مي­دهد،لازم به ذكر است كه تعداد لاكپشت هاييكه براي تخم‌گذاري مي‌آيند با تعداد لاكپشت هايكه تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند متفاوت است تمام لاك‌پشت‌ها تخم‌گذاري نمي‌كنند و تعدادي بهدلايل مختلف ازجمله مناسب نبودن ساحل (دماي رسوبات بستر، پوشش گياهي و برخي دست‌كاري‌هايانساني)، وجود آلودگي و دلايل ديگر از تخم‌گذاري منصرف مي‏شوند لاكپشت هايخليج‏فارس تعداد تخم كمتري نسبت به نقاط ديگر جهان دارند، تخم‌گذاري هر دو تا سهسال يك‌بار صورت مي‏گيرد به‌جز لاكپشت هاي چرمي كه در آب‌هاي عميق باقي مي‌مانندبقيه گونه‏‏هاي جوان به آب‌هاي كم‌عمق سواحل مي‌روند، گونه منقار عقابي عموماً درجاهاييكه تشكيل صخره مرجاني شده و در آب‌هاي كم‏عمق شفاف، تالاب‏ها و خليج‏ها زندگي مي‌كنندلاكپشت هاي دريايي در ايران بيشتر در جزاير استان‌هاي بوشهر، هرمزگان، لاوان، قشم،شيدور، هنگام، هندورابي و نخيلو تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند ميكروارگانيسم‏هاي زيادي از تخم‌هايخارج نشده لاك‌پشت شناسايي و جداسازي شده است از گونه قارچ‏هاي جداشده از آشيانه تخم‌هامي‏توان به Aspergillus، Fusarium species، Chrysosporium، Penicillium، Emericella، Rhizopus، Actinomcour اشاره كرد كهاز بين آن‌ها گونه‏هاي Fusarium solani با درصدفراواني 55/54 و Fusarium oxspurum با درصد 91/40در كشورهاي تركيه، كاستاريكا، استراليا، برزيل و ايتاليا ديده شد همچنين دو نوعديگر Fusarium falciforme و Fusarium keratoplasticum با درصد 73/2 در تخم‌هاي مربوط به لاك‌پشت سر قرمز شناسايي‌شدهاست ، Fusarium يك منبع بزرگ عفونت‏هاي تخم‌هاي آشيانه لاكپشت هاي دريايياست از نمونه باكتري‏هاي ‏جداشده مي‏توان به گونه Vibrio، Escherichia coli، Salmonella، Klebsiella oxytoca، Klebsiella pneumoniae، كريپتوباكتر، Serratia، Pseudomonas، Aeromonas وStaphylococcus aureus

The genus Niphargus Schi?dte 1847 (Amphipoda: Niphargidae) is the largest genus of freshwater amphipods that distributed in the Western Palearctic. Most of the species inhabit subterranean waters and constitute a substantial part of groundwater biodiversity. Sofar, more than 20 species of Niphargus genus described from Iran that most of these are endemic. In this study, morphological and molecular diversity of subterranean amphipods of genus Niphargus in central and southern parts of Ardebil province was investigated. Four populations from more than 70 stations were collected. To study the morphology of the specimens, different parts of the specimen were measured and photographed with an optical microscope equipped with a camera. Morphological characters were drawn using adobe illustrator software. More than 150 morphological traits and about 90 morphometric traits were investigated in each sample. To study molecular data, we analyzed nuclear molecular marker, such as 28S rDNA. The analyses of Bayesian tree suggested new populations are placed N. daniali in one clade. Finally, the results confirmed the presence of two new species of Niphargus genus in this region.   

During the last half century, the earth's surface has undergone many changes due to human activities through deforestation and urban development. The rate of biodiversity destruction is on the rise due to increasing human domination on natural ecosystems, and this fact becomes alarming when the degradation of human activities is exceeding existing efforts to conserve biodiversity. Human encroachments may impede habitat use by reducing mobility and communication. Bats, as bird mammals, are the second largest order after rodents. This group has a wide variety due to its flight power and echolocation. The use of habitat utility models in order to identify the preferred habitat as well as identify the connection routes of protected areas has become a reliable approach that if combined with field data and use of applied models can create important and reliable results that can be used as a tool for managers. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution model as well as the   habitat patch connectivity of Rhinopoma microphyllum. 11 habitat variables including maximum temperature of the hottest month, seasonal temperature, isotherm, average daily temperature range, vegetation density, distance from surface water sources, altitude, annual rainfall, surface moisture, surface roughness and vegetation roughness near points beside the presence of species were used for modeling. Modeling was performed using the maximum entropy algorithm in MaxEnt software. In order to use the maximum number of points entered in the modeling process, the model was performed with 10 replications and cross-validation method was used to evaluate the model. Then, circuits cape theory by All-To-One method was used to identify connection paths in the study area. Since it is to identify the connection paths of habitat spots, habitat patches were identified using the TSS threshold and the their relationship was established. Based on the results of Jack Knife analysis, vegetation variables, then climatic variables, and finally topographic variables have an effect on species distribution. By applying the threshold limit on the desired habitat of the species, 30 habitat patches were identified, whose area varies from 221.04 square km as the smallest patch to 219416.78 square km as the largest spot, and covers 15.9 percent of the country area totally. The total length of the corridors was calculated 8338.32 km. Most of the connection paths in this study passed through open and low altitude areas and almost no connection path passed through desert areas to connect habitat patches. The largest habitat patch for the species includes the southern, southwestern and western parts as a continuous habitat, and there is no connection corridor in this large habitat patch.   

Lizards belong to the order Squamuta and sub-order Sauria and include the largest number of reptiles. According to the studies of Iranian plateau researchers, with 9 families and more than 148 species, it has one of the richest and most diverse collections of the lizard family in the world. . Due to its geographical conditions such as the existence of many mountains and plains, numerous rivers and temperate climate, Kurdistan province has a high diversity of animals, including a large variety of lizards. So far, little research has been done in this province on the various families of lizards. In the present study, based on desert work from September 2016 to December 2016, a number of lizards related to the family, which is one of the most diverse and abundant families of lizards in Iran with more than 15 species, from 9 stations in the cities of Kurdistan province. In particular, the city of Kamyaran was collected and in the present study, three species of the Cinedidae family including: Ablepharus pannonicus, Mabuya aurata transcaucasia, Eumeces schneiderii zarudnyi were identified in this province.  

Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to survive on land And expand Therefore, the study of reptiles is of particular importance   In recognizing the phone and the diversity of each regionWhich is directly related to the ecosystem and the species status in the population.Given the place of reptiles in the ecological cycleAnd the biodiversity and climate of Iran, which leads to a diverse cover of reptilesIn Iran, there are desert climates, dry and hot, hot and humid, cold-dry, etc., such as forest-Caspian and mountainous climates.            Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to survive on land And expand Therefore, the study of reptiles is of particular importance   In recognizing the phone and the diversity of each regionWhich is directly related to the ecosystem and the species status in the population.Given the place of reptiles in the ecological cycleAnd the biodiversity and climate of Iran, which leads to a diverse cover of reptilesIn Iran, there are desert climates, dry and hot, hot and humid, cold-dry, etc., such as forest-Caspian and mountainous climates.            

Abstract Target: Reptiles are one of the oldest species of terrestrial animals (vertebrates).Given that reproduction is a fundamental feature of all life and one of the aspects of morphological studies of reptiles is their reproductive biology، In this study, the Hemidactylus persicus species of the Gekkonidae family was selected to study the anatomy and histology of the reproductive system and the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Research methodology: To conduct this study, several trips were made to an abandoned brick kiln in Qasr-Shirin city of Kermanshah province in spring and summer, and samples of Hemidactylus persicus were collected and transferred to Razi University laboratory. After examining the appearance of the samples, their body weight and SVL were measured in each season.   The specimens were then dissected and their urogenital tract was removed from the body after examination for anatomy and position. Ovarian and testicular weight were measured and gonadosomatic index was calculated for each sex.   The samples were then fixed in formalin buffer and tissue passage steps were performed on the cut samples, which include dewatering, clarification, impregnation and dominance.   The slides were then stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the prepared slides were studied under a light microscope. Findings:The maximum weight of gonads (ovaries and testes) in Hemidactylus persicus was observed in summer. On the other hand, the average diameter of seminal vesicles and epididymal tubes in males is higher in summer than in spring. The maximum diameter of ovarian follicles is also larger in females in summer than in spring.   In summer most ovarian follicles are in Vitellogenic and Preovalatory phase and in spring in Pre-vitellogenic phase. A large egg was also seen in the oviduct in the spring.   The lumen of the seminiferous tubules of the testis and epididymis in males contain mature sperm in summer, but in the spring there are no sperm in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis.   Sex kidney (RSS) was also observed in males in both spring and summer, but in summer the average diameter of RSS tubes is larger than in spring due to sexual activity. Conclusion:In this study, the results showed that the reproductive activity of male and female specimens in summer is significantly higher than in spring and in fact the animal in spring in the pre-sexual activity phase and in summer in the sexual activity phase .   On the other hand, according to the studies of the reproductive system of this species, it can be concluded that the reproductive pattern of H. persicus is associated and depends on the ambient temperature. Keywords: Hemidactylus persicus, Gekkonidae, histology, reproductive system, seminiferous, epididymis, ovarian follicles.   

Target: Until a few years ago, the study of reptiles was not considered necessary and important, and it was important to interpret these animals as harmful, but the scientific community, due to the various roles of these animals in the lives of other living beings and human social and economic life, recently, research on reptiles It has been considered from different perspectives, especially geographical dispersion. Considering that except for morphological studies, no study has been done on the histology and reproductive cycle of Ablepharus pannonicus, in this study, this aspect of the biology of this species should be addressed. Research methodology: In this study, specimens were collected from nature around Sorkheh Dizeh village located in the west of Kermanshah province. The specimens were then transferred to Razi University Laboratory and after initial examination and recording of morphological characteristics, were described. Then their reproductive system was removed from the body and slice after tissue passage. At the end, the sections were stained and studied under a light microscope. Findings: The male has two testicles, with the right testicle positioned above the left testicle in the abdominal cavity. Each testicle is connected to a tortuous epididymis by a number of efferent ducts. Next to the epididymis is the vas deferens, which also leads to the cloaca. The lumen of each of the testicular tubes of the testis and epididymis has a large amount of free sperm in spring and summer, but in autumn almost no free sperm is seen and more evolving spermatids can be seen. In spring and summer, as a result of testicular activity and increased spermatogenesis, testicular weight and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules increase. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries and an oviduct tube. Examination of ovarian incisions in spring and early summer reveals almost all types of primitive, mature, and ready to ovulate follicles, but in autumn specimens, the ovaries are often devoid of any mature follicles and their follicles are mostly primitive Or in the pre-yolk stage. Conclusion: Given that most of the sexual activity of the animal, the activation of the gonads and ducts connected to them takes place in late spring and early summer, it seems that reproduction in this species is highly dependent on ambient temperature and the animal simultaneously with increasing ambient temperature and Following mating conditions, it reproduces. Therefore, it is concluded that the reproduction pattern in this species is seasonal and is very similar to its other family, Mabuya capensis (1994 Flemming)   .   

   Lizards belong to the order Squamata and suborder Sauria. They make up the majority of reptiles. so far, according to researchers, 33 genera and about 147 species of lizards have been identified in Iran. Sampling has been done in Divandere region and from the villages of Aliabad, Ebrahimabad, Kalkan, Sharifabad and the mountains around Siah Zagh dam. Done. Divandere city is the center of Divandere city in Kurdistan province in western Iran. The city is surrounded on one side by the Hawazu Mountains and on the other by the Bijar Gross and Tilko areas. Divandere is a city with a mountainous climate in terms of geographical location and climate, which has cold winters and mild and mild summers and rainy springs. Large samples were first fixed by injecting 10% formalin in various parts of the body and then stored in 10% formalin. Some large specimens and all small specimens have been fixed by injecting 96% alcohol into all parts of the body. And then kept in 96% alcohol. In this study, a total of 2 families, 3 genera and 3 species of lizards were collected and identified from the study areas. Among the family Agamidae, two genera of Laudakia and Trapelus were identified. The species of Laudakia, L. caucasia and the species of Trapelus, T. lessonae were identified and collected. Genus Laudakia, of this genus, L. caucasia was identified in Divandere region and Aliabad, Ebrahimabad and Yapal villages. The genus Trapelus, of which only T.lessonae was collected and studied. The family Lacertidae was collected from this family of the genus Ophisops and the species O.elegans. The genus Ophisops, of this genus of lizards, there is only one species and has a very specific trait compared to other lizards of the family Lacertidae. Because this genus is the only genus in this family that does not have eyelids.

    Climate change is one of the most important threats to biodiversity. During recent years, much attention has been focused on declining amphibians. Alien species including hunting fish, and global warming are the important factors of decline amphibians. One of the consequences of global warming is the early droughts of the ponds. On the other hand, amphibian densities in ponds are also affected by changes in water levels. In this study, the interaction effects of three factors including temperature, water level and density were investigated on snout-vent length (SVL), SVL at metamorphosis, time at metamorphosis, percentage of metamorphosis, cannibalism and survival of larvae of Pelophylax bedriagae which was previously known as Pelophylax ridibundus, carried out within 10 months. We designed a 2×2×3 factorial experiment, crossing two levels of temperature ( high =22.5 and low=18.5 ), two levels of density (low, n =5 and high, n =25) and three level of water (low: 300 cc, high 1400 cc, and decreasing 150 cc of water, Once a week). Results of experiment showed the highest survival rate in was observed in the low density / low water / low temperature with 73.33% ±5.77 and the lowest survival rate was observed in the high density / low water / low temperature with 13.31 % ±2.54. The highest hatching percentage was observed in the low temperature×   decreasing water level × low density (93.3 mm±11.54) and the lowest hatching percentage was observed in high temperature× high water level × low density (56.6 mm±15.27). Results of ANOVA showed that three temperature, density, and water level had not significant independent effects on the hatching but   interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the hatching (P=0.05). The highest size at metamorphosis (SVL) was observed in high temperature × decreasing water level × high density (16.21 mm±1.89) and the lowest was observed in low temperature× decreasing water level × high density (10.33 mm±8.95(.Results of ANOVA showed that   temperature had significant independent effects on the size at metamorphosis (SVL)   ut water level and density had not significant independent effects on the size at metamorphosis (SVL). Interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the size at metamorphosis (P=0.008).. Interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the percentage of metamorphosis (P=0.05).  

  Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and it is known as the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Delayed diagnosis, treatment and prevention of gastric cancer is complex due to the involvement of infectious agents, gastric background and inflammatory response of the body. Improved diagnostic and treatment methods related to improving nutrition and development of the personalized medicine. The results of the studies indicate the key role of the Wnt signaling pathway in controlling cancer cells and drug resistance   that created by these cells, which is reason of most studies today focus on these cells. Also, tamoxifen is a non-steroidal anti-estrogenic drug that has been shown to have antitumoural effects. According to this information, we examined the effect of certain concentrations of tamoxifen on the expression of KREMEN1 in cancer   cells derived from the MKN-45 cell line of gastric cancer as a therapeutic potential. In this study, we evaluated cell survival by using the Trypan Blue test. Analysis of Real-time-PCR data showed that 100 ? concentrations of tamoxifen in a 48-hour treatment can increase the expression of KREMEN1 gene. Based on the results, it can be concluded that tamoxifen has an inhibitory effect on increasing the expression of KREMEN1 on the signal pathway of Wnt and beta-catenin protein.

  Amphibians are an indicator of environmental health their population is decreasing around the world at a significant rate. The climate change, chemical pollutants, increased ultraviolet radiation, habitat changes, exotic species, and pathogens are some of the causes of amphibian decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of density, water level and predator cues factors on the growth rate, metamorphosis, survival and cannibalism in marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus. In this study, an experiment was carried out with 2 × 3 × 2 factors consisted of two levels of density (low density (n: 5) and high density (n: 25)), three levels of water level (low water level (400 cc), high water level (1400 cc) and decreasing water level (100 cc each week)) and two levels of predator (presence (as indirect) or absence of predator (Gambusia holbrooki). The results of our experiment showed the highest growth rate was observed in low-density treatment/ predator presence/high water level with 0.144 mm/day, maximum snout-vent length during metamorphosis (SVL) in low-density treatment/predator presence/low water level (17/006 mm ± 1/07), and the highest mean of head width (HW) was recorded in the low-density/predator presence/ decreasing water level (7/853 mm ± 1/755) during 201 days. Also, the highest mean age of metamorphosis in high-density of treatment/absence of predator/low water level (134/415 days ± 26/99), highest percentage of metamorphosis in low-density of treatment/ predator presence/decreasing water level (86/66% ± 23/094), highest survival rate in low-density of treatment/predator/high water level (86/666% ± 11/547), and highest overall cannibalism (head + tail + full) was recorded in the high-density of treatment/absence of predator/low water level (3/522% ± 5/994). The ANOVA results showed that density factor independently had a significant effect on SVL, HW, age and percentage of metamorphosis but had no effect on survival rate over time. The water level had no significant effect on total cannibalism percentage, metamorphosis time, metamorphosis percentage and survival percentage but had a significant effect on head width. Also, the interactive effect of three factors had no significant on SVL, head width, metamorphosis time, percentage of metamorphosis, total cannibalism percentage and survival rate.

  Pancreatic Cancer (PC) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world constituting 7.2% of all cancer caused deaths. With 44,330 deaths reported in 2018, PC is the fourth-leading cause of cancer deaths in United States [1]. Because of its drug resistance, there is a crucial need to design new drugs to control this disease. An important pathway involved in PC is Wnt signaling pathway with ?-catenin and liver receptor homologe-1 (LRH-1) as its two key role players. Findings show that LRH-1 overexpression will enhance the expression of its downstream genes in PC cell lines [2]. In the current study, we used two decapeptide mimicking LRH-1 which can potentially interact with ?-catenin and down-regulate the corresponding downstream genes. For this purpose we performed a steered molecular dynamic simulation to examine peptide behavior over a 10 nm long trajectory. To evaluate stability of the complex containing the peptide and ?-catenin, an umbrella sampling procedure was used. The potential of mean force (PMF) values illustrated that one of the decapeptides has strong interaction with ?-catenin compared to the other one and also caompared to an scrambled peptide. Further, the changes in radius of gyration and root mean square fluctuations (RMSF) of the systems were calculated. Our findings showed that the peptide of interest can be considered as a good potential inhibitory peptide.Key words: Pancreatic cancer; Molecular dynamics simulation, Umbrella sampling, ?-Catenin

  During recent years, much attention has been focused on declining amphibians. Alien species including mosquitofish, and global warming are the important factors of decline amphibians. One of the consequences of global warming is the early droughts of the ponds. On the other hand, amphibian densities in ponds are also affected by changes in water levels. In this study, the interaction effects of three factors including predatory cues (Gambusia halbrooki), water level and density were investigated on snout-vent length (SVL), SVL at metamorphosis, time at metamorphosis, percentage of metamorphosis and survival of larvae of Bufotes variabilis that carried out within 60 days. We designed a 2×2×3 factorial experiment, crossing two levels of predatory (present of predatory cues and without of predatory cues), two levels of density (low, n =5 and high, n =25) and three level of water (low: 400 cc, high 1400 cc, and decreasing 150 cc of water, Once a week). Result of experiment showed, larval growth rate was highest at the both of present of predator × high water level × high density and present of predator × decreasing water level × low density (0.30 mm/day). The highest size at metamorphosis (SVL) was observed in without of predator × high water level × low density (14.42 mm±0.43). The slowest development time (34.41 days±3.82), the lowest percentage of metamorphosis (18.66%±8.33) and the highest survival rate (32%±10.58) were observed at the present of predator × high water level × high density treatment. Except for the significant impact of present of predator on SVL and density on survival over time, B. variabilis was tolerant and there was no interaction between predator cues, water level and density in term of growth and survival rates.

  The time inwhich a young mammal develops appropriate sensory and locomotors skillsnecessary to become independent from its mother is defined as the postnatalgrowth period. Postnatal changes are very important in peculiarities ofphysiology, physiology and behavior for bats, and during this period they gainabilities such as flight, nutrition and ecolocation. The bats are distinctamong mammals because of their flight. This study documents the postnatal growth of body mass, forearm and the epiphyseal phalangeal gap in a free rangingpopulation of the Rhinolophus ferrumequinum  in a maternity roostin Kerned   cave in western Iran. The pups at   irth had a meanbirth body mass of 5/69   ±   0/3 grm and forearm length of 25/64   ± 1/23mm. The length of forearm and body massincreased linearly during first 3 weeks, and thereafter maintained an apparentstability. The epiphyseal gap of the fourth metacarpal phalangeal jointincreased until 12 days, then decreased linearly until 80 days and thereafterfused. The rate of body mass gain and forearm growth during the first 21 dayswas 0.35 g/d and 1.38 mm/d respectively. Initiation of flight occurred 3 weeksafter birth. Also in thisstudy, wing morphology including wingspan, wing area, handwing length, handwingarea, armwing length, armwing area, aspect ratio and wing loading were studied.The wingspan in 30 and wing area increased linearly until 21 days of age bywhich time the young bats exhibited clumsy flight with gentle turns. Analysisof changes occurring on wing morphology indicates that seven wing characteristicsperform a rapid growth rate at “pre-flight” and second slower growth rate at“post-flight” periods. Wingspan, handwing, length and area, armwing length andarea, and total wing area increased linearly until the age of first flight,after which the growth rates decreased significantly (all P<0. 000). Wingloading decreased until 50 days of age and thereafter increased to 9/62 Nm_2at 80 days of age. The aspect ratio showed a high degree of scatter at earlystages of life which decreased at the later period of growth. In this study,four nonlinear growth models including Logistic, Gompertz , Von Bertalanffy andModified von Bertalanffy for length was investigated. Accordingly, the mostsuitable model for Forearmlength   was Gompertz, the most suitablemodel for Body ma   was Von Bertalanffy and the most suitablemodel for Wingspan was Gompertz .Additionally, linear regression equations, confidenceintervals and prediction intervals used for age estimation based on dataavailable for the forearm, body mass, the total gap of the 4th metacarpal-phalangealjoint, wing area , handwinglength and wingspan.

Freshwater shrimps of Mediterranean basin belong to three family (Atyidae, Palaemonidae andTyphlocarididae) and 11 genera. Most species have a very restricted distributional range. The Mediterranean basin locatedat the intersection between Europe, Asia, and Africa. The purpose of this researchis the survey of freshwater shrimp fauna in Kermanshah province using themolecular and morphological methods. Seven populations were collected from thisarea. In morphologic and morphometric study, more than 48 characters wereinvestigated. In this study, mithocondrial (COI) gene was used for speciesdelimitation. The analysis of bayesian tree suggest that the freshwater shrimp populations in Kermanshah province, belongs to one separated clad. Thisclad contains fours subclades. The results of morphologicaland molecular analysis, supported the presence of four new species in this part of Iran.  

Neurergus derjugini

  In this study, the origin of the reptiles is reviewed, and generalizations are given about them, the families of lizards that there are in Iran are introduced then the characteristics of each are described. The focus of this review is on the Agamidae family which is a deffer family with ecological and morphological structure, more than 33   ecies and 54 genera and is one of the fourth largest reptile family in the vast areas of Australia and Asia. All of the four genera and 20   ecies of Agamidae in Iran is investigated by ecological and morphological characteristics.

  lant pollen and fungi spores are the most important allergic factors. Air contamination with plant pollen and opportunist fungal species and the presence of their spores on respiratory tract, can play an important role on the occurrence of asthma, coetaneous mycoses, and allergic reactions particularly in immunocompromised patients. Kermanshah province as one of the most important provinces in western Iran, definitely can be contaminated with air contaminations particularly fungi and plant pollen. So, the objectives of this study were to identification of prevalence fungal species and some important grains allergy in the atmosphere of Kermanshah district using morphological studies. The presence of air fungal spores was analyzed using settle plate and prepared culture in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic and macroscopic characters were performed to identify all fungi. 43 samples were collected from different areas of the atmosphere of Hasan-abad district in Kermanshah province center within all four seasons of the year. Three fungal species including Aspegillus niger (19), Fusarium solani (10), and Penicillium sp. (14) were identified based on morphological features. In this study some important grains allergy were identified based on Durham and Erdtman methods in Kermanshah province (especially in Hassa   Abad). Pollens morphological characters were investigated using the light microscope. Morphological featurs shewd all pollens belonge to Apiaceae, Asteraceae ,Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae , Juglandaceae, Papilionaceae ,Pinaceae,   oaceae and Polygonaceae familly. In this research, all of fungi species are known as the human pathogenic and the presence of them in the atmosphere as a part of air pollution can cause significant problems for human health, particularly in the respiratory tracts. This research by was also performed by Durham procedure accurately for the first time in the west of Iran and results obtained for different biological scientists, especially the tendency of medicineAbstractPlant pollen and fungi spores are the most important allergic factors. Air contamination with plant pollen and opportunist fungal species and the presence of their spores on respiratory tract, can play an important role on the occurrence of asthma, coetaneous mycoses, and allergic reactions particularly in immunocompromised patients. Kermanshah province as one of the most important provinces in western Iran, definitely can be contaminated with air contaminations particularly fungi and plant pollen. So, the objectives of this study were to identification of prevalence fungal species and some important grains allergy in the atmosphere of Kermanshah district using morphological studies. The presence of air fungal spores was analyzed using settle plate and prepared culture in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic and macroscopic characters were performed to identify all fungi. 43 samples were collected from different areas of the atmosphere of Hasan-abad district in Kermanshah province center within all four seasons of the year. Three fungal species including Aspegillus niger (19), Fusarium solani (10), and Penicillium sp. (14) were identified based on morphological features. In this study some important grains allergy were identified based on Durham and Erdtman methods in Kermanshah province (especially in Hassa   Abad). Pollens morphological characters were investigated using the light microscope. Morphological featurs shewd all pollens belonge to Apiaceae, Asteraceae ,Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae , Juglandaceae, Papilionaceae ,Pinaceae,   oaceae and Polygonaceae

  Abstract:The purpose of this study is the fauna on lizards of area southandsouwesterloresstan province by the analysis of the morphological characters and the identification keys, which its results are the identification and introduction of the species existing in this area along with the distributed map of the samples.The first primary study and research were done extensively in twoarea koohdasht and poldokhtar about fauna probably lizards, and the information and the needed maps for this project were provide.During several field works carried out during 2014-2016 a number of 66 specimens of lizards were collected from 10 stations of the study area.Pictures and slides were taken from the live specimense and the specimens were transferred to the laboratory and were fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol and then their metric and meristic features were carefully examined.Then according to these features and based on the valid identification keys, the family, genus, species and in some cases the su  ecies of each sample were identified.In addition, for each specimen, some investigations were carried out in terms of habitate, climate conditions, flora and the amount of the rainfall of this region were also studied. Moreover, different characteristics of the specimens were studied in the natural environment.The identified samples belong to 14 species and 11genusand 6 families including: laudakia nuptanupta   and Trapelus lessonae from the family Agamidae; Cyrtopodion scabrum and Hemidactyluspersicus andHemidactylusromeshkanicusandMicrogeckoehelenaefrom the family Gekkonidae; AsaccuselisaeandAsaccusgriseonotus andAsaccusgranularis from the family Phyllodactylidae; Eublepharis angramainyufrom the family Eublepharidae;Lacerta mediaand Ophisops elegans eleganse from the family Lacertidae; Ablepharus pannonicus and Trachylepisseptemtaeniatusfromthe family Scincidae   Keywords:Lorestan،Lizard،Fauna،Asaccus    

  Lizard skulls has an interesting and complicated structure that give us manyinformation. Study of skulls and particularly comparative studies in this basis about phylogenic use and >The purpose of the skull osteology is to describe the important patterns of variation in lizard skulls and also to describe the ecomorphologic convergence patterns in this taxonomy. These studies will focus on issues related to the base structures of creatures, different in skulls of various creature and their origins and the reason of these differences. Studies on reptiles and especially mammals have shown that morphology and mechanisms of masticatory organs have been adapted with their feeding and eating habits. Models of jaw system have shown that animals with different feeding ecology, have different digestive system.Clearly, vegetarians bite more tightly their food than insectivorous. ,,In this research, we have studied and compared the skulls of Laudakia, Trapelus, Pherynocephalus species, that are the main purpose of this study and first examined the structures like skull, palate, brain box, mandible and teeth of Laudakia nupta, Laudakia caucasia, Trapelus agilis, Trapelus Lessonae, Phrynocephalus persicus, Phrynocephalus scutellatus species as a representative of the mentioned species and each of the bones was described, then we compare the skull of this species. Then to determine the evolutionary status of the skull structure a study conducted comparative approach. In general we concluded that there is a meaningful different in nasal bone, quadrate bone and the angle between pterygoid bone and square bone between mentioned species.

Mangrove forest is a community of evergreen trees and shrubs that exist in tropical and subtropical tidal and subtidal areas, marshes, river estuaries, along the beach and gulf with   fine grain sediment soil, and grows in submerged and salt water. The worlds mangroves, including 65 tree species belonging to 22 genera and 16 families, which are reported   from 112 countries. Mangroves have been estimated between to be 14 and 24 million hectares. They occur usually in areas between 30 degrees North and South Latitude. In Iran, mangrove forest has been spread 25?11 and 27? 52 N and inclusive tree species are Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. Most of the Iranian mangrove can be seen in the Siric zone in the Hormozgan province.   Iranian mangrove in terms of its scope  ranked 43 in the world and 10 in Asia   and the largest are among the countries in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea.   In this research  we used Google  Earth software to determine   mangrove forest  areas of  the norther  littorals of  the Persian Gulf  and the Oma  ea.     In this study we used Google Earth pro and calculated   area, perimeter, latitude and determine distances to residential areas.   Finally,   we   considered areas that are the nearest together as a common region and thus identified 37 zones with an area of approximately 17557 hectares. Based on these informatio     istan-Balouchestan and Bushehr province, each have 7 zones respectively, with an area of 928 and 587 hectares and Hormozgan province have 23 zones with an about 16041 hectares. The survey also collected information on threatening factors that may impact on the existence of the mangrove vegetation cover.

This study examined the effects of 1) increased salinity, 2) effects of Mosquitofish predation and increasing salinity, 3) effect of atrazine and 4) copper on growth, development and survival of the green toad, Bufotes variabilis during embryonic, hatching and early larval periods. 1) This study examined the effects of increased salinity on growth, development and survival of the green toad, Bufotes variabilis during embryonic, hatching and early larval periods in 24 day. Conducted a laboratory trial to determine at what level salinity (0.20, 0.70, 1.70, 2.70, 3.70, 4.70, 5.70, 6.70, 7.70, 8.70 and 10 g/L) negatively effects on growth, development and survival. Results obtained from this study showed that salinity over 3.7 g/L increased embryonic mortality and reduced hatching and survival rates. Meanwhile increases in salinity more than 3.70 g/L caused a significant (p<0.05) extension in the hatching period. At salinities over 8.70 g/L unhatched and dead appeared with signs of shrinkage and distorted appearance. Hatched B. variabilis tadpoles at 3.70 to 4.70 g/L also had morphological abnormalities, such as distortion of tail. After a 3-week experiment, size of tadpoles exposed to 0.70 g/L salinities were higher (7.66±0.58 mm) but that of the over 0.70 g/L was lower compared with the 0.20 g/L (7.36±0.38 mm). However, under this salinity (0.70 g/L), survival and hatching of embryos were not affected. Larvae tolerated salinity 0.20 to 3.70 (g/L) with highest survival (80 to 30 %), but salinity of 10 (g/L) caused mortality of all individuals within 12 h, 7.70-8.70 (g/L) within 7 days, 5.70-6.70 g/L within 10 days and 4.70 (g/L) were tolerated within 21 days. 2) Investigated the effects of Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation and increasing salinity on larvae and tadpole of Bufotes variabilis in 2 levels of fish density (1 and 3 G. affinis) and 2 levels of salinity (1.20 g/L and 2.70 g/L) with control treatments including low fish/Low salinity, low fish/high salinity, high fish/Low salinity, high fish/high salinity in 28 days. B. variabilis was tolerant of both fish density and increased salinity and there was no interaction between fish density and increased salinity (p>0.05). But, separately and combined effects of fish density and salinity level showed significant effects on growth and development over time (p<0.000). Time did not influence the effects of salinity or presence of fish on survival of larvae (p>0.05). The result showed larvae grown at the high fish/high salinity treatment, exhibited smallest growth rate (0.22 mm/day) and lowest survival rate (0.00%). Also, our data showed that in larvae grown at the low fish/low salinity growth rate and development stage was fastest (0.33 mm/day and Gosner 30.35±0.67), and survival rate at control treatment was higher (90.66%±0.66) compared with individuals reared in other treatments. High salinity/ high fish treatment contained malformation and abdominal edema. 3) This study examined the negative effects of atrazine at concentrations of 0, 2, 7, 15, 25, 30 and 40 mg/L on growth, development and survival in 25 days. Results obtained from this study showed that atrazine over >25 mg/L increased embryonic mortality and reduced hatching and survival rates. After 18 day, larvae at atrazine over >30 mg/L appeared with signs of shrinkage and distorted appearance. After 25 day experiment, size of tadpoles exposed to 2 mg/L atrazine were higher (5.51±0.19 mm) but that of the >2 mg/L was lower compared with the control treatments (6.81±0.42 mm). But under this atrazine concentration (2 mg/L), survival and hatching of embryos were not affected. Larvae in both control and 2 (mg/L) treatments showed highest survival rate (85.33±4.61 and 82.66±4.61, respectively).   

  ats are one of the most successful mammalian orders and the most diverse in the world after rodents. These groups for flight and Echolocation are unique among mammals and have a wide diversity. So far, more than 1,365 species from 203 genera in 18 families have been identified. Also, 50 species of bats from 19 genera in 8 families has been reported from Iran. Numerous studies have documented that habitat loss, land use alteration, environmental pollution, diseases, over exploitation of some bat species and direct demolition of bat roosts are among the threatening factors that have vanished several bat species and brought more species to the brink of extinction