This doctoral dissertation investigates the ?-decay chains and decay mode predictions of the superheavy nuclei with proton numbers Z=118-124. The ?-decay half-lives were systematically calculated using several semi-empirical relations, including the Denisov–Khudenko, Royer, Horoi, the Universal Decay Law (UDL), the Universal curve (UNIV), and the Viola–Seaborg–Sobiczewski (VSS) formulas, in addition to the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation combined with the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition. For spontaneous fission (SF), two distinct approaches were employed: The Bao et al. formulation, which incorporates shell corrections and nucleon blocking effects, and the Soylu relation, derived from the liquid-drop model framework.The predictive accuracy of the models was evaluated through a root-mean-square (rms) comparison with available experimental data on known superheavy isotopes. The results demonstrate that among the different approaches, the WKB approximation and Royer’s analytical formula yield the best agreement with experimental observations. In contrast, significant discrepancies were found between the spontaneous fission half-lives predicted by the Bao and Soylu models, highlighting the sensitivity of SF calculations to model-dependent parameters such as shell corrections and isospin effects.The analysis reveals multiple possible ?-decay chains for isotopes of Z=118-124, some of which are terminated by spontaneous fission, depending on the relative dominance of the competing decay modes. These findings not only confirm trends reported in earlier studies but also extend the predictive framework for identifying potentially long-lived isotopes suitable for future synthesis attempts.Overall, this research provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for decay mode predictions beyond the valley of stability, offering valuable insights that may guide forthcoming experimental efforts aimed at producing and characterizing new superheavy elements.

   بينش امروزي ما پيرامون جهان هستي مبتني بر مدل استاندارد ذرات بنيادي مي‌باشد. مطابق اين جهان از يك مجموعه فرميون‌هاي بنيادي اسپين 12   به نام كوارك‌ها و لپتون‌ها تشكيل شده است و برهم كنش‌هاي ميان اين سنگ‌هاي اوليه طبيعت عبارتند از: برهم كنش الكترومغناطيسي، برهم كنش هسته‌اي قوي، و برهمكنش هسته‌اي ضعيف است كه از طريق مبادله بوزون‌هاي پيمانه‌اي به نام فوتون، گلئونW±   و‏Z0   صورت مي‌گيرد. اين مدل در نيمه دوم قرن بيستم در نتيجه ي تلاش مشاركت آميز دانشمندان در عرصه جهاني شكل گرفت. فرمول بندي كنوني آن در اواسط دهه ???? ميلادي پس از تاييد تجربي وجود كوارك‌ها نهايي شد.

AbstractThe process of fission is oneof the oldest topics of nuclear physics that has been of interest since thepast. In the process of fission, various topics are studied. One of thesetopics is the kinetic energy of fission fragments. When the nucleus breaks,fission fragments are created, which are separated due to Coulomb repulsion andhave kinetic energy. In this thesis, using the transition state model andconcepts of the Fermi gas model, as well as considering the potential aroundthe saddle point as a parabola, the dependence of the average total kineticenergy of the fission fragments on the excitation energy of the compoundnucleus is investigated. For neutron-induced fission of 238U, 235U,233U, 239Pu, 232Th and 237Npnuclei, for which the experimental results related to total kinetic energy areavailable, we have compared theoretical calculations with the experimentalresults. The obtained results for the mentioned systems show that this.theoretical model can reproduce the experimental data well.  

   The scattering is one of the most important subject in different sciences, include nuclear physics. In this thesis, consider the scattering and interaction of charged particles, which named ionizing radiations by the atoms of the target environment and specific its electrons. This review treated in two viewpoint of align="left" >The quantities using in both viewpoint, but with different definition of other is momentum transfer vector and cross-section of the collision. Because they are obtained in terms of quantities that is measurement in laboratory. The particle momentum transfer to the material is marking of internal structure of the material. As much as the transfer momentum become grader is means that the particle contact to much depth of substance. The quantities we will obtain are the result of the measurement. But two much important and key quantities obtained from the analysis of these interactions are called form factor and stopping power. The form factor represents the internal structure of the system and is a quantity to get by the charged particles in the scattering experiment.   Also, the stopping power is the amount of average energy that incident charged particles to loses in collision with target medium per unit path length of that. In this process, the kinetic energy of the incident particles to the heat energy of the scattering medium, which is also called the weakening medium is converted. In other words, this energy transfer is usually called incident particle energy loss. But for solve the collision problem and obtain the stopping power formula, we have to does simplification and modeling. Without modeling, it is not possible to obtain a formula of stopping power that can be used in laboratory conditions. The stopping power is generally divided into three align="left" >but, in various branches of physics, such as nuclear physics, the electronic stopping power is very important, because by knowing the value of this quantity, the kinetic energy of charged particles emitted from radioactive materials and their range in matter can be determined with a high approximation. By knowing these two values ??of particle radiation, the important information about the detection of radioactive rays can be obtained. And especially these values ??are used in technologies about protection against the radioactive rays and radiotherapy. In this research, the electronic stopping power is consideration especially.

   In this treatise,we investigate the unpolarized transverse momentum dependent (TMD) structure of light nuclei in the modified chiral quark exchange model (QEM), for the first time. To this end, we calculate the TMD quark and gluon distributions inside the bound state nucleons of the light nuclei based on the modified chiral quark model (cQM) in which the TMD bare quark distributions of the bounded nucleons are needed. In order to compute these bare distributions, we first obtain the bare quark momentum densities using the QEM and then calculate the TMD bare distributions applying a theoretical method in which the light-cone variables are used. Finally, considering the nucleon structure of helium, tritium and deuteron nuclei, we obtain their TMD quark and gluon densities at low Q2 scale. Finally, considering the nucleon structure of   14N - 12C -4He - 6Li   uclei, we obtain their TMD quark and gluon densities at low Q2 scale. Due to the unavailability of experimental results for such nuclei, we have examined the general behavior of the obtained distributions. It is shown that our results have appropriate properties that are expected for the TMD distribution functions. Keywords: EMC effect, chiral quark model, quark exchange model, transverse momentum, light nuclei      

D* meson in the non-relativistic state in the proton-proton collision at the energy of the center of mass ?S=7Tev through the fragmentation of heavy quarks and using the factorization theorem based on the QCD theory of disturbance in hadron colliders We have studied LHC. In this case, after the proton-proton collision,quark c emitted a gluon with spin one and created a quark-antiquark pair, and the desired meson is created from the combination of heavy quark and antiquark. In the first step, calculate the function and the probability of fragmentation for quark c and b in the initial scale of fragmentation. Then, by applying the factorization theorem, we have calculated the differential cross-sectional and the total cross-sectional of ??the production of these particles. And finally, we have studied the behavior of the differential pt

   Entropy actually expresses the order of the system. We want to get the entropy for the neutron. If we consider the neutron in a non-disordered state (we consider the neutron to be composed of valence quarks), the maximum entropy is obtained from the distribution functions of valence quarks, but in the disordered state and small x, the gluon contribution is dominant, and the entropy is from the gluon distribution function Obtained. We get the entropy in the zeroth and first order of disorder. We can see that as Q2   increases, entropy increases. Then we compare the obtained entropies with the laboratory data in some specific Q2 and observe that the obtained entropy is in good agreement with the laboratory data.   

 Geophysical methods are one of the indirect methods for exploration that are widely used in the field of searching and exploring subsurface resources

In this work, we investigate the optical response of a molecule in an active layer in core-shell and multilayer metallic nanoparticles by calculating its scattering cross section. The molecule in the active layer as a point electric dipole is considered. We also study the effect of an external point charge placed next to the nanoshell on the far-field Raman scattering or fluoresce emission of molecules residing inside the particle. It shown that the presence of an electric charge near plasmonic nanoshells can increase the far-field enhancement. The effect of physical and geometrical parameters on the far-field scattering cross section of the Raman active layer is investigated.

  Predicting earthquakes is one of the most important human concerns to save human lives.Observing and researching the parameters that change before an earthquake is one of theissues that humans have long dealt with and Today, this field, called earthquake precursors, has expanded with the advancement of science and technology, and over 30 precursorshave been scientifically proven using physical models. One of the most important of theseis the magnetic precursor, which In this research, swarmA, swarmB and swarmC satellitesare investigated.In this study, using circuits that are close to the location of earthquakes thatoccurred in Iran from 2014 to 2021 and by applying a suitable algorithm on the data, thepresence of magnetic anomalies caused by earthquakes in the paths is observed.An investigation of the data 7 days before the earthquake shows a linear relationship between thelogarithm of the anomaly duration and the magnitude of the earthquake. Charlie and alphasatellite data are not found in Bravo satellite data, which indicates that the source of theseanomalies is lithosphere. In this study, by investigating the data related to magnetic fieldprecursor, it was observed that in 90 percent of cases, the signals occur between a few hoursto a month before the earthquake, which is similar to the results of other precursors such asRadon gas , the change in groundwater level, the change in surface temperature, and so on.

   In this thesis we intend to investigate the optical absorption of bilayer   graphene with both simple and bernal stacking due to Hubbard model. the effects of electronic concentration and electronic interaction strength on optical absorption behavior have been analyzed. also bias voltage as an electric field perpendicular to the plane has bee   applied.   firstly density of states behavior has been studied and frequency behavior of electromagnetic absorption rate by bilayer   graphene based on electronic Green’s function is addressed.   Moreover, the Drude weight situation on frequency behavior of optical absorption is investigated. the effects of stacking type and electronic concentration on frequency behavior optical absorption are studied. firstly the situation of finite frequency peak of optical absorption curves service and variation of position and highest of peaks due to bias voltage, electronic concentration and electronic interaction has bee   discussed.

Abstract Compared to other geophysical data on Earth, the information collected about the Earth's magnetic field is relatively large. Since more knowledge of the Earth's geomagnetic field can pave the way for other studies on the Earth's magnetism and the development of geophysical methods, In this study, we intend to analyze the contribution of solar cycles in secular variation of the geomagnetic field for the years 1960 to 2015. The sun's magnetic field changes with different cycles. One of these cycles, cycle of 11yearly changes. To investigate the possible impact of these changes on the Earth's geomagnetic field, First We have collected the annual average of the North component (X), East component (Y) and Downward component (Z) of the Earth's magnetic field from the site of the British Geological Survey(BGS) , which run by the University of Nottingham, from 1960 to 2015 for 27 reference observatories. To extract the 11-year changes, we first filtered the data using a band-pass filter, this filter significantly reduces the range of changes shorter than six years while maintaining 11-year changes. Then we filtered the output data of the first filter by High pass filter, the feature of this filter is that it leaves 11-year changes almost unchanged, but reduces the range of changes with a period of more than 11 years by applying coefficients. Comparison of drawn diagrams with a graph of the number of su  ots, Shows when reducing the number of su  ots due to the decrease in the magnetic activity of the sun and its effect on the Earth's magnetosphere and consequently, the increase of the Earth's magnetic field, graphs of the components of the Earth's geomagnetic field show relative maxima and vice versa when the number of these spots increases on the surface of the sun, due to the onset of magnetic storms and the increasing pressure of the sun's magnetic field on the magnetosphere, and resulting in a decrease in the Earth's magnetic field, relative minima are seen in the graphs. The results of calculating the correlation coefficients for the components of the geomagnetic field (corresponding to the data of 55 observatories between 1960 and 2015) In Excel, it confirms that the number of su  ots has an inverse relationship with an intensity close to negative one with the output components of the two filters. Therefore, the 11-year changes in the Earth's magnetic field could be due to the 11-year changes in the Sun's magnetic field.   

  Quantum Radiography or Quantum State Radiography is the process of quantum state reconstruction for the source of quantum systems by measuring on the input systems from the source. In this dissertation we present a demonstration of quantum process radiography for the photon amplifier and dimmer operator.

  AbstractObjective: The most effective way to summarize what we know about a complex system is to identify the potential impact effects of the interaction on that system, so it is essential to examine the potential effects of the interaction in real systems. On the other hand, in the last few decades, we have witnessed a revolution in the world that has been made by science and technology in connection with two-dimensional, one-dimensional and zero-dimensional nanostructured materials. The main context of the attractive and valuable phenomena of quantum structures is quantum confinement and confinement, and therefore research on the origin and effect of confinement in quantum dots has become one of the most basic and exciting introductory fields in modern science. The aim of this study is to study meson systems in quantum dots.Research Methodology: This research is fundamental in terms of type. Due to the confinement of a quark  under the potential of , along with a suitable boundary condition, the corresponding Schrodinger equation is obtained by approximating the effective mass (EMA). For the basic state, the solution and the energy of the base state, the wave function and the probability of the quark probability are obtained. Due to the similarity of mesonic systems to electron-hole system  and also due to the choice of potential parameter approach that has flexibility, this information is compared with quantum dots consisting of electrons and holes.Results: From the phenomenological analysis, it was observed that the assumption for the effective potential of , with a certain range of values "??

The non-exclusive cross-sectional area of bifurcations was measured in ALEPH, OPAL and DELPHI experiments. in thisنامهInterpretation Using these cross-sections, the bifurcation functions of these baryons are determined by fitting to the experimental data.  

We study the damping of longitudinaloscillations of a prominence thread caused by the mass accretion.Wesuggested asimple modeldescribing this phenomenon. In this model we considered a thincurved magnetictube filled with the plasma. The prominence threadis in thecentral part of the tube and it consists of densecold plasma. The parts of thetube at the two sides of the thread are filledwith hot rarefied plasma. Weassume that there are flows of rarefied plasma toward the thread caused by theplasma evaporation at themagnetic tube footpoints. Our main assumption is thatthe hot plasma is instantaneously accommodated bythe thread when it arrivesatthe thread, and its temperature and density become equal to those of thethread. Then we derive the system of ordinary differentialequations describingthe thread dynamics. We solve this system of ordinary differential equations intwo particular cases. In the firstcase we assume that the magnetic tube iscomposed of an arc of a circle with two straight lines attached to its endssuch that the wholecurve is smooth. A very important property of this model isthat the equations describing the thread oscillations are linear foranyoscillation amplitude. We obtain the analytical solution of the governingequations. Then we obtain the analytical expressions for theoscillation dampingtime and periods. We find that the damping time is inversely proportional tothe accretion rate. The oscillationperiods increase with time.We conclude thatthe oscillations can damp in a few periods if the inclination angle is sufficientlysmall, notlarger that 10° , and the flow speed is sufficiently large, notless that 30 kms-1 . In the second model we consider the tube withthe shapeof an arc of a circle. The thread oscillates with the pendulumfrequency dependent exclusively on the radius of curvature of the arc.Thedamping depends on the mass accretion rate and the initial mass of the threathatis the mass of the thread at the moment whenit is perturbed. First we considersmall amplitude oscillations and use the linear description.

  In this thesis, Complex Gradient Method is used to interpret the Self-Potential anomaly.This method is a fast and straightforward method for estimating parameters of the origin of self-potential anomaly by using horizontal and vertical derivatives of SP data simultaneously. Here, it is assumed that the bulk of the SP anomaly is a two-dimensional inclined sheet which its parameters are depth to upper edge, depth to bottom edge, dip angle and electrical dipole moment.The validity of the complex gradient method is proven by applying it to synthetic data, with and without adding noise, for cases in which some parameters are constant while the others are variable. The method is also applied to estimate model parameters for field data in three zones related to a copper mine in the Surda region of India, a copper sulfide mine in Sulymankoy, Turkey, and a graphite mine in Southern Bavarian in Germany. Comparing the results of the latter case with the results of other methods show that the complex gradient method well identifies the parameters of the self-potential source.It should be noted that the results obtained in this thesis were extracted from the coding in MATLAB software.

   this thesis, the production of mesons and electron-positron destruction at the Z0 pole is studied. Therefore, using quadratic quadratic quenching functions with pQCD, first, the disturbance is calculated. Then the branching ratios and the states with its longitudinal and transverse polarization are calculated. We also compute the decay rates for the mesons, namely (? (Z ^ 0 ? B_s ^ * X)) / ?_tot and its longitudinal and transverse polarization modes. Therefore, we calculated the surface area of the production of these mesons around the pole in the DEPHI experiment.

  In this study, we investigate the Nonaxi symmetric oscillations of thin twisted magnetic flux tubes in two states. First, when the magnetic field inside and outside the magnetic flux tube is twisted and the twist is weak. Then, while the magnetic field outside the tube is straight and homogenous, however it is twisted inside the tube. And secondly we add the equilibrium current of the plasma along the magnetic field. And by adding the flow effect, we study the frequency of the oscillations in the presence of current, we obtain the magnetic pressure relationship inside and outside the magnetic flux tubes, and by applying boundary conditions we obtain the dispersion relation. Using the dispersion realtion we plot the graph ?? in terms of ????. And we see that the frequency of kink oscillations increases in the presence of the equilibrium current of the plasma.

  Geomagnetic method is one of the most frequently used methodsin geophysics that uses magnetic field to recognitaion the underground structures. Data that comes from geophysics methods, is usually accompanied with noise and doesn't have enough intensity. Hence, geophysicists apply different tools, called filters, to enhance data and weaken noises to a desirable level. One of these filters is downward continuation filter that tranfers data from surface to a arbitrary depth in order to simplify the interpretation. But downward continuation itself, isn't enough precise and stable so we use different approximations to overcome these problems. In this thesis, we use four different approximations called Taylor series, Chebyshev approximation, Pade approximation and Chebyshev-Pade approximation then we compare the results. Hence, in frequency domain we apply this filter with different approximations on a gravitational sphere and a vertical magnetic prism to find a suitable approximation then we utilize this filter with suitable approximation on the data that obtained from Tabas region. After comparing the results from artificial models, we concluded that Taylor series and Chebyshev approximation don't have enough accuracy and are sensitive to noises. Though both Pade and Chebyshev-Pade approximations have better accuracy and Chebychev-Pade approximation isn't sensitive to noise which is the best approximation for stabilizing downward continuation filter.

  in this article We investigate the structure of the light nuclei based on the modified chiral quark model (?QM. To this end, we first calculate the parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the bounded nucleons using the ?QM and then compute those of the light nuclei. For this purpose, it is first needed to obtain the bare quark densities inside the bounded nucleons of the nucleus. These bare distributions are calculated by applying the quark exchange model (QEM) in this article. Finally, we obtain the quark, antiquark, and gluon distributions and also the structure functions (SFs) of the bound state nucleons and the light nuclei at low Q2 scale (Q2 = 0.35 GeV2). These distributions can be evolved to the higher scales using DGLAP evolution equations. It is shown that the results of our theoretical framework are in good agreement with the experimental data

  It is thought that the internal structure of free nucleons with internal structure of bound nucleons inside the nucleus is the same. In 1362/1983 the research group EMC,using muon deep inelastic scattering experiment the nuclei, measured ratio of the iron nuclei structure functions to the deuteron nuclei structure function in nucleon unit, that on the contrary expectation is not one. This phenomenon is known as EMC effect that the indicates that the components distribution of   bound nucleus is different from the free nucleus. In this thesis is to investigate the quark exchange model and this model shows that in the range of middle x the quarks valance may have a the share in the EMC. But this model in large and small x range is not able to explain the EMC effect. For large x range، fermi motion have a major role and for small x range، quark exchange model is not comprise role of   the sea quarks and gluons in the structure function. In this thesis, using the quark constituent   exchange model is calculate share   sea quarks and gluons in the structure functions.

  The upsilon meson has a quark structure b . This meson has a spin-1 in the S-wave state, and it is possible to generate in the electron-positron annihilation. In this thesis, the direct production of upsilon was investigated by direct quark and anti-quark b and gluon fragmentation. Accordingly, considering the Fermi motion corrections and NLO corrections, the meson-upsilon cross section production is calculated around its mass and around the Z0 pole. The results are in good agreement with experimental data. Additionally, the Z0 decay rate has been calculated for the upsilon meson, taking into account the Fermi motion corrections and NLO corrections.

   چكيده    روش اكتشافي SP يا پتانسيل خودزا از جمله روش هاي اكتشافي در ژئوفيزيك كاربردي با چشمه طبيعي است و اساس آن بر اندازه گيري اختلاف پتانسيل الكتريكي حاصل از فعل و انفعالات الكتروشيميايي، ترموالكتروشيمايي و الكتروسينتيكي، كه بين توده هاي معدني و الكتروليت هاي محيط زير سطحي اتفاق مي افتد، استوار است. در مدل سازي هاي صورت گرفته در دهه هاي اخير سعي بر آن بوده تا اين بي هنجاري هاي SP به اشكال هندسي خاصي مانند كره، استوانه و ورقه تقريب زده شده و با روش هاي عددي مانند مدل سازي معكوس و بهره گيري از روش كاهش مربعات خطاها، پارامترهاي توده معدني   مانند عمق(Z) ، زاويه قطبيدگي ( ) و گشتاور دو قطبي الكتريكي ( K ) تخمين زده شود. در اين تحقيق از شبكه عصبي پرسپترون چند لايه (MLP )با ميانگين مربعات خطاي(MSE)برابر با 0001. به منظور تخمين شكل هندسي بي هنجاري و محاسبه پارامترهاي توده معدني به ويژه در رابطه با استوانه افقي و قائم در مناطقي مانند جفرسون ايالات متحده، باوارياي آلمان و سرير تركيه استفاده شده و نتايج آن با نتايج به دست آمده از ديگر روش هاي تفسير مقايسه شده است.

  In this thesis, the data collected using a Schlumberger method in the Ziaabad village of Markazi province have been used to reverse one-dimensional and two-dimensional of the special resistance, and the actual special resistance sections from one-dimensional and two-dimensional modeling have been compared. The goals of this research are how to process and model data and make optimal interpretations of subsurface structures and groundwater in the region. In this thesis, using the Schlumberger array, the special resistivity data obtained from field measurements using one-dimensional and two-dimensional reversal methods using the ZondRes2D software was performed using this geoelectric software for each of the profiles, as well as the special resistance maps for different electrode distances are plotted by Geo- soft software. Finally, using the results of data reversal, comparing the resistive cross sections in one-dimensional and two-dimensional mode, and the best location for water exploration in the region is proposed. Geophysical studies were carried out using a vertical electric catheter method with a distance of 500 m and the distance between the electrodes of flow A and B is 600 meters. The number of measured soondage is 39 in line with 5 geoelectric profiles (A-B-C-D-E). From geostationary explanations, we find that the depth of the juice layer is low and the bedrock is firm and close to the surface. The best location for drilling wells is initially the distance between the explorations 7 to 37 with the coordinates of 368272- 3844064 and then in the second priority In the distance between the catacombs 35 to 36 with the coordinates of 388262- 3844488, it is necessary to dig a well to a depth of about 120 meters.. In this thesis, the data collected using a slowness method in the Ziaabad village of Markazi province have been used to reverse one-dimensional and two-dimensional strength of the special strength, and the actual special resistance sections from one-dimensional and two-dimensional modeling have been compared. The goals of this research are how to process and model data and make optimal interpretations of subsurface structures and groundwater in the region. In this thesis, using the flare array, the special resistivity data obtained from field measurements using one-dimensional and two-dimensional reversal methods using the ZondRes2D software was performed using this geoelectric software for each of the profiles, as well as the special resistance maps for Different electrode distances are plotted by geospatial software. Finally, using the results of data reversal, comparing the resistive cross sections in one-dimensional and two-dimensional mode, and the best location for water exploration in the region is proposed. Geophysical studies were carried out using a vertical electric soondage method with a distance of 500 m and the distance between the electrodes of flow A and B is 600 meters. The number of measured soondage is 39 in line with 5 geoelectric profiles (A-B-C-D-E). From geostationary explanations, we find that the depth of the juice layer is low and the bedrock is firm and close to the surface. The best location for drilling wells is initially the distance between the explorations 7 to 37 with the coordinates of 368272- 3844064 and then in the second priority In the distance between the catacombs 35 to 36 with the coordinates of 388262- 3844488, it is necessary to dig a well to a depth of about 120 meters.

يكي از مهمترين اهداف در پردازش داده هاي ميدان پتانسيل مشخص كردن لبه ها و موقعيت مكاني اجسامي است كه باعث بي هنجاري در ميدان پتانسيل مي شوند و در زير زمين قراردارند. براي اين منظور تكنيك هاي زيادي كه مبتني بر مشتق گيري داده هاي ميدان پتانسيل هستند از جمله مشتق افقي كل، مشتق قائم مرتبه اول و دوم، زاويه تيلت، سيگنال تحليلي و كسينوس زاويه تتا توسعه يافته اند. اما اخيراً، برخي از تكنيك هاي پردازش تصوير به طور گسترده اي براي تشخيص لبه و تعيين محدوده اجسام مورد نظر با استفاده از اطلاعات ميدان پتانسيل به كار برده شده اند. از جمله اين تكنيك ها مي توان به صافي گابور دو بعدي اشاره كرد كه در آن عمل مشتق گيري وجود ندارد و يك صافي خطي است و مزايايي را در تفسير و برجسته كردن لبه هاي تصوير و بي هنجاري ها در جهت مطلوب فراهم مي كند.در اين پايان نامه از صافي گابور دو بعدي براي تعيين لبه و محدوده اجسام مغناطيسي استفاده شده است. براي بررسي اثر صافي گابور بر روي داده هاي مغناطيسي، ابتدا اين صافي را بر داده هاي مغناطيس مصنوعي ناشي از سه منشور قائم كه در عمق هاي مختلف و جهت هاي مختلف قرار دارند استفاده شد. علاوه بر اين، در اين پايان نامه صافي مشتق تيلت جهتي نيز معرفي شد و اين صافي بر روي مدل بي هنجاري مصنوعي يك منشور اعمال شد. همچنين صافي گابور و مشتق تيلت جهتي براي داده هاي مغناطيس هوايي منطقه خرم آباد به كار برده شدند و نتايج با توزيع گسل هاي منطقه مقايسه شد كه نشان داد صافي هاي مذكور موقعيت مكاني برخي از گسل هاي منطقه را بهتر مشخص مي كنند. در نهايت براي بررسي عملكرد اين دو صافي، صافي هاي متداول در روش مغناطيسي يعني مشتق افقي كل، مشتق قائم مرتبه اول و دوم، سيگنال تحليل و زاويه تيلت بر داده هاي واقعي منطقه اعمال شد. با مقايسه نتايج حاصل از اين صافي ها و صافي گابور و صافي مشتق تيلت جهتي ديديم كه نقشه خروجي صافي گابور با نقشه خروجي صافي هاي ديگر همخواني خوبي دارند و صافي گابور مي تواند در تفسير داده هاي مغناطيسي و تعيين بهتر موقعيت مكاني گسل هاي منطقه بسيار مفيد باشد.تمامي مراحل انجام اين پايان نامه از جمله ايجاد صافي گابور، ايجاد صافي مشتق تيلت جهتي، به دست آوردن مدل بي هنجاري مغناطيس مصنوعي، اعمال تمام صافي هاي ديگر بر روي مدل مصنوعي و واقعي با استفاده از كد نويسي در نرم افزار MATLAB حاصل شده است.     

  In thisstudy, nonlinear optical properties of core-shell nanoparticles and grapheneis investigated. Optical bistability as a consequence of Kerrnonlinearity has beenattracted lots of attention recently. Graphene monolayers due to their conductivitycan be applied as mirrors of Fabry-Perot cavity which is filled bycomposite of core-shell spherical nanoparticles. The controllable transition betweenoptical bistabilityand multistability in graphene/ composite of nanoparticles/ graphene structureforTE and TM polarizations is studied. It can be seen that the composite ofnanoparti-cles could enhance the nonlinearity response and optical bistability andmultistabilityof this structure considerably. The impact of various parameters such asFremi en-ergy of graphene, filing factor on the optical bistability behavior isstudied. Due tocontrollability of optical bistability, multistability and dualbistability of this struc-ture, it would find its application inall-optical communications as anoptical switchin terahertz range of frequency.

In this thesis, pregnant radiation is divided into two groups. The first group is the electron and positron, and the second group contains particles that are heavier than electrons, such as alpha particles, protons and muons, and other heavy nuclei. To calculate the power of the electron and the muon, the relationship between the beta-blade is used, this relation is different for light and light particles. The amount of electron energy dissipated by the amount of energy dissipated by the collision with the emission electrons and the energy loss due to radiation. It is calculated using the software of the mailbox and its results are shown in the graph using the software version. And for muon, it is also repeated in water and soft tissue and muscle without considering the effect of density. The results show that the power of stopping radiation in high energies is low and low in energy, and the effect of high energy density reduces the amount of stopping power.

Investigate of the weak contribution of nucleon structure functions 

  We have studied the fusion cross section for heavy ions interaction. We calculated the scattering potential as the sum of Coulomb and Proximity potential. For spherical and deformed states of projectile and targets nuclei, we calculated fusion cross section and compared with experimental data. Calculations are done for   ,   ,   ,   and   ystems in above and below the fusion barrier. With regard to the deformation parameter for the nuclei, the consistency between theoretical and experimental data is improved especially in the energies below the barrier.

This research work reports results of a theoretical study of optical bistability behavior, where  is a typical feature of nonlinear effects, under an external static magnetic field from nanoparticles consisting of  magneto-optical shell and nonlinear metallic core. On the other hand, in this thesis, we study and compare  the magneto-optical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles with spherical and cylinderical geometry in the framework of dipole approximation, because the magneto-optical effect is widely used to manipulate light and  uch nanostructures with magneto-controllable optical bistability  are important to design of  optical nanoswitches, nanosensors.  The impact of the left circularly polarization (LCP) and right circularly polarization (RCP)   on the optical bistability and also the scattering efficiency is shown. In addition to  the influence of the MO effect on the bistable hysteresis and the threshold values, it is demonstrated the bistable behavior is strongly dependent on the incident polarization state.We also study the effect of locality and nonlocality on optical bistability when the core is described by a spatial dispersive dielectric function and the shell is a  magneto-optical material. To investigate the nonlocal effects we assume  the nonlocal response function i  ?(k,?). However, influence of the relevant parameters such as the incident wavelength, the volume fraction , the gyration parameter  g, LCP and RCP incident waves, and the environment on the optical bistability and the scattering coefficient is shown and discussed  

  Estimating the parameters of an SP anomaly usingnonlinear least squares is a new method to interpret self potential anomaliesdue to simple shaped models like sphere, vertical cylinder and horizontalcylinder. This method is based on solving linear algebraic equations and leadsto the best estimations for three parameters, i.e. depth, polarization angleand electric dipole moment of the anomaly.in this thesis, least squares of errors between observedand estimated data are used in order to choose the best model as the anomalousbody. The method is analyzed and studied over some synthetic SP anomalies andits validity is proven. Besides, the method is applied on real data from fouranomalies: Jefferson in Colorado, Sariyer in Turkey, Bavaria in Germany and Suleymankoyin Turkey, and the good agreement found between results from this study andother interpretation methods. Furthermore, the estimated depth from this studyis very close to those from drillings, which are reported in the literature.the method, is an applicable and simple way to interpret SP anomalies and leadsto the best estimations of model parameters. All the formulas in the thesis arecapable for coding and results of the thesis are from coding in MATLABsoftware.  

As physicists, we want to understand how nature works. Therefore no matter what we calculate, eventually it has to agree with observations. If we want to claim we understand how particles interact with each other eventually we have to link our understanding to quantities that can be measured in experiments. This work has tried to explain some aspects of one of the means that particles can interact, which is via the strong interaction. This leads to many interesting effects but it can make it difficult to study in some regimes. In recent years moving together to provide results at strong coupling. String theory in AdS space is a great tool for studing non-perturbative aspects of QCD. According to AdS/CFT correspondence gravity theory in (d+1)-dim in AdS space is dual to a conformal theory in the d-dim boundary. So machinery of AdS/CFT can be applied to QCD, but QCD is not conformal and gravity dual to QCD is not known yet. Deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering (DIS) and Pomeron dynamics and structure functions is investigated at small x in the frame work of holographic quantum chromodynamics. Finally we study the dual scattering amplitude of 2? 2 scattering of hadrons through the exchange of a spin j field. The parameter length string   is fixed by requiring cross sectio   to have pomeron-like behavior   and   pomeron-like intercept.     Key Words: AdS/QCD duality, AdS/CFT correspondence, hard & soft wall model, pomeron exchange  

supersymmetry 

in this study, While studying the structure of the nucleus,And the study of nuclear potentials and nucleon-nucleon interactions,In order to solve the Schr?dinger equation for the Woods-Saxon potential in the presence of the spin-orbit interaction, a method for solving quadratic differential equations, called the Nikiforov-Uvarve method, has been used,Using this method, the Schr?dinger equation is solved for the Wood-Saxon potential in the presence of the spin-orbit interaction, and then the corresponding diagrams are drawn.Also, the values obtained are compared with experimental values.

  In this thesis, muon catalyzed fusion (µCF) has been investigated. Efficiency of muon catalyzer, cycling rate, total sticking coefficient, and efficiency of neutron for dual D-T and triple H-D-T systems have been calculated. Effect of helium impurity on dual D-T system was also studied.The results show that the maximum efficiency is occurred in presence of the same density of deuterium and tritium. Impure helium can increase efficiency when tritium density is very low and it causes efficiency decreasing when tritium density is very high. The study also shows that H-D-T system with higher hydrogen has lower efficiency, and indeed increasing hydrogen to deuterium-tritium system decreases system efficiency.

  In heavy ions fusion fission reactions one can measure different quantities. One of them is the mass distribution of fission fragments. Variance or standard deviation of mass distribution is important quantity that study experimentally and theoretically. Two models that apply for studying this model are saddle point model and scission point model. In the present work, using these models we calculated the standard deviation of mass distribution for a number of reactions and compared with experimental data. The saddle point model has better consistency with experimental results.   

  In this thesis, we study various versions of the proximity potential and calculate the half-life of heavy clusters in cluster decay. For calculation the half-life of heavy clusters. We can use the liquid drop model (LDM), Double Folding model (DFM) and etc. In the present work, we used the proximity potential model and using this model we first obtained nuclear potential and total potential and using this approach calculated the cluster half-life. Obtained results are compared with experimental data and liquid drop model. Obtained results show a good perficiency of this potential in prediction of heavy clusters half-life.   

    nteractions of baryons containing two heavy quarks spectroscopy and light quark and a heavy quark mass approaches infinity, so that will be very simple, and that is because of heavy quarks, heavy diquark smaller than a length scale of this allowed us to have strong interactions that the color of the perturbation theory of quantum mechanics to calculate the fragmentation functions of these heavy baryons .in oneering heavy fragmentation functions include quarks b nd c baryons in the quark  - diquark model

In this thesis, the optical properties of the spherical plasmonic nanoparticles and nanoshells is investigated by using tht electromagnetic Maxwell equations. Since the multilayer nanoshells reveales tunable optical charachteristics due to the hybridization of the plasmons of the inner and outer surfaces and also the plasmon-exciton interaction, studying these particles are wothnoting and interesting. The light-velocity slowing factor and the group-velocity dispersion of the nanoshell system having concentric shells around a core consist of different materials such as dielecteric, metal and semiconductor has been studied. The effect of the some pivotal parameters such as size, surrounding medium and composition of shells/core on the slow light   and   the group-velocity dispersion have been demonstrated and analysed. Furtheromre, the transmission probablity, reflection probablity and absorption probablity of a hybride system consist of a composite with embeded spherical nanoparticles and nanoshells (two layer, three layer and four layer)   sandwiched between two metalic parrallel plates has been investigated.  

Based on the laws of 0in 0in 10pt" >Such spatial periodic structures are of two types: ‎ The first type is the macro undulator in a vacuum‎, ‎such as linear magnetic undulator‎. ‎The second one is called crystalline micro undulator (nano micro undulator)‎. ‎The theory of electromagnetic radiation produced by relativistic charged particles moving in nano structures, such as in Carbon nano-tubes is one of the newest areas of the Radiation Physics.   In this Master thesis, ‎the dynamic of motion of relativistic charged particles moving in nano crystalline structures, such as Carbon nano-tubes and produced electromagnetic radiation ‎will be considered. The periodic structure of the Carbon nano tubes will be considered in brief as a device for radiation production. ‎Then‎, ‎according to the periodic structure of the Carbon nanotubes‎, ‎the approximate inter atomic potential taking n into account the thermal vibrations of atoms will be calculated‎. ‎The dynamic of channeling motion will be studied in classical and quantum approximation.   ‎At the end‎, some features of the spectrum of produced radiation will be discussed‎.

if rletivistic charged particles at some small angles equal to or smaller than Lyndhards angle with respect to atomic plane enter a crystal, while longitudinal motion in the crystal, in electric field due to potential between atomic planes will also have a transvrse oscillating motion. considering the oscillating motion as acceleratd motion, electromagnetic radiation that is called channeling radiation is emitted. many of channeled particles du to their scattering in collisions with crystal lattice, with increasing the energy of transverse oscillating motion higher than th potential-well depth between the atomic planes, leave the channeling mode.the transverse length with the particle until its transvrse energy is lower than the potential well depth is called dechanneling length. Dechanneling length of relativistic light charged particles in Silicon crystals based on solving the Fokker-Planck equation  will be discussed.  

همجوشي هسته اي از طريق كاتاليزور   ميوني يكي   از روش هاي انجام   همجوشي براي توليد   انرژي است. اين روش به دليل انجام شدن در دماي محيط و عدم توليد پسماند هاي راديواكتيو مضر، در سال هاي اخير مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در اين پايان نامه ما با استفاده از روش برنامه نويسي فرترن به حل معادلات ديناميكي پرداختيم و بازده كاتاليزور ميوني را براي سيستم هاي D-T و H-D-Tدر شرايط جامد و مايع محاسبه نموده ايم و شرايط بهينه براي انجام همجوشي را   به دست آورده ايم. هم چنين   مشاهده كرديم كه با افزايش   غلظت تريتيم، بازده كاتاليزور ميوني در سيستم   H-D-T افزايش مي يابد، در حاليكه در سيستم D-Tيك قله در نمودار ديده مي شود. اما با افزايش چگالي   محيط، بازده در هر دو   سيستم افزايش مي يابد. هم چنين آهنگ   چرخه ي ميون، طيف زماني نوترون هاي حاصل از   همجوشي و ضريب چسبندگي مؤثر سيستم ها را نيز محاسبه نموده ايم. در انتها نيز اثر اسپين بر بازده همجوشي كاتاليزور ميوني بررسي كرده ايم و مشاهده كرديم كه با وارد كردن اسپين در معادلات ديناميكي، بازده همجوشي اندكي كاهش مي يابد.

پس از آزمايش ناكشسان عميق الكترون پروتون SLAC] در سال 1969 تلاش هاي زيادي توسط دانشمندان نظري و تجربي براي بدست آوردن اطلاعات بيشتر در مورد ساختار پارتون­ها [2]   يعني كوارك­هاي ظرفيت، كوارك­هاي دريا و گلئون­ها مربوط به هادرون­  hy;ها و هسته انجام شده است. در بخش تجربي اولين مشاهده در سال 1983 توسط گروه EMC[3] بود. آنها مشاهده كردند كه هنگامي كه هدف از دوتريم به هسته­ي ­سنگين تغيير داده شود اثر قابل توجهي در توابع ساختار نوكلئون­ها ظاهر مي­شود. اما در سال ­هاي اخير بسياري از آزمايش­ها مطالعه­ي خود را روي توابع ساختار هادرون­ها (عمدتا پروتون ونوترون) در xهاي(xمتغير مقياس بيوركن است[4] (كوچك متمركز كرده­اند كه در آنجا كوارك­هاي دريا و گلئون­ها نقش مهمي را بازي مي­كنند. در سال­هاي اخير هم, استفاده از هدف­هاي هليوم سه و تريتيوم غيرقطبيده براي پرتوهاي با انرژي GeV 11 آزمايشگاه جفرسون فراهم شده است . به منظور محاسبه تابع ساختار نوترون از نسبت تابع ساختار هليوم سه و تريتيوم استفاده مي­شود چون، برخلاف پروتون تابع ساختار نوترون را نمي­توان به صورت مستقيم مورد مطالعه قرار داد، بنابراين بايد تابع ساختار آنرا به شيوه­ي غير مستقيم استخراج كنيم. در سال 1986جفي و هدبوي[5] با استفاده از پراكندگي ناكشسان ژرف نسبت تابع ساختار پروتون يا نوترون را در حالت مقيد و آزاد را محاسبه كردند اين انتظار وجود داشت كه، نسبت تابع ساختار حالت مقيد به حالت آزاد برابر يك باشد اما با مشاهده نتايج تجربي و نتايج تئوري و مقايسه آنها ديده شد كه اين نسبت يك نيست. بنابراين به دنبال توجيه اين اختلاف با ارائه مدل­ها و روش­هاي نظري بودند. دلايل مختلفي براي اين تغيير توزيع كواركي داخل نوكلئون­هاي مقيد و آزاد بيان شد كه از جمله مي­توان به اثر فرمي، اثر انرژي بستگي و اثر تبادل كواركي اشاره كرد. در اين پايان نامه بر آن هستيم تا با استفاده از مدل كوارك سازنده سهم كوارك­هاي دريا و گلئون­ها را در توابع ساختار نوكلئون­ها اعمال نموده و انتظار مي­رود كه نتايج اين محاسبات با داده­هاي تجربي به ويژه با داده­هايي كه از آزمايشگاه سرن و جفرسون كه در سال­هاي اخير بدست آمده­اند هم­خواني بهتري داشته باشند.     

در اين پايان نامه پس از مقدمه ي مختصر بر پراكندگي هاي كشسان و ناكشسان رابطه اي براي سطح مقطع ديفرانسيلي پراكندگي ناكشسان الكترون پروتون بدست مي آيد وسپس مدل پارتون و رابطه ي اصلي اين مدل يعني رابطه ي كالان گراس بدست مي آيد اين رابطه به ما اجازه مي دهد كه ر صورت داشتن توابع توزيع پارتون هاي درون نوكلئون بتوان به توابع ساختار آنها دست يافت .

In decays of the Z0, the dominant mechanism for the direct production of charmonium states is the decays of the Z0 into a pair heavy   anti quark b or c followed by its fragmentation into the charmoniom and butmoniom states. First we calculate the fragmentation functions describing the splitting of   heavy anti quarks into S-wave quarkonium states to leading order in the QCD coupling costant. We use our   fragmentation functions to calculate the production rate of heavy quarkonium states in Z0 decay and   so decay rate of Z0 to the pair heavy quark   cc ,bb.       PACS No.13

This thesis describes azimuthal dependence of heavy quark initiated contributions to the lepton-nucleon deep inelastic scattering (DIS). In general, in recent decades, investigation of heavy quark production is of particular interest and the activities that accomplished in different collaborations express significance of this matter. In this work, since the sources of the production of heavy quark is different relative to the kind of colliding particles, we propose different reactions leading to the production of heavy quarks and finally limit our study to production of heavy quark in lepton-nucleon DIS. For this reason, first we investigate deep inelastic electron-proton scattering and define the cross section of this process, then we write the relations between parton-level semi-inclusive structure functions and the helicity   cross sections in terms of arbitrary values of heavy quark mass. Then the azimuth-dependant   lepton-quark DIS in helicity basis has been calculated. Finally, we investigate the numerical properties of   and   distributions caused by photon-quark scattering (QS) contribution. We conclude that contrary to the photon-gluon fusion (GF) component, the QS mechanism practically is -independant. This fact implies that measuring azimuthal distributions in these processes directly can probe the heavy quark inside the proton. Our results indicate that the GF and QS predictions for   asymmetries are quantitatively well defined in fixed flavor number scheme (FFNS): they are stable, both parametrically and perterbatively.   

  در اين پايان­نامه ما در ابتدا به معرفي پروژه برخورددهنده بزرگ هادرون-الكتروني پرداخته و سپس با معرفي مدل استاندارد فيزيك ذرات و جدول ذرات بنيادي، در مورد اهميت و خواص و نيز نحوه توليد كوارك سر به عنوان سنگين­ترين ذره بنيادي شناخته شده در طبيعت با استفاده از نتايج آزمايشگاهي صحبت خواهيم كرد. در محاسبات نظري، كوارك سر به دليل جفت شدگي بسيار زيادي كه با بوزون هيگز دارد مورد بسيار خوبي جهت تحقيق در حيطه فيزيك هيگز مي­باشد. به همين دليل در اين كار ما به جستجو و تعيين سطح مقطع براي جفت شدگي كوارك-پادكوارك سر و بوزن هيگز در فرآيند پراكندگي ناكشسان عميق الكترون-پروتون در برخورددهنده بزرگ هادرون-الكتروني پرداختيم. فرآيند مورد نظر ما كه از پراكندگي ناكشسان عميق بين الكترون و پروتون سر چشمه مي­گيرد، به وسيله فوتون مجازي منتشر شده از الكترون و نيز گلوئون ساتع شده از پروتون انجام مي­شود كه به اين فرآيند همجوشي بوزون-گلوئون مي­گوييم. نتيجه محاسبات ما با استفاده از پتانسيل عظيم به وجود آمده در برخورددهنده بزرگ هادرون-الكتروني مي­باشد به اين دليل كه برخورددهنده­هاي لپتون-هادروني نسل قبل انرژي لازم براي توليد اين ذره سنگين را نداشتند. در نهايت ما نتيجه بدست آمده از سطح مقطع مربوط به جفت­شدگي كوارك-پادكوارك سر و هيگز را با نتايج موجود در برخوردهاي هادرون-هادروني و همجوشي گلوئون-گلوئون مقايسه كرده و بيان مي­كنيم كه هرچند سطح مقطع اين فرآيند از طريق همجوشي بوزون-گلوئون كمتر است اما دقت محاسبات براي شناخت فيزيك هيگز بسيار دقيق­تر خواهد بود.