The scattering is one of the most important subject in different sciences, include nuclear physics. In this thesis, consider the scattering and interaction of charged particles, which named ionizing radiations by the atoms of the target environment and specific its electrons. This review treated in two viewpoint of align="left" >The quantities using in both viewpoint, but with different definition of other is momentum transfer vector and cross-section of the collision. Because they are obtained in terms of quantities that is measurement in laboratory. The particle momentum transfer to the material is marking of internal structure of the material. As much as the transfer momentum become grader is means that the particle contact to much depth of substance. The quantities we will obtain are the result of the measurement. But two much important and key quantities obtained from the analysis of these interactions are called form factor and stopping power. The form factor represents the internal structure of the system and is a quantity to get by the charged particles in the scattering experiment.   Also, the stopping power is the amount of average energy that incident charged particles to loses in collision with target medium per unit path length of that. In this process, the kinetic energy of the incident particles to the heat energy of the scattering medium, which is also called the weakening medium is converted. In other words, this energy transfer is usually called incident particle energy loss. But for solve the collision problem and obtain the stopping power formula, we have to does simplification and modeling. Without modeling, it is not possible to obtain a formula of stopping power that can be used in laboratory conditions. The stopping power is generally divided into three align="left" >but, in various branches of physics, such as nuclear physics, the electronic stopping power is very important, because by knowing the value of this quantity, the kinetic energy of charged particles emitted from radioactive materials and their range in matter can be determined with a high approximation. By knowing these two values ??of particle radiation, the important information about the detection of radioactive rays can be obtained. And especially these values ??are used in technologies about protection against the radioactive rays and radiotherapy. In this research, the electronic stopping power is consideration especially.

  olar observations have been of great importance not only to solar physicists but also to geologists, astronomers and meteorologists. The main source of energy for the earth is the sun, and changes in solar radiation and its composition have a significant effect on the weather and, consequently, human activities. Su  ots can be mentioned as one of the components that may affect meteorological parameters and the earth's climate system, which can ultimately cause fluctuations and changes in these quantities. In this study, by using different statistical methods such as correlation analysis, spectral analysis of time series and scatter plots, focusing on stations in the west of the country, which include 4 stations of Hamedan, Kermanshah, Khorram Abad and Sanandaj, in order to understand the possible effect of su  ots on the behavior of quantities Precipitation, average temperature, relative humidity and sea level pressure in the statistical period from 1979 to 2021 were calculated and the necessary investigation was done. The analysis of the correlation coefficient on the main data of meteorological quantities and su  ot data showed the absence of a significant linear relationship between them. But this does not mean the absence of other relationships between the changes of su  ots and meteorological parameters. Using other statistical methods such as drawing scatter diagrams, spectral analysis and filtering data in the band related to the 11-year cycle in determining the type of relationship between solar activities and meteorological quantities and also determining the intensity of its influence on this quantity. It was very effective. The peak related to the 11-year periodicity of su  ots and its intensity in different meteorological quantities were revealed using spectral analysis. From the data distribution charts, it was concluded that there is a weak relationship between the number of su  ots and the probability of light and heavy rain events, relative humidity and low and high temperature in the west of the country. In relation to the amount of pressure, no significant effect was observed.

  The Earth's atmosphere is a dynamic and complex gas covering that life on Earth depends on. With the entry of a large amount of gaseous and particulate pollutants into the earth's atmosphere, the air becomes polluted, and the reduction of air quality is harmful to humans and other living organisms. In the world, millions of people die due to air pollution, and 90% of them are in developed countries. Considering that the extreme dangers of pollutants are serious for all humans, but the vulnerability of some people to air pollution is much higher than others. Today, air pollutants have become a very important global issue because they are closely related to human health and environmental dynamics. One of the important pollutants that should be paid particular attention to is atmospheric suspended particles or particulate pollutants whose physical characteristics such as their concentration and size should be paid attention to. In this research, the average concentration of fine and coarse particles in the air has been investigated in different weather conditions and in different months and seasons in the period of 2015-1400. Also, the effect of meteorological parameters such as temperature, horizontal visibility, wind speed, precipitation and monthly changes curve and seasonal changes graph of each of the meteorological parameters and the average concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) i.e. suspended particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers and Coarse particles (PM10), i.e. suspended particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 micrometers, have been analyzed, and by obtaining the Pearson correlation coefficient, the degree of influence and direction of the relationship between meteorological parameters and particle concentration was obtained. The highest concentration of particles (PM10) has been observed in the summer season and the lowest concentration in the winter season. Also, the highest concentration of particles (PM2.5) was observed in spring and the lowest in winter. The results of the correlation analysis of meteorological parameters and suspended particles showed that the strongest correlation of PM10 with the temperature parameter has a direct relationship and then has an inverse relationship with precipitation. Also, the strongest correlation of PM2.5 with the wind speed parameter has a direct relationship.

  The problem of the expansion of the universe is one of the biggest puzzles in modern astronomy. Scientists have discovered that our universe started with a big bang and has been expanding ever since. Researchers have tried to measure the current rate of expansion of the universe. In the first chapter, to investigate the amount of cosmic expansion, we introduce type la supernovae and then compare their observations for the luminosity distance as a function of redshift with the results of the supernova cosmology project and the high-Z supernova search team. By examining CMB, the Hubble constant is introduced to use this quantity to estimate the age of the universe since the Big Bang, and then to study the supernova data to detect the accelerating expansion of the universe. Then, by comparing the calculated luminosity distance in the non-matter or radiation, the effect of vacuum energy on the apparent luminosity was obtained. Then, the existence of dark energy is proved and its density instability is investigated. In the second chapter, we describe the classic problems of cosmology, namely the plane and the problem of the horizon, and examine the amount of inflation required to solve each. The exponential form increases, which means that the universe is growing rapidly, and the end of inflation occurs when some of the scalar field of inflation is paired with the fields of ordinary matter and radiation. In such a way that the density of the scalar field decreases and then the period of reheating occurs, which causes the entropy of the current world. In the third chapter, he first introduces Tachyon hot inflation and studies it in the contemporary theory of ring quantum gravity, using Poisson's bracket for LQC variables, obtains the classical Hamiltonian constraint and then the modified Friedman equation. Then we obtain the Hubble parameter and the pressure and density of energy and its Tachyon field potential, and then we define the parameters of slow rolling and by entering the condition of end of inflation, we obtain the value of power e. In the next section, we study the cosmic perturbations of the Tachyon hot-inflation model, including curvature perturbation, entropy perturbation, and density perturbation, and the scalar index in the high dissipative regime, which leads to the perturbation spectrum, and describe its relationships. We obtain the Einstein turbulent field equation for the Fourier components e^ikx and then calculate the exponential potential of the Tachyon field.

اين مطالعه با هدف بررسي غلظت گرد و غبار در جو و واداشت تابشي هواويز­هاانجام گرفته است. براي اين منظور دو رويداد طوفان گرد و غبار رخ داده در 12 الي 14آوريل سال 2011 (23 الي 25 فروردين سال 1390) و 16 الي 18 ژوئن 2016 (27 الي 30خرداد 1395) با بررسي داده­هاي ديد افقي 18 ايستگاه همديدي در سه استان كردستان،كرمانشاه و ايلام واقع در غرب كشور ايران انتخاب شده است. براي انجام محاسبات وشبيه سازي­ها از مدل عددي WRF-Chem و طرحواره GOCART استفاده شده است. براي شرايط آغازين و شرايط مرزي در اين شبيهسازي، از داده­هاي باز تحليل GFS مراكز مليپيش بيني محيطي (NCEP) استفاده گرديده است. مدل تحت دو شرايط با درنظر گرفتن اثر گرد وغبار بر تابش و بدون در نظر گرفتن اين اثر اجرا شده است. براي ارزيابي نتايج حاصلاز مدل، داده­هاي ديد افقي گزارش شده از چهار ايستگاه از سازمان هواشناسي كشور، باغلظت شبيه سازي شده توسط مدل مقايسه شده و همچنين غلظت                                       اندازه­گيريشده در سازمان محيط زيست كرمانشاه با غلظت گرد و غبار شبيه سازي شده توسط مدلمقايسه شده است. نتايج نشان مي­دهد كهاين مدل در شبيه سازي طوفان­هاي گرد و غبار داراي عملكرد قابل قبولي است. نتايجحاصل از شبيه سازي با مدل WRF-Chem در دوحالت مدل سازي حاكي از آن است كه ذرات گرد و غبار با جذب و پخش تابش سبب كاهش تابشموج كوتاه و كاهش شار گرماي محسوس و نهان در سطح زمين در مناطق تحت تاثير گرد وغبار شده است. از ديگر اثرات اين ذرات، افزايش تابش موج بلند در سطح زمين و كاهشتابش زمين تاب در بخش فوقاني جو است.  

   در اين رساله قصد داريم آثار فيزيكي نانولوله هاي شبه كربني را روي خواص ترموديناميكي آن مطالعه نماييم. براي نمونه به طور خاصي به مطالعه رفتار دمايي ظرفيت گرمايي و پذيرفتاري مغناطيس نانو لوله كربني به هر دو نوع زيگزاگ و آرمچير مي پردازيم. باكمك محاسبه چگالي حالات نانو لوله زيگزاگ   آرمچير به تحليل ظرفيت گرمايي وپذيرفتارمغناطيسي مي پردازيم همچنين آثار پارامترگاف به عنوان اختلاف انرژي زير شبكه و همچين شعاع نانو لوله و نوع نانو لوله روي رفتار   دمايي هر دو كميت ظرفيت گرمايي وپذيرفتاري مغناطيس مورد بررسي و مطالعه قرارمي گيرد.

  It is thought that the internal structure of free nucleons with internal structure of bound nucleons inside the nucleus is the same. In 1362/1983 the research group EMC,using muon deep inelastic scattering experiment the nuclei, measured ratio of the iron nuclei structure functions to the deuteron nuclei structure function in nucleon unit, that on the contrary expectation is not one. This phenomenon is known as EMC effect that the indicates that the components distribution of   bound nucleus is different from the free nucleus. In this thesis is to investigate the quark exchange model and this model shows that in the range of middle x the quarks valance may have a the share in the EMC. But this model in large and small x range is not able to explain the EMC effect. For large x range، fermi motion have a major role and for small x range، quark exchange model is not comprise role of   the sea quarks and gluons in the structure function. In this thesis, using the quark constituent   exchange model is calculate share   sea quarks and gluons in the structure functions.

In this study, we investigate the entangled coherent states and their decoherence. We briefly introduce the coherent states which have been identified in physics and then the introduction and creation of   loch coherent states are dealt with.‎‎‎‎ We examine these states from different points of view, namely, group theory, irreducible representations and also from Fock Bargmann's viewpoint. Moreover, we investigate the entangled coherent states which are among the most important states in quantum information processing. ‎‎‎‎‎There are some criteria for the study of these states, including ‎B‎ell inequality, entropy, fidelity and entanglement of formation, which will be explained here in brief. ‎ ‎‎We will examine the qubit of orthogonal coherent states. We present these states on ‎B‎loch sphere.‎ ‎‎‎‎‎In quantum optics, a possible method of producing the entangled states of two mode of light field, is transmission of single mode state and its interference with another state (vacuum state) on a beam splitter. ‎‎‎We will calculate the amount of entanglement in these states which can be produced in beam splitter. The entangled states which are produced by using this method, are the entangled coherent states.‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎We will describe the decoherence of ‎these‎ coherent state ‎qubits‎‎ and finally, using the adaptive Bloch sphere, we will provide an interpretation of these states.‎‎‎‎‎

Abstract    Nanotechnology or Nanotechnology is a discipline of applied science and technology that covers extensive research. The main issue is the inhibition of matter or devices in dimensions of less than one micrometer, usually about 1 to 100 nm. In fact, nanotechnology is the understanding and application of new properties of materials and systems of this dimension that show new physical effects, mainly due to the dominance of quantum properties on >Gallium Arsenide is a combination of Gallium and Arsenic elements and a semiconductor. Using gadolinium arsenide, many gadgets and electronic components can work in the worst and most difficult conditions. Its resistance to radiation and its good performance at high temperatures makes it possible to use it in many applications of today's technology in which space or space plays an essential role. Gallium Arsenide is a semiconductor in mass mode, which has two geometric   values: Wurtzite and Zinkblend, But the results from this thesis show that gallium arsenide has a metallic property in single-layer mode. These calculations were carried out within the framework of the functional density theory and using WIEN2K computational code by linearly improved linear waveforms with full potential using GGA approximation.