Background: Candidiasis is a common clinical problem, and its treatment has become increasingly difficult owing to rising drug resistance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are considered a promising therapeutic option for fungal infections due to their potent antifungal properties. This study aimed to develop a mucoadhesive gel system containing ZnO-   for vaginal drug delivery. We investigated the efficacy and safety of this combination in an animal model of vaginitis, using L-carnitine as a protective agent. Methods: A mucoadhesive gel was prepared using appropriate polymers and subsequently loaded with ZnO-  . The inhibitory effect of the gel on Candida albicans was analyzed using MIC testing in combination with a biofilm formation evaluation. To evaluate safety, cytotoxicity assays were conducted on human dermal fibroblast cells. In a mouse model of estradiol-induced vaginitis, animals received intravaginal treatment with ZnO-NP gel and intramuscular administration of L-carnitine. Vaginal fungal burden, tissue histopathology, and inflammatory responses were evaluated in this study. Results: The formulated gel was stable, viscous, and mucoadhesive. In vitro results showed reduced MIC and inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation by ZnO-  . In an animal model, ZnO-NP gel treatment significantly reduced fungal and tissue burdens. L-carnitine administration improves systemic immunity and reduces potential toxicity symptoms. Conclusion: Gel containing ZnO-   could be an effective and safe approach for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The addition of L-carnitine can enhance the safety and tolerability of this treatment. These results support the advancement of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery platforms for managing fungal diseases.

نياز مبرم به منابع پروتئين پايدار براي تضمين امنيت غذايي آينده، حشرات خوراكي را به عنوان گزينه‌اي مناسب در نظام‌هاي غذايي چرخشي مطرح ساخته است. سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. رژيم غذايي يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده تنظيم رشد، تركيب غذايي و بازده تبديل غذا در سوسك زرد آرد مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي اثرات ?? تيمار غذايي فرموله شده، بر عملكرد زيستي و 10 تيمار غذايي بر تركيبات غذايي و بازده تبديل خوراك لاروهاي   سوسك زرد آرد با سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با نسبت‌هاي مختلف سبوس گندم (WB)، آرد لوبيا (BF)، آرد عدس (LF) و آرد سويا (SF) و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، رطوبت و خاكستر) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. نوع تيمار غذايي تأثير معني‌داري بر بعضي تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها نظير پروتئين و چربي نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند. اما بر تركيبات شيميايي نظير خاكستر و رطوبت بدن اثر معني دار داشتند. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تبديل غذا به شدت تحت تأثير تركيب بستر بودند(p < 0.05). جيره شاهد مبتني بر سبوس گندم خالص، بالاترين نرخ رشد نسبي (?/??? ميلي‌گرم در روز)، پايين‌ترين نسبت تبديل خوراك (???/?) و بيشترين بازده تبديل غذايي براي هر دو شاخص غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI)،   ??/?? درصد و هضم‌شده (ECD) ??/?? درصد را به دست آورد؛ عليرغم اينكه كمترين ميزان مصرف خوراك را داشت. در مقابل، جيره‌هاي غني‌شده با حبوبات موجب افزايش مصرف خوراك شدند، اما به بازده تبديل به مراتب پايين‌تري منجر شدند كه نشان‌دهنده عدم تعادل مواد مغذي در اين جيره‌ها است. در نتيجه، كيفيت بستر و قابليت هضم آن مهم‌تر از مقدار خوراك است. فرمولاسيون‌هاي مبتني بر سبوس گندم، تركيب غذايي بهينه‌اي براي توليد كارآمد كرم آرد زرد فراهم مي‌كنند و الگويي براي نظام‌هاي تغذيه چرخشي در مقياس بزرگ در صنعت پروتئين حشرات ايجاد مي‌نمايند.   

  Abstract Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an increasingly recognised opportunistic pathogenthat is responsible for nosocomial infections in intensive care unit patients, including pneumoniaand ventilator-associated sepsis. It also causes life-threatening diseases in immunosuppressedpatients with haematological malignancies and cancers, and chronic pulmonary infections inpatients with cystic fibrosis (CF). These organisms predominantly cause respiratory tractinfections, with less frequent occurrences of urinary tract infections, wound infections, soft tissueinfections, bacteremia, sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis, eye infections, and peritonitis.In thisstudy, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains were isolated from clinical specimens and identifiedby biochemical and fermentation tests. The isolates were then confirmed by polymerase chainreaction using specific primers.Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the isolates were performed according to the Clinical andLaboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to the antibiotics ceftazidime, levofloxacin, aztreonam andco-trimoxazole using the disk diffusion method. Subsequently, the presence of the antibioticresistance gene SMqnr and the genes associated with biofilm production rpfF and rmlA wasdetermined using the PCR method. Finally, the biofilm production ability of the antibioticresistant strains carrying the quinolone resistance genes SMqnr and the genes associated withbiofilm production rpfF and rmlA was measured using the microtiter plate method.The highestand lowest susceptibility were to and related to the antibiotics co-trimoxazole and aztreonam,respectively. Furthermore, 51.25% (41) of the isolates demonstrated resistance to the antibioticceftazidime, while the resistance rate to levofloxacin was 75.8% (7 cases).The prevalence of the quinolone antibiotic resistance gene (Smqnr) was 92.5% (74 isolates),and the genes involved in biofilm production (rmIA and rpfF) were found in 98.75% (79 isolates)and 57.5% (46 strains), respectively.With the exception of the presence of the rpfF gene and its association with resistance toceftazidime (p-value < 0.0001) and levofloxacin (p-value < 0.019), no other significantrelationships were observed.All strains in which biofilm production was examined were strong biofilm producers, theminimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic levofloxacin in different strainsranged from 2.5 to 20 ?g/ml, and this amount was lower than that of the antibiotic cefazidime(minimum 20 and maximum 640 ?g/ml).Keywords: antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Smqnr

This study examines antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in the Middle East up to 2024. The results indicate a concerning increase in resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics such as beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones, particularly third-generation cephalosporins, which are used to treat serious infections. Additionally, a high prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing strains was observed, highlighting the increasing complexity in treating infections. Genomic analyses conducted in this study revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance, showing that the transfer of resistance genes and plasmids plays a significant role in the spread of resistance. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains has limited treatment options and poses a serious threat to the effectiveness of new antibiotics. The findings of this research emphasize the necessity of implementing antimicrobial surveillance programs and infection control measures at the regional level to prevent further spread of resistance. Identifying patterns and key determinants of resistance in the Middle East contributes to a better understanding of the genetic dissemination of resistance and facilitates the development of targeted interventions. These results also pave the way for future research and public health initiatives aimed at addressing this critical global health challenge.   

   Although cholesterol is an essential and vital compound in the formation of cell membranes, its high amount in the blood can act as a high-risk factor in the body. The plant with the scientific name Prosopis farcta belongs to the Leguminosea family, which has many medicinal properties attributed to it in various sources. Olive, with the scientific name Olea Europaea L., belongs to the Oleacea family, in which many useful compounds have been identified. Another very useful and essential fatty acid for the body is omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA ?-3). This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of mistletoe plant extract combined with olive oil and omega-3 on the serum level of lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Therefore, the number of 60 male rats was divided as follows.- Control group: They were kept with the usual diet.- Hypercholesterolemia group: High fat diet (containing 2% cholesterol) was given for 8 weeks.- Hypercholesterolemia + PF group: first for 4 weeks high-fat diet and then for 4 weeks together with high-fat diet, kohork plant extract was eaten at the rate of 100 mg/kg.- Hypercholesterolemia + olive oil group: first, for 4 weeks, high-fat diet was given, and then for 4 weeks, along with high-fat diet, olive oil was given at the rate of 5%.- Hypercholesterolemia + Omega-3 group: First, a high-fat diet was given for 4 weeks, and then, Omega-3 was given at the rate of 400 mg/kg for 4 weeks along with a high-fat diet.- Hypercholesterolemia + olive oil + omega-3 group: First, a high-fat diet was given for 4 weeks, and then for 4 weeks, together with a high-fat diet, olive oil and omega-3 were given in the above methods and amounts.- Hypercholesterolemia + PF + olive oil group: first for 4 weeks high-fat diet and then for 4 weeks together with high-fat diet, kahorak plant extract and olive oil were given in the above methods and amounts.- Hypercholesterolemia + PF + omega-3 group: first A high-fat diet was given for 4 weeks, and then for 4 weeks together with a high-fat diet, mesquite plant extract and omega-3 were given in the above methods and amounts.- Hypercholesterolemic + PF + olive oil + omega-3 group: first for 4 weeks, high-fat diet and then for 4 weeks together with high-fat diet, kahorak plant extract, olive oil and omega-3 were given in the above methods and amounts.- Hypercholesterolemia + atrostatin group: At first for 4 weeks high-fat diet and then for 4 weeks together with high-fat diet, the drug atrostatin was given in the amount of 20 mg/kg. and their tissue samples were separated. After centrifugation and plasma separation, the blood sample was used to measure lipid factors, glucose, oxidative stress indices and liver enzymes. From the liver tissue sample, after fixation in 10% formalin and tissue passage, tissue slides were prepared and subjected to histopathological study.

  درماتوفيت­ها شايع­ترين عواملايجاد بيماري­هاي قارچي پوستي يا درماتوفيتوزيس هستند. درماتوفيتوزيس يك بيماري پوستي شايع در سگ­ها   مي­باشد. تشخيص گونه­هاي قارچي به درمان بهتر بيماري كمك مي­كند. روش­هاي قديمي براي شناخت گونه­هاي درماتوفيت­ها زمان­بر هستند و در بسياري از مواقع كارآمد نمي­باشند. اخيرا روش­هاي مولكولي متعددي مبتني بر DNA سلول به منظور بررسي گونه درماتوفيت­ها استفاده مي­شوند. هدف از اين مطالعه، تشخيص مولكولي جدايه­هاي درماتوفيتي از سگ­هاي مبتلا به درماتوفيتوزيس در شهر كرمانشاه بود. بدين منظور، مجموعا 30 ضايعه جدا شده از سگ در محيط PDA كشت داده شد و پس از خالص­سازي و بررسي­ مشخصات ميكروسكوپي و ماكروسكوپي نمونه­هاي كشت شده، DNA آن­ها استخراج شده و قطعات ژني   ITS و D1/D2 با استفاده از پرايمرهاي عمومي ITS1/ITS4 و NL1/NL4 تكثير شدند. محصولات PCR به­منظور تعيين توالي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. براساس تعيين توالي ناحيه ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 و D1/D2 ، كه برروي تعدادي از نمونه­ها صورت گرفت، سويه­هاي مورد مطالعه، ميكروسپوروم كنيس، ترايكوفايتون روبروم

The largest genus of the Gammaridae family is GammarusFabricius, 1775, which are widely found in freshwater environments of the northern hemisphere. To date, 19 species of this genus have been identified in Iran. The aim of this research is to investigate the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the genus Gammarus in the Yuan wetland of Kermanshah province. In this study, samples ofthe Gammarus genus were collected from five stations in the Yuan wetland, and the chemical characteristics of the water were evaluated. In the laboratory, first, the gender of the samples was identified and then the body parts of each sample were separated with dissection needles and placed on a slide containing Euparal glue.In the next step, the body parts of each sample were measured and photographedby LAMBOMED iVu 7000 light microscope equipped with a camera. Subsequently, various parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator software.The results of the morphological examinations confirmed the new record of the species G. anodon (the only Gammarus species in the Yuan wetland) based on the diagnostic characteristics of the species using the identification key of this genus. The distinguishing features of this species include the presence of a keel on the dorsal-median surface of urosomites1-3, the presence of small spines on the dorsal surface of pereonites 6-7, and relatively large black eyes. In addition, the investigations showed that intrapopulation variations are minor. Ecological data analysis also revealed that members of this species are found in environments with high water hardness, alkaline conditions, and high oxygen levels. Key words:G. anodon, morphological characters, Yuan wetland, Kermanshah Province.   

  The genus Gammaru  Fabricius, 1775 is one of the most diverse and important genera of the order Amphipoda, belonging to the family Gammaridae. Members of this group live in waters up to a depth of two meters, as long as the waters are not poor in oxygen and calcium. They have a very extensive habitat and are usually found in cold climates. The main objective of this study is to summarize and investigate the species of the genus Gammaru  in Iran and examine their morphological and diagnostic characteristics. The initial studies on freshwater Gammaru  in Iran were conducted by Karaman, and the su  ecies G. pulex persicu  was discovered in northwest Iran. Later, Loeffler in 1956, Mateus and Mateus in 1990 and Stock et al. (1998) introduced new species including G. miae, G. plumipes, G. protecus, G. pretzmanni, G. paricrenatus, G. anodon, G. parthicus, G. crinicaudatus, and G. lobifer, contributing to the knowledge of Gammaru  ecies in freshwater in Iran. Later, the first three species were rejected by researchers. New species, including G. baloutchi, G. lordeganensis, and G. bakhteyaricu  from the central Zagros region, G. zagrosensis, G. sepidannus, G. shirazinus, and G. loeffleri from southern Zagros, and G. sirvannus, G. hegmatanensis, and G. ilamensis from western Zagros were described. The distribution range of these species is usually limited to several restricted mountainous areas, so they can be considered native to Iran. In addition, three new records of this genus have also been reported: G. lacustris, which is distributed throughout the Holarctic region, with only a few populations in Iran; G. komareki, which is distributed in the Balkan Peninsula and Minor Asia, reported from all over the Alborz region in Iran; and G. pseudosyriacus, which is distributed in Minor Asia and has been found in the Zagros region of Iran. Therefore, to date, 19 species of the genus Gammaru  have been identified in Iran. In this study, distribution data, descriptive and diagnostic characteristics were presented for each species, and important diagnostic traits for species were discussed in a table, and an identification key for the freshwater Gammaru  of Iran is provided.    Keywords:  Amphipoda, Freshwater, Gammaru  ecies, Iran  

  Today, in addition to the antibiotic resistance of various microbial strains, which is one of the ten major health threats according to the World Health Organization, problems such as the exorbitant cost of treating some diseases and the recurrence of diseases have become the reason why researchers are looking for a solution for society. to solve these problems. One of the methods studied in recent years to deal with these problems is the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, with the help of plants and their derivatives. One of these plant derivatives is Farsi gum, a polysaccharide secreted from the trunk and branches of the mountain almond tree (with the scientific name Amygdalus scoparia), which is found in the Zagros region of Iran. In this study, Nefera nanoparticles were produced by Farsi gum as a regenerating and stabilizing compound by co-precipitation method. Then, "UV-visible spectrophotometry", "X-ray Diffraction", "scanning electron microscope" and "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy" analyzes were used to confirm its structure. After examining the structure, antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of these nanoparticles with the help of "well diffusion", "minimum inhibitory concentration", "minimum bactericidal concentration" and "crystal violet biofilm assay" tests on the microbial strains of Candida albicans, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were measured. In general, the findings of this research showed the excellent effect of this nanoparticle on the Candida albicans microbial strain. In the end, with the help of DPPH and half maximal inhibitory concentration tests, the antioxidant properties of the prepared nanoparticles were measured.

لاكپشت هاي دريايي گونه­هايي از خزندگان هستند كه در مناطق استوايي و گرم زندگي مي‌كنند. يكي از 16 راستهخزندگان كه در ??? ميليون سال گذشته تكامل‏ پيداكرده‌اند راسته Testudines است ‏كه‏ تاكنون ‏تنها چهار راسته از آن‌ها باقي‌مانده‌اند.يكي از اين چهار راسته، Testudinata مي‌باشدكه لاكپشت هاي Terrapins و Tortoises جزءاين‏ راسته ‏هستند، اين‏ راسته ‏كه ‏گاه ‏بانام‏ علمي Chelonian شناخته مي‌شود داراي دو زير راسته به ‏نام Pleurodira و Cryptodira است. زير راسته‏اول‏ بزرگ‌ترين ‏زير راسته ‏است‏ كه ‏داراي ?? خانواده ‏مي‌باشد‏و‏ لاك‌پشت‏هاي‏ دريايي در يكي از اين دو تاخانواده‏ها قرار مي‏گيرند. بيش‏ از ??? گونه‏ ازلاكپشت هاي دريايي‏ تا‏كنون‏ زيسته‏اند ‏ولي ‏تنها هفت گونه از ‏آن‌ها‏باقي‏مانده‏اند كه پنج گونه آن در ايران وجود دارد كه عبارت‌اند از: 1- لاك‌پشتسبز (Green turtle)، لاك‌پشتمنقار عقابي (Hawks bill)، لاك‌پشت زيتوني (olive turtle)، لاك‌پشت سر قرمز (Loggerhead turtle) و لاك‌پشت‏ پشت چرمي (leatherbacktrutle)‏، لاك‌پشت منقار عقابي Eretmochelys imbricata) ) در ميانساير لاكپشت هاي دريايي تنها گونه‌اي است كه براي اولين بار در سال 1970 جزءگونه‌هاي در معرض خطر و در سال 1996 جزء گونه‌هاي در معرض خطر انقراض، در ليستقرمز سازمان IUCN قرار گرفت ،پراكنش اين‌گونه در منطقه خليج‌فارسدر سواحل شمالي و جنوبي آن و سواحل جنوبي سيستان و بلوچستان در درياي مكران هست كهبيش‌ترين تعداد در قسمت‌هاي شمالي خليج در منطقه سواحل ايراني هست اين‌گونه درايران در جزاير هرمز، شيدور، قشم، ام ال كرم، نخيلو، بني فارور، لاوان، كيش،تهمادون، لارك و هنگام ديده‌شده است ،در ايران جمعيت‌هاي لاك‌پشت دريايي درنتيجه تأثيراتمستقيم و غيرمستقيم بشري ازجمله شكار بي‏رويه ‏يا‏ غيرقانوني به‌شدت در حال كاهشاست. حداقل ?? كشور جهان ميزبان آشيانه‏هاي اين‌گونه هستند بااين‌وجودبسياري از اين جايگاه‏هاي ‏آشيانه سازي داراي تراكم كمي هستند فراوان‌ترين گونه‏هاي لاكپشت هاي دريايي در خليج‌فارس، لاك‌پشتسبز و منقار عقابي است ،لاك‌پشت منقار عقابي در برخي از جزاير ايران تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند،نوع ماده آن‌ها در اواخر بهار به سمت ساحل آمده و تخم‌گذاري مي‌كند به‏طوركليدرهرلانه به‌طور متوسط 140 تخم مي‌گذارند و كل دوره تخم‌گذاري حدوداً دو هفته زمانمي‌برد و تقريباً دو ماه طول مي‌كشد كه تخم‌ها در شن ساحل به بچه لاك‌پشت تبديلشوند جنسيت بچه لاك‌پشت‌ها و سرعت رشد آن به دماي محيط بستگي دارد، دماي زيادتمايل جنين را به جنسيت ماده افزايش مي­دهد،لازم به ذكر است كه تعداد لاكپشت هاييكه براي تخم‌گذاري مي‌آيند با تعداد لاكپشت هايكه تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند متفاوت است تمام لاك‌پشت‌ها تخم‌گذاري نمي‌كنند و تعدادي بهدلايل مختلف ازجمله مناسب نبودن ساحل (دماي رسوبات بستر، پوشش گياهي و برخي دست‌كاري‌هايانساني)، وجود آلودگي و دلايل ديگر از تخم‌گذاري منصرف مي‏شوند لاكپشت هايخليج‏فارس تعداد تخم كمتري نسبت به نقاط ديگر جهان دارند، تخم‌گذاري هر دو تا سهسال يك‌بار صورت مي‏گيرد به‌جز لاكپشت هاي چرمي كه در آب‌هاي عميق باقي مي‌مانندبقيه گونه‏‏هاي جوان به آب‌هاي كم‌عمق سواحل مي‌روند، گونه منقار عقابي عموماً درجاهاييكه تشكيل صخره مرجاني شده و در آب‌هاي كم‏عمق شفاف، تالاب‏ها و خليج‏ها زندگي مي‌كنندلاكپشت هاي دريايي در ايران بيشتر در جزاير استان‌هاي بوشهر، هرمزگان، لاوان، قشم،شيدور، هنگام، هندورابي و نخيلو تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند ميكروارگانيسم‏هاي زيادي از تخم‌هايخارج نشده لاك‌پشت شناسايي و جداسازي شده است از گونه قارچ‏هاي جداشده از آشيانه تخم‌هامي‏توان به Aspergillus، Fusarium species، Chrysosporium، Penicillium، Emericella، Rhizopus، Actinomcour اشاره كرد كهاز بين آن‌ها گونه‏هاي Fusarium solani با درصدفراواني 55/54 و Fusarium oxspurum با درصد 91/40در كشورهاي تركيه، كاستاريكا، استراليا، برزيل و ايتاليا ديده شد همچنين دو نوعديگر Fusarium falciforme و Fusarium keratoplasticum با درصد 73/2 در تخم‌هاي مربوط به لاك‌پشت سر قرمز شناسايي‌شدهاست ، Fusarium يك منبع بزرگ عفونت‏هاي تخم‌هاي آشيانه لاكپشت هاي دريايياست از نمونه باكتري‏هاي ‏جداشده مي‏توان به گونه Vibrio، Escherichia coli، Salmonella، Klebsiella oxytoca، Klebsiella pneumoniae، كريپتوباكتر، Serratia، Pseudomonas، Aeromonas وStaphylococcus aureus

  Research Aim: The main purposes of this study include; Focus on metal-based nanoparticles as a potential treatment for bacterial infectious diseases, analyze the causes of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, evaluate the effectiveness of these nanoparticles in environmental and laboratory conditions, evaluate the effect of various parameters such as shape, size, concentration and Etc. In the activity of metal-based nanoparticles and determining their most effective state against different microorganisms, trying to understand the mechanism of action of different nanoparticles, investigating the effect of bimetallic nanoparticles and the combination of nanoparticles and antibiotics against infectious bacteria, possible negative effects of nanoparticles and predicting resistance Bacteria are against these nanoparticles.Research method: This study is a review. In this study, the shape and type of nanoparticles are examined to combat infection caused by microorganisms and also lack of sensitivity in the immune system. Also, issues such as the appropriate concentration of nanoparticles (which do not cause toxicity in the body and do not cause side effects) and the feasibility of developing resistance to nanoparticles are examined.Findings: Metal nanoparticles have good physical, chemical and surface charges. These unique properties make metal nanoparticles a potential therapeutic for infectious diseases. The general mechanisms of action of nanoparticles include cell wall degradation, production of reactive oxygen species, and production of metal ions, all of which cause damage to macromolecules and bacterial DNA, and ultimately lead to bacterial cell death.Conclusion: From all the research presented in this study, it can be concluded that metal nanoparticles and metal oxide can be a good alternative for infectious diseases caused by bacteria that have been difficult to treat due to drug resistance. The applications of metal nanoparticles can be summarized as follows: replacing nanoparticles with common antibiotics that bacteria have become resistant to, combining nanoparticles with antibiotics or with each other, and producing bipolar nanoparticles to increase their effectiveness and use Nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Overall, metal-based nanoparticles promise a promising future in the treatment of bacterial infections.

  Therehas been a great deal of attention in Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO  ), due to their remarkable characteristics such as high surface-to-volume ratio, large excitation binding energy, optical absorption ability, and UV filtering proprieties. ZnO   are used for various biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, including drug delivery systems, biosensors, anti-diabetic agent, anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity, and imaging. Also, they are used in cosmetics, medicine coatings, and sunscreens due to their unique optical properties. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is proposed due to its fast, clean, safe, and cost-effective, and is efficient alternative to conventional physiochemical methods. This study aimed to isolate and identify aquatic yeast strains for their potential to form ZnO  . The yeast strain, NS02, with high tolerance against zinc acetate (5.25 mM) was isolated using the enrichment technique and was selected as efficient candidate for the biosynthesis of ZnO   under resting cell and cell free extract (CFE) strategy. The preliminary evaluation on the formation of ZnO   was performed by visual observation and UV-visible absorption spectra of the biosynthesized ZnO  . The morphology, size, and elemental distribution of the nanoparticles were determined by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to identify the crystalline phase of the ZnO  . Antibacterial activity of ZnO   against pathogenic bacteria isolated from the clinical specimens was investigated using agar well diffusion method. The isolate NS02 was characterized based on their morphological properties and amplification the ITS-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA regions. In the current study, first time a native aquatic strain Rhodotorula pacifica NS02 is reported for the extracellular synthesis of ZnO   with an average sizes 51.9 nm and 42.6 nm under resting cell and CFE strategy, respectively. The biosynthesized ZnO   had a growth inhibitory effect all tested clinical isolates due to their nanometric size and well-defined dispersity. The results showed that the produced ZnO   had the highest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae and the lowest inhibitory effect on Streptococcus pyogenes

The genus Niphargus Schi?dte 1847 (Amphipoda: Niphargidae) is the largest genus of freshwater amphipods that distributed in the Western Palearctic. Most of the species inhabit subterranean waters and constitute a substantial part of groundwater biodiversity. Sofar, more than 20 species of Niphargus genus described from Iran that most of these are endemic. In this study, morphological and molecular diversity of subterranean amphipods of genus Niphargus in central and southern parts of Ardebil province was investigated. Four populations from more than 70 stations were collected. To study the morphology of the specimens, different parts of the specimen were measured and photographed with an optical microscope equipped with a camera. Morphological characters were drawn using adobe illustrator software. More than 150 morphological traits and about 90 morphometric traits were investigated in each sample. To study molecular data, we analyzed nuclear molecular marker, such as 28S rDNA. The analyses of Bayesian tree suggested new populations are placed N. daniali in one clade. Finally, the results confirmed the presence of two new species of Niphargus genus in this region.   

Abstract    The glycemic index describes the change in blood glucose levels after eating foods compared to a standard meal.There is a growing interest in low glycemic index products due to the prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Therefore, adding oak and oat products, which are rich in terms of secondary compounds, is recommended in to the food basket. Since bread is one of the main food sources in Iran and Due to the role of oak flour and oat on improving the glycemic index of bread and its effect on quality, The purpose of this study was to investigate the glycemic index and physicochemical properties of oak and oat bread. In this way, to determine the GI, 13 healthy and 7 diabetics person -individual consumed on separate occasions in separate case six bread types (bread containing 70% wheat flour and 30% oak flour, bread containing 80% wheat flour and 20% oak flour, bread containing 90% wheat flour and 10% oak flour, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 15% oak flour and 5% oat flour, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 10% oak flour and 10% oat flour and, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 5% oak flour and 15% oat flour ) and reference food (white bread) containing 50 g of carbohydrates.   The blood samples were collected Finger-prick fingertip at fasting (0 min) and at 60 and 120 min after meal consumption. In this study, types of breads were evaluated on the basis of physico-chemical properties.    There were significant differences in the Glycemic Index between the White bread by and bread types( bread containing 70% wheat flour and 30% oak flour: 89.51±5.264, bread containing 80% wheat flour and 20% oak flour:89.40±2.585, bread containing 90% wheat flour and 10% oak flour: 93.53±5.006, bread containing 80% wheat flour,15% oak flour and 5% oat flour: 88.51±3.024, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 10% oak flour and 10% oat flour:88.83±4.858 and bread containing 80% wheat flour, 5% oak flour and 15% oat flour:91.27±3.966) in healthy individuals subjects but there was no significant difference in diabetic patients.    The Glycemic index of the types bread tested on diabetics are listed below is as follows: (bread containing 70% wheat flour and 30% oak flour:98.6±3.091, bread containing 80% wheat flour and 20% oak flour: 99.39±2.978, bread containing 90% wheat flour and 10% oak flour:100.2±2.690, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 15% oak flour and 5% oat flour:97.16±4.526, bread containing 80% wheat flour, 10% oak flour and 10% oat flour: 98.44±2.542 and bread containing 80% wheat flour, 5% oak flour and 15% oat flour 99.14±3.764). The use of Using large amounts of oak and oat flour may impair the quality of the product. such as insufficient rise in of volume, relatively firmer texture, poor aroma and flavor and rapid staling.    Key words: Glycemic Index, Oak bread, Oak flour, Oat, diabet.   

   Abstract Apple syrup or cider varies by type of apple juice and its degree of sweetness and alcohol content by 1.2-1.7% and can be considered as a fermented apple drink. Cider is an excellent fermented, tasty and healthy fermented product that can be a good substitute for harmful carbonated beverages that have been enjoyed in the Iranian table. The important thing about this probiotic drink is that it has all the unique properties of apples, plus the factors that are added during fermentation (such as oligofructants, malic acid, etc.) that make this product completely healthy and unique. Despite Iran being one of the largest apple growers in Asia and annually destroying large quantities of apples grown in orchards, especially in the city of Urmia, Cider has no production or consumption in Iran. The cider production process generally consists of three stages: crushing the apple and extracting the water and ultimately the most important stage being fermentation. Fermentation involves classical alcoholic fermentation of sugars into ethanol by yeast strains and malolactic fermentation by lactic acid bacteria in the ripening phase. In this study, apples were harvested from standard farms and gardens around Boroujerd early in the autumn and then washed and transferred to the laboratory, shredded carefully, free of tails and nuclei, and the chopped pieces are poured into the fermentation vat and the fermentation process is managed according to the study design. It is worth noting that during this process, some alcohol is also produced, which is noticeable. In this study, six apple samples in orchards around Boroujerd were studied and their constituents were identified and measured. Mean percentages of fiber, fat, ash, protein and moisture content in apple samples were as follows: ? 0.1, 0.17, 0.30, 0.21, and 94.79 (g /100), respectively. Another objective of this project is to investigate the presence or absence of probiotic bacteria, especially lactobacilli in this fermented beverage, which results after testing and cell culture on MRS-agar medium. There was no probiotic bacteria, especially lactobacilli, in this drink. Another goal we have in this project is the problem of the solvency of this drink, namely the amount of alcohol produced during the fermentation process should not be more than 2.5 to 3% to make sure we provide a healthy and solvent drink. And it can be used by everyone in the community. Accordingly, the percentage of alcohol in samples A2 (13.5), A3 (zero), A4 (zero), A7 (1.6), A8 (zero) and A10 (1.8) obtained. Another parameter to consider in this project is the organoleptic evaluation of this fermented beverage. According to a survey of 14 people, the taste of the beverage was acceptable and tasty.

  owadays, finding new treatment methods for woundhealing with maximum efficiency and minimum side effects is important. In physiological condition, duo to wound, inflammation, and the secretion of various cytokines, cells especially fibroblast cells emigrate and proliferate to repair damaged tissue. By the use of different compounds, we can increase the rate of wound healing and repair of damaged tissue. Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound in the black seed, has extensive healing properties, especially in wound healing. In this study, to evaluate the simultaneous effect of TQ and cobalt chloride (II) on fibroblast cells, fibroblast cells were cultured in a suitable condition. Then they are treated with TQ (500 ng/ml concentration) and cobalt chloride for 24 hours. Finally, the expression of genes (Sox2, Cdk4, c-Met, Dnmt1) was analyzed in the transcription level by using a real-time PCR technique. Data analysis of real-time PCR showed that expressions of Cdk4 and c-Met genes in the treatment group increased to reach to 1.26 and 1.86 respectively in comparison with control groups during the 24 hours. Due to the significance level of 1.5, the increase in expression of c-Met gene was significant but the increase in expression of Cdk4 gene was not significant. During the mentioned period, the expression of Sox2 and Dnmt1 genes in the treated group with cobalt chloride and TQ decreased to get to -1.28 and -1.32, respectively in comparison with the control group that both of them was not significant. The results of the present study showed that the simultaneous treatment of fibroblast cells with TQ and cobalt chloride may increase the migration of these cells at the wound site by the effect on cell migration genes that result in wound healing

  reast cancer is recognized as the most common cancer worldwide amongwomen, regardless of age and race, and in various physical, psychological, economic, and social aspects, it can cause problems for the individuals, their family, society, and the health system. Therefore, finding new treatment targets, especially in aggressive and treatment-resistant subtypes of breast cancer, is significant. Hypoxia is an important regularizer biological parameter in cancer progression which leads to some resistance mechanisms to treatment. Nowadays, the use of various medicinal herbs has received much attention in the treatment of breast cancer due to their extensive therapeutic properties and minimal side effects. Thymoquinone (TQ) is considered as a bioactive compound in the black seed with vast remedial attributes in breast cancer treatment. In the recent study, to check the simultaneous effect of TQ and hypoxia caused by cobalt II chloride on MCF-7 cell line, first, the cells were cultured under appropriate conditions until they reached the optimal confluency. Then they were treated with 500 ng/ml TQ and 100 ?M cobalt II chloride for 24 hours. Finally, the expression of Sox2, Cdk4, c-Met, and Dnmt1 genes at the mRNA level was investigated by real-time PCR. The results of real-time PCR data analysis by Levak method with considering the meaningful level of FC?1.5 showed that the group treated with TQ and cobalt II chloride simultaneously compared to the control group (treated with only cobalt II chloride), the expression of all studied genes were decreased over a period of 24 hours, which considering a meaningful level greater than or equal to 1.5, these decreases are significant for Cdk4, c-Met, and Dnmt1 genes but not for Sox2

آتروزاسكلروزكه ناشي از رسوب ليپيدها در آندوتليوم سرخرگ‌هاي بزرگ و متوسط مي‌باشد، عامل بسياري از مرگ وميرها به شمار مي‌آيد.

  The yellow-spotted mountain newt Neurergus derjugini is listed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation ofNature (IUCN). In spite of its conservation status and laws protecting it, thespecies continues to decline in the wild. A captive breeding program wassuccessfully established to provide information to support the species’recovery.We designed a   2 ×2 × 2 factorial experiment with two high (N = 14) and low (N = 4) densities,two levels offood (high and low) and the present and absence of spatial complexity (refugia)including (LD/LF/R), (LD/HF/R), (HD/LF/R), (HD/HF/R),(LD/LF/NR), (LD/HF/NR), (HD/LF/NR), (HD/HF/NR).The resultsof the experiment in 10 months showed that the growth, development and survivalrate in larval of N. derjugini is influenced by the amount of availablefood, so that larvae grown in high levels of food have a faster metamorphosistime (P?0.01), larger size (P?0.01) and highersurvival rate (P?0.0001) compared to reared at low levels of food. On the otherhand, the density (P?0.04) and the presence of refugia (P?0.03) showed a significanteffect on survival over time. Also, the interactive effect of these threefactors showed a significant effect on the ageof metamorphosis (P?0.05) and survival rate (P?0.04) over time. In this study, also, the level of cannibalistic behaviour (including the loss of fore and hind limbs, missing toes, tail, and gills, body damage, andwhole body consumption) was investigated. According to the results cannibalism changed as the larvaegrew, from a low level during the first five weeks, peaking from weeks 5–15,and then dropped during weeks 15–37. The results of thisstudy showed that the presence of sufficient food (P?0.002) significantly reducedthe rate of cannibalism over time but interaction it with density and refugiashowednon significant effect. Information obtained from the current experiment could improve the productivity of captive breeding facilities toensure the release of adequate numbers of individuals for reintroductionprograms.

study of Intraction between Selenium and sulfur on physyologcal  responses, Micro and Macro Nutreinte density and Arsenic Acumulation in Isatis Cappadocica. 

AbstractIntroduction:  Dermatophytes are known to be the most common cause of cutaneous diseases in Iran. Also, with regard to increasing number of antifungal-resistant dermatophytes, antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes serves as a useful tool in managing clinical dermatophytosis.Materials and methods:  A total of 60 isolates of dermatophytes belonging to  T. interdigitale, T. rubrum, T.  tonsurans,  and  E. floccosum  were analyzed by molecular method and antifungal susceptibility test. Antifungal susceptibility testing of all isolates was assessed to 9 antifungal agents using CLSI guidelines.Results:  MIC50  for luliconazole and lanoconazole was 0.001 and 0.004 µg/ml, compared to 0.03, 0.06, 0.06, 0.06, 0.125, 1, 8 µg/ml for terbinafine, itraconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin, voriconazole, and fluconazole, respectively. The results indicated that  Trichophyton  tonsurans  was the most susceptible species to antifungals wherea  Epidermophyton floccosum  was the most resistant species to them.Conclusion:  Our results assist clinicians about the necessity of antifungal susceptibility testing to select effective strategies for management of clinical cases of dermatophytosis. Also, new generation drugs, such as luliconazole and lanoconazole, are recommended for the treatment of dermatophytosis.Keywords  Dermatophytes, Antifungal susceptibility test, Dermatophytosis  

  In this study, the origin of the reptiles is reviewed, and generalizations are given about them, the families of lizards that there are in Iran are introduced then the characteristics of each are described. The focus of this review is on the Agamidae family which is a deffer family with ecological and morphological structure, more than 33   ecies and 54 genera and is one of the fourth largest reptile family in the vast areas of Australia and Asia. All of the four genera and 20   ecies of Agamidae in Iran is investigated by ecological and morphological characteristics.

  Pollution control is one of the main concerns of today's society . Today, synthetic paints are widely used in many industries, such as textiles, paper, photography, food, and so on. One source among them  The enormous pollution of water occurs by the colored materials of the textile industry  .  The chemicals are divided into three categories: anionic, cationic and non-cationic. Anionic paints are used in the industry by about 20-30%  .  Azo paintings are a large group of chemical paint  that account for 70% of their textile products due to their color variations and constructional properties.For dyestuffs, a high color value is considered an advantage, But on the other hand, the same advantage has led to the fact that even if the dye remains in the waste water, due to properties such as mutagenicity and cancerousness of the threat  It is life-style. The chemical structure of this material is designed and constructed so that atmospheric agents such as sunlight, sunlight, ozone and other atmospheric and environmental agents do not affect them. Therefore, if textile wastewater is discharged directly to water and no action is taken to remove chemical dyes, this will eventually lead to reduced oxygen transfer to water and the solubility of gases and irreparable damage to the environment. Several physicochemical methods such as absorption by activated carbon, electrocautery, ion exchange, membrane filtration and ..... for industrial wastewater bleaching have been used. But implementation of these methods has been inadequate to date due to the low capacity of the implementation of the project, high cost and the creation of waste materials that self-contained disposal is also problematic. Nonetheless, microbial vibes have attracted the attention of researchers because of less costs, less damage to the environment and less waste production. In this study, the conditions of optimum coloring of Bacillus pasteurium were investigated by examining criteria such as temperature, concentration, salt and color saturation in the environment using Taguchi method in order to indicate the color of Rimazole Red B-medium from the environment.

The microbialcellulose which is produced by some strains of Gluconobacter isstructurally similar to plant cellulose. Based on this feature, the microbialcellulose has been used in medical and industrial productions as an importantraw material. Accordingly,in this study, the production of nanobiocellulose by Gluconobacter xylinum indifferent environmental conditions was investigated and predicted optimalconditions for the result. At first, the strain of bacteria was collected fromthe Iranian Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Then, 3environmental determinants for the production of nanobiocellulose (grapevineextract, strawberry extract and fig extract) were considered as a carbon sourcewith ratios of 10, 20 and 30% at temperatures of 26, 30 and 37. Theexperimental design was based on Taguchi method and analyzed using Qulitek-4software. Based on the results, the best optimum conditions for the productionof nanobiocellulose were obtained from grape seedlings as a carbon source witha weight percent-weight ratio of 30% and a temperature of 26 ° C. Therefore,based on the observations made in this experiment, agricultural waste can beused as a substitute for the carbon source and produced a large amount ofnanobiocellulose.  Key words: Optimization, Nanobiocellulose, Gluconobacterxylinus  

مطالعه عددي تاثير عملكرد قوسي در پايداري گودبرداري عميق با سيستم شمع نگهبان

  Bioleaching means the use of microorganism for the purification of metals. This method is one of the newest and low-cost technologies for the recovery of metals from sulfide and iron low grade elements. In this study by providing optimum conditions, native bacteria that naturally exist in soil that containing zinc metal, grown and they had a role in the separation of zinc. Soil containing low grade zinc with %6 was produced. Three effective factors that have a great share and effect for bioleaching in the industrial scale were considered. In this experiment, 3 factors: pH, time and the ratio of zinc soil volume to leach solution was considered. The design of experiment was based on the Taguchi method and its analysis was done with the use of qulitek-4 software. According to obtained results for determining the optimal conditions for the growth of native bacteria, pH had the greatest impact and time had the lowest impact. In the best condition PH = 3 with the ratio of zinc soil volume to leach solution 1/1 and after 20 days, had a significant role in the maximum separation of zinc. Based on the observation in this experiment. Considering and setting several key factors on bioleaching will lead to the growth of native bacteria in the soil containing zinc, so by doing bioleaching in the industrial scale, zinc metal can be separated without a high cost.  

بهسازي خاك هاي ماسه اي بوسيله ي رسوب ميكروبي كلسيت

This study examined the effects of 1) increased salinity, 2) effects of Mosquitofish predation and increasing salinity, 3) effect of atrazine and 4) copper on growth, development and survival of the green toad, Bufotes variabilis during embryonic, hatching and early larval periods. 1) This study examined the effects of increased salinity on growth, development and survival of the green toad, Bufotes variabilis during embryonic, hatching and early larval periods in 24 day. Conducted a laboratory trial to determine at what level salinity (0.20, 0.70, 1.70, 2.70, 3.70, 4.70, 5.70, 6.70, 7.70, 8.70 and 10 g/L) negatively effects on growth, development and survival. Results obtained from this study showed that salinity over 3.7 g/L increased embryonic mortality and reduced hatching and survival rates. Meanwhile increases in salinity more than 3.70 g/L caused a significant (p<0.05) extension in the hatching period. At salinities over 8.70 g/L unhatched and dead appeared with signs of shrinkage and distorted appearance. Hatched B. variabilis tadpoles at 3.70 to 4.70 g/L also had morphological abnormalities, such as distortion of tail. After a 3-week experiment, size of tadpoles exposed to 0.70 g/L salinities were higher (7.66±0.58 mm) but that of the over 0.70 g/L was lower compared with the 0.20 g/L (7.36±0.38 mm). However, under this salinity (0.70 g/L), survival and hatching of embryos were not affected. Larvae tolerated salinity 0.20 to 3.70 (g/L) with highest survival (80 to 30 %), but salinity of 10 (g/L) caused mortality of all individuals within 12 h, 7.70-8.70 (g/L) within 7 days, 5.70-6.70 g/L within 10 days and 4.70 (g/L) were tolerated within 21 days. 2) Investigated the effects of Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation and increasing salinity on larvae and tadpole of Bufotes variabilis in 2 levels of fish density (1 and 3 G. affinis) and 2 levels of salinity (1.20 g/L and 2.70 g/L) with control treatments including low fish/Low salinity, low fish/high salinity, high fish/Low salinity, high fish/high salinity in 28 days. B. variabilis was tolerant of both fish density and increased salinity and there was no interaction between fish density and increased salinity (p>0.05). But, separately and combined effects of fish density and salinity level showed significant effects on growth and development over time (p<0.000). Time did not influence the effects of salinity or presence of fish on survival of larvae (p>0.05). The result showed larvae grown at the high fish/high salinity treatment, exhibited smallest growth rate (0.22 mm/day) and lowest survival rate (0.00%). Also, our data showed that in larvae grown at the low fish/low salinity growth rate and development stage was fastest (0.33 mm/day and Gosner 30.35±0.67), and survival rate at control treatment was higher (90.66%±0.66) compared with individuals reared in other treatments. High salinity/ high fish treatment contained malformation and abdominal edema. 3) This study examined the negative effects of atrazine at concentrations of 0, 2, 7, 15, 25, 30 and 40 mg/L on growth, development and survival in 25 days. Results obtained from this study showed that atrazine over >25 mg/L increased embryonic mortality and reduced hatching and survival rates. After 18 day, larvae at atrazine over >30 mg/L appeared with signs of shrinkage and distorted appearance. After 25 day experiment, size of tadpoles exposed to 2 mg/L atrazine were higher (5.51±0.19 mm) but that of the >2 mg/L was lower compared with the control treatments (6.81±0.42 mm). But under this atrazine concentration (2 mg/L), survival and hatching of embryos were not affected. Larvae in both control and 2 (mg/L) treatments showed highest survival rate (85.33±4.61 and 82.66±4.61, respectively).   

AbstractNowadays,with progress in industry the dangerous of heavy metals were increased.Cdmium is one of the most abundant toxic elements that contaminates soil, water, and food chain and represents a serious threat for human health and agricultural crops.Industrial waste water, as the most important environmental pollutants that contain significant amounts of heavy metals are high salt density. The technology of biological removal as efficient and effective method comparing to common methods to removing of heavy metals from industrial waste was improved.The biological removing method is cheap and safe for environment. Biological removal of the high toxicity of cadmium with high mobility and widespread ecological effects to be considered as an important field in the biotechnology. Detection of persist bacteria to toxic metals and using of them for removing heavy metal from arouses environments and wastewaters is very important. In this study the ability of Halomonas elongata IBRC-M10433 bacterium removed from Uroumie Salty Lake to removing of Cadmium was test.The purpose from this study was to optimization of Biological removal of Cdmium by Halomonas elongata IBRC - M10433   under environmental factors. Design of Experiments Taguchi method to determine the optimum conditions relative to environmental factors such as cadmium concentration, salt and concentration of glucose as the carbon source in biological removal of Cdmium   y Halomonas elongata IBRC- M10433. This study shown that the Halomonas elongata IBRC- M10433   as potential adsorbent for heavy metal ions from aqueous solution and the   highest removal of Cdmium was observed as 50 mg/L ion concentrations , 10 g/Lto carbon and 200 g/L of salt at 370C and pH7.It was also observed That concentrations of carbon is the most effective factor in the bioremediation. In addition to the experimental design Taguchi method to determine the optimum conditions, environmental factors such as concentration NH4Cl as a nitrogen source, K2HPo4 as a source of phosphorus and cadmium concentrations in biological removal of cadmium by Halomonas elongata IBRC- M10433 Optimum conditions at   P 0/3 g/L, Cdmium concentration 100 mg/L and nitrogen 2 g/L at 37 ° C and pH 7. also observed That concentrations of phosphorus is the most effective factor in the bioremediation. Results from this study shown that Halomonas elongata IBRC-M10433 persist to Cadmium metal,And has the ability to removal of Cdmium containing industry waste water and aqueous solution .The bacteria can be used for further studies in the field of removal of heavy metals.Application of biotechnology and life is very valuable for the treatment of heavy metals.With the help of modern technology can be used to identify genetic changes in microorganisms and make payment And an important step in improving perceptions of environmental pollution.Keyword:heavymetal,biologicalremoval,Taguchimethod, Cadmium, Halomonas elongata IBRC - M10433.     

  Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers. In these dimensions, physical, chemical and biological characteristics of material are unusual and unique new applications of nanoscale materials are possible. Synthetic nanomaterials are widely used in medicine, biotechnology, energy, fisheries, environment and agriculture. Bacterial processes have considerable potential for reducing heavy metal ions and it can be one of the best candidates for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In this investigation, nine experiments contain three factors (Glucose, NaCl and CuSO4 concentrations) in different three levels were designed by Taguchi method and effect of three factors on optimum of nanoparticles synthesis was analyzed.Maximum production of copper nanoparticles have been seen in optimal conditions, the 0.39 mM glucose, 9.7 mM NaCl, 5.6 mM copper   ulfate.Copper nanoparticles with spectroscopy UV-Vis, analysis FTIR, XRD, SEM   were investigated. The results showed the antibacterial effect of nanoparticles on the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus .Due to the characteristics of copper nanoparticles and their applications in various fields, it is important to optimize production conditions.With regard to copper nanoparticles are widely used in various fields such as medicine, and the use of this strain of Halomonas elongata M-IBRC 10214 for the first time in the production of copper nanoparticles, this research could be the basis for further studies in order to optimize production   of copper nanoparticles by this strain.