Background: Candidiasis is a common clinical problem, and its treatment has become increasingly difficult owing to rising drug resistance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are considered a promising therapeutic option for fungal infections due to their potent antifungal properties. This study aimed to develop a mucoadhesive gel system containing ZnO-   for vaginal drug delivery. We investigated the efficacy and safety of this combination in an animal model of vaginitis, using L-carnitine as a protective agent. Methods: A mucoadhesive gel was prepared using appropriate polymers and subsequently loaded with ZnO-  . The inhibitory effect of the gel on Candida albicans was analyzed using MIC testing in combination with a biofilm formation evaluation. To evaluate safety, cytotoxicity assays were conducted on human dermal fibroblast cells. In a mouse model of estradiol-induced vaginitis, animals received intravaginal treatment with ZnO-NP gel and intramuscular administration of L-carnitine. Vaginal fungal burden, tissue histopathology, and inflammatory responses were evaluated in this study. Results: The formulated gel was stable, viscous, and mucoadhesive. In vitro results showed reduced MIC and inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation by ZnO-  . In an animal model, ZnO-NP gel treatment significantly reduced fungal and tissue burdens. L-carnitine administration improves systemic immunity and reduces potential toxicity symptoms. Conclusion: Gel containing ZnO-   could be an effective and safe approach for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The addition of L-carnitine can enhance the safety and tolerability of this treatment. These results support the advancement of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery platforms for managing fungal diseases.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the reaction of different wheat cultivars to the Un1 and Gi1 strains of Xanthomonas translucens, the bacterial leaf sterak (BLS) of wheat in Kermanshah province. At first, proving the pathogenicity of the strains was done by the pathogenicity test. In the next step, 17 wheat cultivars were planted in plastic pots containing a mixture of sand and gravel in a factorial method in a completely random design in three replications. Then, at the stage of two or three leaves, they were inoculated with a suspension of Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, with a concentration of 107-106 (CFU/g) by injection under the epidermis. The percentage of leaf surface contamination was noted and evaluated two weeks after contamination. Also, in all the experimental treatments, the weight of one hundred seeds was measured as one of the performance indicators. Data analysis was done by SAS software and comparison of means was done using Duncan's test. According to the results, the reaction of the studied cultivars to Xanthomonas translucens strains was different. So that the reactions were different and varied from sensitive to tolerant. The number of cultivars with high sensitivity such as Pishgam and Marvdasht were less than those with semi-sensitive and moderate sensitivity. In addition, the number of seeds per spike and hundred-seed weight of cultivars infected with Un1 and Gi1 strains were significantly lower than control cultivars (inoculated with distilled water). Overall, none of the studied cultivars had complete resistance to UN1 and GI1 BLS strains. Kewords: Xanthomonas translucens, pathogenicity, wheat, Kermanshah, hundred grain weight, Un1 and Gi1 Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the reaction of different wheat cultivars to the Un1 and Gi1 strains of Xanthomonas translucens, the bacterial leaf sterak (BLS) of wheat in Kermanshah province. At first, proving the pathogenicity of the strains was done by the pathogenicity test. In the next step, 17 wheat cultivars were planted in plastic pots containing a mixture of sand and gravel in a factorial method in a completely random design in three replications. Then, at the stage of two or three leaves, they were inoculated with a suspension of Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, with a concentration of 107-106 (CFU/g) by injection under the epidermis. The percentage of leaf surface contamination was noted and evaluated two weeks after contamination. Also, in all the experimental treatments, the weight of one hundred seeds was measured as one of the performance indicators. Data analysis was done by SAS software and comparison of means was done using Duncan's test. According to the results, the reaction of the studied cultivars to Xanthomonas translucens strains was different. So that the reactions were different and varied from sensitive to tolerant. The number of cultivars with high sensitivity such as Pishgam and Marvdasht were less than those with semi-sensitive and moderate sensitivity. In addition, the number of seeds per spike and hundred-seed weight of cultivars infected with Un1 and Gi1 strains were significantly lower than control cultivars (inoculated with distilled water). Overall, none of the studied cultivars had complete resistance to UN1 and GI1 BLS strains. Kewords: Xanthomonas translucens, pathogenicity, wheat, Kermanshah, hundred grain weight, Un1 and Gi1   

  درماتوفيت­ها شايع­ترين عواملايجاد بيماري­هاي قارچي پوستي يا درماتوفيتوزيس هستند. درماتوفيتوزيس يك بيماري پوستي شايع در سگ­ها   مي­باشد. تشخيص گونه­هاي قارچي به درمان بهتر بيماري كمك مي­كند. روش­هاي قديمي براي شناخت گونه­هاي درماتوفيت­ها زمان­بر هستند و در بسياري از مواقع كارآمد نمي­باشند. اخيرا روش­هاي مولكولي متعددي مبتني بر DNA سلول به منظور بررسي گونه درماتوفيت­ها استفاده مي­شوند. هدف از اين مطالعه، تشخيص مولكولي جدايه­هاي درماتوفيتي از سگ­هاي مبتلا به درماتوفيتوزيس در شهر كرمانشاه بود. بدين منظور، مجموعا 30 ضايعه جدا شده از سگ در محيط PDA كشت داده شد و پس از خالص­سازي و بررسي­ مشخصات ميكروسكوپي و ماكروسكوپي نمونه­هاي كشت شده، DNA آن­ها استخراج شده و قطعات ژني   ITS و D1/D2 با استفاده از پرايمرهاي عمومي ITS1/ITS4 و NL1/NL4 تكثير شدند. محصولات PCR به­منظور تعيين توالي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. براساس تعيين توالي ناحيه ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 و D1/D2 ، كه برروي تعدادي از نمونه­ها صورت گرفت، سويه­هاي مورد مطالعه، ميكروسپوروم كنيس، ترايكوفايتون روبروم

  Today, in addition to the antibiotic resistance of various microbial strains, which is one of the ten major health threats according to the World Health Organization, problems such as the exorbitant cost of treating some diseases and the recurrence of diseases have become the reason why researchers are looking for a solution for society. to solve these problems. One of the methods studied in recent years to deal with these problems is the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, with the help of plants and their derivatives. One of these plant derivatives is Farsi gum, a polysaccharide secreted from the trunk and branches of the mountain almond tree (with the scientific name Amygdalus scoparia), which is found in the Zagros region of Iran. In this study, Nefera nanoparticles were produced by Farsi gum as a regenerating and stabilizing compound by co-precipitation method. Then, "UV-visible spectrophotometry", "X-ray Diffraction", "scanning electron microscope" and "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy" analyzes were used to confirm its structure. After examining the structure, antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of these nanoparticles with the help of "well diffusion", "minimum inhibitory concentration", "minimum bactericidal concentration" and "crystal violet biofilm assay" tests on the microbial strains of Candida albicans, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were measured. In general, the findings of this research showed the excellent effect of this nanoparticle on the Candida albicans microbial strain. In the end, with the help of DPPH and half maximal inhibitory concentration tests, the antioxidant properties of the prepared nanoparticles were measured.

Rapidpopulation growth in the 21st century will lead to reduced access to food and,consequently, increased demand for protein. Scientists have suggested insectsas alternatives to animals because of their high nutritional value, highreproductive ability, low greenhouse gas emissions, and animal protein source. Tenebriomolitor species is a suitable option for industrial cultivation due to itsrelative ease of breeding. This insect has complete metamorphosis, i.e. fourstages: egg, larva (mealworm), pupa and adult. Mealworm has a high nutritionalvalue and is used for feeding farmed animals. This study examined the effect ofseven types of diets including 400 grams (gr) of wheat bran flour as a controltreatment (W), 200 + 200 gr of barley and wheat flour (A), 100 +300 gr ofbarley and wheat flour (B), 200 + 200 gr of chickpea and wheat flour (C), 100 +300 gr of chickpea and wheat flour (D), 200 + 200 gr of corn and wheat flour(E), 100 + 300 g of corn and wheat flour (F) on physiological parameters، nutritionalvalue and growth rate of larval body length and weight of T. molitorlarvae.   The effect of the mentionedseven treatments with five temperature treatments of 22, 25, 28, 31 and 34Celsius degrees on biological and reproductive parameters of T. molitor,life table, absence of fruit in insect breeding and cannibalism behavior havebeen investigated. The highest and lowest average length of body were recordedin W and A treatments and weight in W and D treatments, respectively. The lifetable was designed and the shape of the survival curve in different treatments wasconvex. The effect of the nutritional factor and the absence of fruit in thediet on the biological and reproductive parameters of T. molitor

  Western Iran, especially the provincesof Ilam and Lorestan, in particular, has a unique geography and climaticconditions that support a rich fauna. These two provinces are more or lessforested and the Zagros Mountains extend in them and cause a geographicalbarrier. And the climate has become more diverse. Due to the extensive studieson lizards in these two provinces and the lack of a review on the lizard faunaidentified in these provinces, the present study aims to investigate andcollect the lizards identified and reported in These areas were done. At first,articles, dissertations and books that studied the lizard fauna of Iran,especially Lorestan and Ilam provinces were collected and then the requiredmaterials were extracted and reported. A total of 35 species of lizards from 7families, 20 genera were reported in the study.

چكيدهمقدمه:واژينيتيك بيماري التهابي همراه با خارش، سوزش، بو و ترشحات غير طبيعي واژن بوده كه همراه با عواقبي مانند عفونت هاي دستگاه ادراري، زايمان زودرس، بيماري التهابي لگن و ناباروري است.استرپتوكوكوس آگالاكتيه يا استرپتوكوك گروهB(GBS)يك پاتوژن انسانيبوده كه از واژن زنان بالغ جدا شده است. اين باكتري ها دارايتوانايي بالقوه­اي برايايجاد بيوفيلمبوده كه وضعيتمزمن و پايداري از بيماريبه وجود مي­آورد. آمپي سيلينيا پني سيلين، آنتي بيوتيك هاي خط اول، براي درمان عفونت ناشي ازGBSهستند.مطالعات متعددي مقاومت GBS را نسبت به اين آنتي بيوتيك ها نشان داده است. بنابراين،استفاده از عوامل ضد باكترياييجايگزين مانندنانوذرات مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.در ميانانواع مختلف نانومواد، نقره به دليل خواص استثنايي خود يكي از پركاربردترين محصولات بوده است. باتوجه به كاربرد گسترده اين مواد، نگراني هاي بسياري در زمينه سميت آن­ها وجود دارد. به منظور محافظت در برابر اثرات سمي نانوذرات از ويتامين سي به عنوان يك ماده آنتي اكسيدان استفاده شد. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي اثرات ضد باكتريايي و ضد بيوفيلمينانوذرات نقرهعليه GBS، بررسي ميزان سميت سلولي اين نانوذرات، ارزيابي اثر محافظتي ويتامين سي بر نانوذرات نقره و بررسي تاثير مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي در درمان عفونت واژن ايجاد شده در موش است.روش­ها: مدل عفونت واژن ناشي از باكتري GBS از طريق تلقيح داخل واژنيCFU/ml108×1باكتري در موش هاي ماده و بالغ نژاد NMRI ايجاد شد. در اين مطالعه از مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي براي درمان عفونت واژن استفاده شد. تعداد 70 موش به طور تصادفي در 10 گروه مجزا (7 موش در هر گروه) تقسيم بندي شدند: كنترل، ويتامين سي (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي سالمي كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند)، عفونت (موش هاي آلوده با GBS)، عفونت و ويتامين سي (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، عفونت و نانوذرات (موش هاي عفوني كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، عفونت و آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي عفوني كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، عفونت و ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند). قبل از انجام آزمايش در موش ها ابتدا اثرات ضدميكروبي و سميت نانوذرات نقره سنجيده شد. در اين مطالعه فعاليت ضد باكتريايينانوذرات نقره با روش حداقل غلظت بازدارنده (MIC) و حداقل غلظت مهاري بيوفيلم (MBIC) برايGBS تعيين شد.ميزان سميت نانوذرات نقره با استفاده از روش MTT سنجيده شد و اثر حفاظتي ويتامين سي عليه اين سميت مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. نانوذرات نقره به صورت تلقيح داخل واژني در غلظت 512 پي پي ام وويتامين سيبه صورت تزريق داخل صفاقي در دوز 250 ميلي گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن بدن موشيك بار در روز به مدت دو هفته صورت گرفت. در طي دوره آزمايش به منظور بررسي روند درمان عفونت واژن در موش، تعيين بار ميكروبي و چرخه استروس موش ها طي درمان مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. در پايان آزمايش نمونه خون موش ها و مقاطع بافتي واژن جداسازي و مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت.

لاكپشت هاي دريايي گونه­هايي از خزندگان هستند كه در مناطق استوايي و گرم زندگي مي‌كنند. يكي از 16 راستهخزندگان كه در ??? ميليون سال گذشته تكامل‏ پيداكرده‌اند راسته Testudines است ‏كه‏ تاكنون ‏تنها چهار راسته از آن‌ها باقي‌مانده‌اند.يكي از اين چهار راسته، Testudinata مي‌باشدكه لاكپشت هاي Terrapins و Tortoises جزءاين‏ راسته ‏هستند، اين‏ راسته ‏كه ‏گاه ‏بانام‏ علمي Chelonian شناخته مي‌شود داراي دو زير راسته به ‏نام Pleurodira و Cryptodira است. زير راسته‏اول‏ بزرگ‌ترين ‏زير راسته ‏است‏ كه ‏داراي ?? خانواده ‏مي‌باشد‏و‏ لاك‌پشت‏هاي‏ دريايي در يكي از اين دو تاخانواده‏ها قرار مي‏گيرند. بيش‏ از ??? گونه‏ ازلاكپشت هاي دريايي‏ تا‏كنون‏ زيسته‏اند ‏ولي ‏تنها هفت گونه از ‏آن‌ها‏باقي‏مانده‏اند كه پنج گونه آن در ايران وجود دارد كه عبارت‌اند از: 1- لاك‌پشتسبز (Green turtle)، لاك‌پشتمنقار عقابي (Hawks bill)، لاك‌پشت زيتوني (olive turtle)، لاك‌پشت سر قرمز (Loggerhead turtle) و لاك‌پشت‏ پشت چرمي (leatherbacktrutle)‏، لاك‌پشت منقار عقابي Eretmochelys imbricata) ) در ميانساير لاكپشت هاي دريايي تنها گونه‌اي است كه براي اولين بار در سال 1970 جزءگونه‌هاي در معرض خطر و در سال 1996 جزء گونه‌هاي در معرض خطر انقراض، در ليستقرمز سازمان IUCN قرار گرفت ،پراكنش اين‌گونه در منطقه خليج‌فارسدر سواحل شمالي و جنوبي آن و سواحل جنوبي سيستان و بلوچستان در درياي مكران هست كهبيش‌ترين تعداد در قسمت‌هاي شمالي خليج در منطقه سواحل ايراني هست اين‌گونه درايران در جزاير هرمز، شيدور، قشم، ام ال كرم، نخيلو، بني فارور، لاوان، كيش،تهمادون، لارك و هنگام ديده‌شده است ،در ايران جمعيت‌هاي لاك‌پشت دريايي درنتيجه تأثيراتمستقيم و غيرمستقيم بشري ازجمله شكار بي‏رويه ‏يا‏ غيرقانوني به‌شدت در حال كاهشاست. حداقل ?? كشور جهان ميزبان آشيانه‏هاي اين‌گونه هستند بااين‌وجودبسياري از اين جايگاه‏هاي ‏آشيانه سازي داراي تراكم كمي هستند فراوان‌ترين گونه‏هاي لاكپشت هاي دريايي در خليج‌فارس، لاك‌پشتسبز و منقار عقابي است ،لاك‌پشت منقار عقابي در برخي از جزاير ايران تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند،نوع ماده آن‌ها در اواخر بهار به سمت ساحل آمده و تخم‌گذاري مي‌كند به‏طوركليدرهرلانه به‌طور متوسط 140 تخم مي‌گذارند و كل دوره تخم‌گذاري حدوداً دو هفته زمانمي‌برد و تقريباً دو ماه طول مي‌كشد كه تخم‌ها در شن ساحل به بچه لاك‌پشت تبديلشوند جنسيت بچه لاك‌پشت‌ها و سرعت رشد آن به دماي محيط بستگي دارد، دماي زيادتمايل جنين را به جنسيت ماده افزايش مي­دهد،لازم به ذكر است كه تعداد لاكپشت هاييكه براي تخم‌گذاري مي‌آيند با تعداد لاكپشت هايكه تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند متفاوت است تمام لاك‌پشت‌ها تخم‌گذاري نمي‌كنند و تعدادي بهدلايل مختلف ازجمله مناسب نبودن ساحل (دماي رسوبات بستر، پوشش گياهي و برخي دست‌كاري‌هايانساني)، وجود آلودگي و دلايل ديگر از تخم‌گذاري منصرف مي‏شوند لاكپشت هايخليج‏فارس تعداد تخم كمتري نسبت به نقاط ديگر جهان دارند، تخم‌گذاري هر دو تا سهسال يك‌بار صورت مي‏گيرد به‌جز لاكپشت هاي چرمي كه در آب‌هاي عميق باقي مي‌مانندبقيه گونه‏‏هاي جوان به آب‌هاي كم‌عمق سواحل مي‌روند، گونه منقار عقابي عموماً درجاهاييكه تشكيل صخره مرجاني شده و در آب‌هاي كم‏عمق شفاف، تالاب‏ها و خليج‏ها زندگي مي‌كنندلاكپشت هاي دريايي در ايران بيشتر در جزاير استان‌هاي بوشهر، هرمزگان، لاوان، قشم،شيدور، هنگام، هندورابي و نخيلو تخم‌گذاري مي‌كنند ميكروارگانيسم‏هاي زيادي از تخم‌هايخارج نشده لاك‌پشت شناسايي و جداسازي شده است از گونه قارچ‏هاي جداشده از آشيانه تخم‌هامي‏توان به Aspergillus، Fusarium species، Chrysosporium، Penicillium، Emericella، Rhizopus، Actinomcour اشاره كرد كهاز بين آن‌ها گونه‏هاي Fusarium solani با درصدفراواني 55/54 و Fusarium oxspurum با درصد 91/40در كشورهاي تركيه، كاستاريكا، استراليا، برزيل و ايتاليا ديده شد همچنين دو نوعديگر Fusarium falciforme و Fusarium keratoplasticum با درصد 73/2 در تخم‌هاي مربوط به لاك‌پشت سر قرمز شناسايي‌شدهاست ، Fusarium يك منبع بزرگ عفونت‏هاي تخم‌هاي آشيانه لاكپشت هاي دريايياست از نمونه باكتري‏هاي ‏جداشده مي‏توان به گونه Vibrio، Escherichia coli، Salmonella، Klebsiella oxytoca، Klebsiella pneumoniae، كريپتوباكتر، Serratia، Pseudomonas، Aeromonas وStaphylococcus aureus

  In pharmacy, drug delivery is an essential part of drug production. Nanotechnology has emerged as a new approach to drug delivery. Radiopharmaceuticals, or radiopharmaceuticals, are a group of drug compounds that contain radioactive isotopes. In this research, magnetite nanoparticles with solution of iron (III) and iron (II) were prepared by precipitation method and then the surface of these nanoparticles was modified using thioglycolic acid at 37 ° C in aqueous medium. Then, 67 functionalized particles were labeled with gallium chloride solution. The results of TEM imaging showed that the average size of nanoparticles is 20 nm, which is a suitable size for biological applications. The stability of labeled nanoparticles was investigated using thin layer chromatography in normal saline medium and the results showed that 98% of labeled nanoparticles are stable. After determining the structure and characteristics of these nanoparticles, these modified particles were injected into rats and the type of adsorption and excretion in this biological structure was investigated. The complete circulation of these nanoparticles in the body began with entry into the liver and excretion through the kidneys and urinary system. The results showed that the prepared nanoparticles are fully compatible and stable, which makes it a suitable option for clinical diagnostic methods. Comparison of the results showed that the surface modification of nanoparticles completely changes their absorption and excretion behavior because of the new surface activating agent, namely thioglycolic, which has been used in this study.

  Research Aim: The main purposes of this study include; Focus on metal-based nanoparticles as a potential treatment for bacterial infectious diseases, analyze the causes of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, evaluate the effectiveness of these nanoparticles in environmental and laboratory conditions, evaluate the effect of various parameters such as shape, size, concentration and Etc. In the activity of metal-based nanoparticles and determining their most effective state against different microorganisms, trying to understand the mechanism of action of different nanoparticles, investigating the effect of bimetallic nanoparticles and the combination of nanoparticles and antibiotics against infectious bacteria, possible negative effects of nanoparticles and predicting resistance Bacteria are against these nanoparticles.Research method: This study is a review. In this study, the shape and type of nanoparticles are examined to combat infection caused by microorganisms and also lack of sensitivity in the immune system. Also, issues such as the appropriate concentration of nanoparticles (which do not cause toxicity in the body and do not cause side effects) and the feasibility of developing resistance to nanoparticles are examined.Findings: Metal nanoparticles have good physical, chemical and surface charges. These unique properties make metal nanoparticles a potential therapeutic for infectious diseases. The general mechanisms of action of nanoparticles include cell wall degradation, production of reactive oxygen species, and production of metal ions, all of which cause damage to macromolecules and bacterial DNA, and ultimately lead to bacterial cell death.Conclusion: From all the research presented in this study, it can be concluded that metal nanoparticles and metal oxide can be a good alternative for infectious diseases caused by bacteria that have been difficult to treat due to drug resistance. The applications of metal nanoparticles can be summarized as follows: replacing nanoparticles with common antibiotics that bacteria have become resistant to, combining nanoparticles with antibiotics or with each other, and producing bipolar nanoparticles to increase their effectiveness and use Nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Overall, metal-based nanoparticles promise a promising future in the treatment of bacterial infections.

  Therehas been a great deal of attention in Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO  ), due to their remarkable characteristics such as high surface-to-volume ratio, large excitation binding energy, optical absorption ability, and UV filtering proprieties. ZnO   are used for various biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, including drug delivery systems, biosensors, anti-diabetic agent, anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity, and imaging. Also, they are used in cosmetics, medicine coatings, and sunscreens due to their unique optical properties. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is proposed due to its fast, clean, safe, and cost-effective, and is efficient alternative to conventional physiochemical methods. This study aimed to isolate and identify aquatic yeast strains for their potential to form ZnO  . The yeast strain, NS02, with high tolerance against zinc acetate (5.25 mM) was isolated using the enrichment technique and was selected as efficient candidate for the biosynthesis of ZnO   under resting cell and cell free extract (CFE) strategy. The preliminary evaluation on the formation of ZnO   was performed by visual observation and UV-visible absorption spectra of the biosynthesized ZnO  . The morphology, size, and elemental distribution of the nanoparticles were determined by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to identify the crystalline phase of the ZnO  . Antibacterial activity of ZnO   against pathogenic bacteria isolated from the clinical specimens was investigated using agar well diffusion method. The isolate NS02 was characterized based on their morphological properties and amplification the ITS-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA regions. In the current study, first time a native aquatic strain Rhodotorula pacifica NS02 is reported for the extracellular synthesis of ZnO   with an average sizes 51.9 nm and 42.6 nm under resting cell and CFE strategy, respectively. The biosynthesized ZnO   had a growth inhibitory effect all tested clinical isolates due to their nanometric size and well-defined dispersity. The results showed that the produced ZnO   had the highest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae and the lowest inhibitory effect on Streptococcus pyogenes

   ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of chemical and medicinal herbs is one of the methods used today in the control of pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of root juice, hydroalcoholic extract and red radish seed oil by formalin test in male mice. methods: This study was performed on 42 mice weighing 25 to 30 g NMRI, which were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6, including control group, morphine group 10 mg / kg, radish seed oil group by rubbing, group Radish root water 30 ml / kg, and groups receiving hydroalcoholic extract of radish seeds were divided into doses (400, 200, 100 mg / kg). In this study, the effect of intraperitoneal injection of radish root juice and hydroalcoholic extract of radish seeds in the desired doses and also the effect of radish seed oil by rubbing, reducing pain using formalin test (20 ?l formalin 2.5%) for 1 hour One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used to evaluate the results and all values ??with P less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: In this study, it was found that all experimental groups were significantly different in both acute and chronic phases compared to the control group (p <0.001). But compared to the morphine group, they showed less analgesic effects and Only the groups receiving radish root juice and the dose of 400 radish seed extracts in the acute phase were not significantly different from the morphine group. Also, the lowest and highest analgesic effects among the experimental groups were rubbing oil group and dose of 400 hydroalcoholic extracts of radish seeds, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study, which was performed by formalin test, showed that root juice, hydroalcoholic extract and red radish seed oil in both acute and chronic phases probably have analgesic effects through central and peripheral mechanisms. Keyword : Radish seed extract, radish seed oil, formalin test, rat, pain

Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to survive on land And expand Therefore, the study of reptiles is of particular importance   In recognizing the phone and the diversity of each regionWhich is directly related to the ecosystem and the species status in the population.Given the place of reptiles in the ecological cycleAnd the biodiversity and climate of Iran, which leads to a diverse cover of reptilesIn Iran, there are desert climates, dry and hot, hot and humid, cold-dry, etc., such as forest-Caspian and mountainous climates.            Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to survive on land And expand Therefore, the study of reptiles is of particular importance   In recognizing the phone and the diversity of each regionWhich is directly related to the ecosystem and the species status in the population.Given the place of reptiles in the ecological cycleAnd the biodiversity and climate of Iran, which leads to a diverse cover of reptilesIn Iran, there are desert climates, dry and hot, hot and humid, cold-dry, etc., such as forest-Caspian and mountainous climates.            

   Abstract Apple syrup or cider varies by type of apple juice and its degree of sweetness and alcohol content by 1.2-1.7% and can be considered as a fermented apple drink. Cider is an excellent fermented, tasty and healthy fermented product that can be a good substitute for harmful carbonated beverages that have been enjoyed in the Iranian table. The important thing about this probiotic drink is that it has all the unique properties of apples, plus the factors that are added during fermentation (such as oligofructants, malic acid, etc.) that make this product completely healthy and unique. Despite Iran being one of the largest apple growers in Asia and annually destroying large quantities of apples grown in orchards, especially in the city of Urmia, Cider has no production or consumption in Iran. The cider production process generally consists of three stages: crushing the apple and extracting the water and ultimately the most important stage being fermentation. Fermentation involves classical alcoholic fermentation of sugars into ethanol by yeast strains and malolactic fermentation by lactic acid bacteria in the ripening phase. In this study, apples were harvested from standard farms and gardens around Boroujerd early in the autumn and then washed and transferred to the laboratory, shredded carefully, free of tails and nuclei, and the chopped pieces are poured into the fermentation vat and the fermentation process is managed according to the study design. It is worth noting that during this process, some alcohol is also produced, which is noticeable. In this study, six apple samples in orchards around Boroujerd were studied and their constituents were identified and measured. Mean percentages of fiber, fat, ash, protein and moisture content in apple samples were as follows: ? 0.1, 0.17, 0.30, 0.21, and 94.79 (g /100), respectively. Another objective of this project is to investigate the presence or absence of probiotic bacteria, especially lactobacilli in this fermented beverage, which results after testing and cell culture on MRS-agar medium. There was no probiotic bacteria, especially lactobacilli, in this drink. Another goal we have in this project is the problem of the solvency of this drink, namely the amount of alcohol produced during the fermentation process should not be more than 2.5 to 3% to make sure we provide a healthy and solvent drink. And it can be used by everyone in the community. Accordingly, the percentage of alcohol in samples A2 (13.5), A3 (zero), A4 (zero), A7 (1.6), A8 (zero) and A10 (1.8) obtained. Another parameter to consider in this project is the organoleptic evaluation of this fermented beverage. According to a survey of 14 people, the taste of the beverage was acceptable and tasty.

In the present study, we investigate the herpetofauna of western part of Kermanshah province through measuring the metric and meristic characters using valid identification keys. This task lead to identifying and introduction of probable species in the part along with the distribution maps of the specimens. At first, an extensive preliminary research was done regarding the western part and its probable fauna, and then basic data and essential maps were prepared. Through successive expeditions in the study area between July 2018-September 2019, we recorded 183 specimens from 10 sampling station, and took photographs from them as well as the habitats. The specimens were fixed in ethanol 75% in the laboratory, and their metric and meristic characters were checked and measured. The families, genera and species of the specimens were identified. The species Hemidactylus persicus, Mediodactylus aspratilis, Bunapus tuberculatus, and Tenuidactylus caspius were introduced for the first time in the province. Acanthodactylus nilsoni from Dalahoo and Apathya cappadocica from Dalahoo and Sarmast, Eumeces schneideri princeps from Islam Abad, Homeil, Gilan-e-Gharb, and Dalahoo were introduced. In the present study, 21 species belonged to 19 genera and 7 families from the lizard fauna of the province were collected, as follows, and their morphological characters were studied: the family Agamidae, the subfamily Agaminae, the species Laudakia nupta and Trapelus lessonae, the subfamily Uromastycinae, the species Saara loricata, the family Gekkonidae, the species Cyrtopodiun scabrum, Tenuidactylus caspius, Mediodactylus asperatilis, Hemidactylus persicus, Microgeko helenae, Bunapus tubercuolatus, the family Lacertidae, the species Ophisops elegans, Lacerta media, Acantodactilus nilsoni, Apathya cappadocica, the family Scincidae, the species Ablepharus pannonicus, Heremites septemtniata, Heremites vittata, Eumeces schneideri princeps, the family Varanidae, the species Varanus griseus, the family Eublepharidae, the species Eublepharis angraainyu, the family Phyllodactylidae, the species Asaccus elisae and Asaccus griseonotus were recognized. To assess sexual size dimorphism in H. septemtniata, 17 metric and meristic characters were evaluated and subjected to   -22 in order to analyze statistically. Our results demonstrate a dimorphism between the genders with larger size in females.   

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  AbstractCancer stem cells are the main cause of cancer, so resistance to chemotherapy drugs is attributed to this tumor cell. The main reason for the drug resistance of tumor cells is the inactivation and division of cancer stem cells into a tumor tissue. This cell population that is distributed unevenly in the tumor tissue, such as stem cells, is self-destructive and is responsible for the survival of the tumor and the differences in its genetic and metabolic characteristics. These cells were initially identified in 1997 by Dick and colleagues in chronic myeloid leukemia and then in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer and gastric cancer. Stomach stem cells are a potent candidate for the formation of gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors at the gastric mucosal surface. In cancer stem cells, one or more diversions have been observed in different pathways of signaling. For a better study of signal pathways in stem cells Cancer should separate them from non-cellular cells.Many studies have focused on the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators, such as tamoxifen, as a good drug for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effects of treatment of gastric cancer stem cells from the MKN-45 cell line on Wnt1 gene expression.In this study, we isolated gastric cancer stem cells from MKN-45 cell line by spherical formation, and the survival rate of gastric cancer stem cells under the influence of tamoxifen drug at concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 ?m after the passage 48 hours was evaluated by Trypan Blue test. Finally, the cells were treated with tamoxifen at a concentration of 100 ?M.The expression of Wnt1 gene expression under tamoxifen treatment revealed a reduction in the expression of this gene. Further evaluation of gastric cancer stem cells suggests that these cells undergo tamoxifen treatment, losing their tumorigenicity and colony formation.

  Endometriosis occurs in 6% to 10% of women of reproductiveage,1 is associated with chronic pelvic pain andinfertility, and represents a huge socioeconomic burden.2The defining feature of the condition is the presence ofendometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, typically onthe peritoneal wall3 or the surface of the ovary

آتروزاسكلروزكه ناشي از رسوب ليپيدها در آندوتليوم سرخرگ‌هاي بزرگ و متوسط مي‌باشد، عامل بسياري از مرگ وميرها به شمار مي‌آيد.

مقدمه: مطالعه بر روي گياهان ضددرد از جمله گياهاني كه در طب سنتي به­عنوان گياهان ضددرد شناخته شده­اند مثل ميخك، سقز و سياهدانه در فيزيولوژي رفتار و درمان درد اهميت دارد.   درد دهاني- صورتي يكي از مشكلاتي است كه با صورت و دهان ارتباط دارد.   تبعات ناشي از درد دهاني- صورتي بر جنبه­هاي مختلف زندگي روزانه تأثيرگذار است. هدف: هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسي اثر روغن­هاي ميخك، سقز و سياهدانه بر درد اعصاب صورت در موش سوري نر بود. روش كار: در اين مطالعه تعداد 63 سر موش سوري آزمايشگاهي مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و حيوانات به 10 گروه كنترل، دريافت­كننده مورفين، وازلين، روغن ميخك+ وازلين، روغن سقز + وازلين، روغن سياهدانه + وازلين، روغن ميخك +روغن سياهدانه + وازلين، روغن ميخك +روغن سقز + وازلين، روغن سياهدانه + روغن سقز + وازلين و روغن ميخك +روغن سقز + روغن سياهدانه + وازلين تقسيم شدند.   در گروه مورفين، مورفين با دوز 10 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن به صورت   داخل صفاقي تزريق شد و براي تست درد، فرمالين 5/2 درصد به به حجم 10 ميكروليتر به ناحيه سمت راست لب بالاي موش تزريق شد. نتايج: داده­هاي اين پژوهش نشان داد كه روغن ميخك، روغن سقز، روغن سياهدانه (001/0    ) باعث كاهش معناداري در درد حاد مي شوند.   البته در درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز و سياهدانه(001/0    )چشم­گيرتر از روغن ميخك (05/0   (Pبود.   استفاده هم­زمان روغن ميخك و سقز اثرات متفاوتي را نشان داد به طوري كه در كاهش درد حاد اثر روغن ميخك و در كاهش درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز بارزتر بود.   استفاده هم­زمان روغن ميخك و سياهدانه تأثير معناداري در كاهش درد حاد و مزمن نشان ندادند.   و استفاده هم زمان روغن سقز و سياهدانه تأثير آن­ها در كاهش درد حاد كم­تر شد اما در كاهش درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز بارزتر بود.   و استفاده هم­زمان سه روغن با هم در درد حاد تأثير روغن ميخك و سياهدانه مشهود بود و در درد مزمن تأثير روغن سقز بيشتر نمود پيدا كرد. نتيجه گيري: نتايج اين پژوهش اثر ضد دردي و ضد التهابي فوق­العاده­ي روغن سقز در مقايسه با ساير روغن ها را در كاهش درد حاد و مزمن تأييد كرد كه اين اثر ضددردي را مي­توان به دليل بالا بودن ميزان توكوفرول در اين روغن دانست.   اين پژوهش هم­چنين تأثير فوق­العاده­ي روغن سياهدانه در كاهش درد مزمن را نيز تأييد كرد.   كلمات كليدي:   روغن ميخك، روغن سقز، روغن سياهدانه، درد اعصاب صورت، موش

  Endometriosis is a condition characterizedby endometrial tissue located outside of theuterus, most commonly on the ovary and peritoneum.It affects approximately 10% ofwomen in the United States and 20%–40% ofwomen seeking infertility evaluation

Iridaceae family have important herbs, some of which are widely used by humans and many of them are distributed in rangelands and used by livestock. Since the plants have a swollen underground, they can be invaded by many diseases such as fungi, viruses and bacteria. For this reason, it is very important to identify different species of this family in Iran, especially in western Iran. Also, due to the diversity of herbaceous herbs and the importance of palynology in the dissociation of this family taxon, the study of pollen morphology with the aid of light microscopy (LM) and in particular the electron microscopy of transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) is scientifically significant. Pollen grains were studied by LM (14 species), SEM (6 species), and TEM (5 species). Pollen grains of the studied species are very large (Iris hymenospatha), large (10 species) and medium (3 species), in spherical, spherical, oval and oval forms, with maroreticulate, reticulate, barbed echinate-perforated. In addition, the species differed in terms of the sulcus surface, width of muri and the size of lumen. Using the transient electron microscope, the ectexine thickness (thickness of the tectum, foot layer thickness and length and width of the columns), different layers of the intine, and the presence or absence of the endexine, the shape and diameter of the caput of cullumella were shown in the studied specimens. The highest thickness of the tectum was (I / I 33.1-66.3) in Iris reticulata micron and the lowest was in Crocus pallasii (0-4 / 57) microns. The shape of the columns in most of the studied species was fungal and the microrelief (the surface of tectum) were smooth in all species. Endexine was absent in all studied species and only in species I. Reticulata and Gynandriris Sisyrinchium were fragmented and thin. Using the plotted chart, with the aid of LM data, it can be seen that the different studied species of each genus were next to each other and the Gynandriris genus was closely related to the Iris. So, the palynomorphological data showed a large variation in pollen grain size. In this study, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from this underlying underground part, which were identified by their morphological characteristics. Therefore, due to the importance of preserving irrigated ornamentation of iridaceae family and the use of these plants in the production of various herbal medicines, identification of pathogens and species associated with these plants is important.Keywords: Iridaceae, LM, SEM, TEM, Fusarium solani،   Rhizoctonia solani

    AbstractPseudocerastes Boulenger 1896 is a part of Viperidae family & Viperinae subfamily. This kind ikclude 3 species: P.fieldi, P.persicus, P.urarachnoides.In the current study new habitats of P.urarachnoides in Dehloran city in Ilam province is introduced. To introduce these new habitats, different indexes of P.urarachnoides will be considered like type of vegetation, type of bed, height of sea surface, gradient, direction and size of the floor of the tree. Vegetation of the habitat of this viper is variable & consist of types of tropical plants, annual plant & grass bushes. Of the many years old plants, more than two tree species Pistacia otlantica and Quercus are selected by P.urarachnoides. According to the studies of viper habitat the ambush bed of all samples were in chalk bed. At the beginning of work, information like date and time of sampling and coordinates of the presence point of viper (including geographical latitude and elevation and height of area recorded by GPS. To record the gradient the android application Clinometer was used. Then, using digital camera photos taken from the habitat & also samples. Non biological parameter like temperature recorded by mercury thermometer. Another part of the current study was to compare the various skeletal bone elements in adult specimens P.urarachnoides and P.pericus and different patterns between skulls of these two type studied structurally.Skull and jaw elements were identified using valid sources. Then, using a digital camera and scanner HP G4010 model, photos taken from the back, abdominal, anterior and posterior perspectives of the skulls. After that, bone elements were identified and named. The identified bony elements were measured by a digital caliper with a precision of 0.01 mm and then standardized. For standardization the size of all bony elements was divided into square bone(Quadrates) sizes & multiplied by 100. Then, the standardized numbers for each bone element were compared between the two species. Differences between the two species are anterior bone marrow end (squaremosals) in P.persicus that does not reach the sternum but in P.urarachnoides it contacts the bone. In P.persicus about 30% and in P.urarachnoides about 20% of the length of the bony loop extends to the ultrasonal bone. Bones in the back of the forehead (post frontal) 0f P.persicus touch the P.urarachnoides. The other difference that seen on the appearance of the skull’s bones was the bone of the tooth. This bone is in two species & in P.urarachnoides is thinner & has more arc than P.persicus.Keywords: ambush, habitat, Ilam province, Dehloran city, skull, P.urarachnoides, and P.persicus

  lant pollen and fungi spores are the most important allergic factors. Air contamination with plant pollen and opportunist fungal species and the presence of their spores on respiratory tract, can play an important role on the occurrence of asthma, coetaneous mycoses, and allergic reactions particularly in immunocompromised patients. Kermanshah province as one of the most important provinces in western Iran, definitely can be contaminated with air contaminations particularly fungi and plant pollen. So, the objectives of this study were to identification of prevalence fungal species and some important grains allergy in the atmosphere of Kermanshah district using morphological studies. The presence of air fungal spores was analyzed using settle plate and prepared culture in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic and macroscopic characters were performed to identify all fungi. 43 samples were collected from different areas of the atmosphere of Hasan-abad district in Kermanshah province center within all four seasons of the year. Three fungal species including Aspegillus niger (19), Fusarium solani (10), and Penicillium sp. (14) were identified based on morphological features. In this study some important grains allergy were identified based on Durham and Erdtman methods in Kermanshah province (especially in Hassa   Abad). Pollens morphological characters were investigated using the light microscope. Morphological featurs shewd all pollens belonge to Apiaceae, Asteraceae ,Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae , Juglandaceae, Papilionaceae ,Pinaceae,   oaceae and Polygonaceae familly. In this research, all of fungi species are known as the human pathogenic and the presence of them in the atmosphere as a part of air pollution can cause significant problems for human health, particularly in the respiratory tracts. This research by was also performed by Durham procedure accurately for the first time in the west of Iran and results obtained for different biological scientists, especially the tendency of medicineAbstractPlant pollen and fungi spores are the most important allergic factors. Air contamination with plant pollen and opportunist fungal species and the presence of their spores on respiratory tract, can play an important role on the occurrence of asthma, coetaneous mycoses, and allergic reactions particularly in immunocompromised patients. Kermanshah province as one of the most important provinces in western Iran, definitely can be contaminated with air contaminations particularly fungi and plant pollen. So, the objectives of this study were to identification of prevalence fungal species and some important grains allergy in the atmosphere of Kermanshah district using morphological studies. The presence of air fungal spores was analyzed using settle plate and prepared culture in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic and macroscopic characters were performed to identify all fungi. 43 samples were collected from different areas of the atmosphere of Hasan-abad district in Kermanshah province center within all four seasons of the year. Three fungal species including Aspegillus niger (19), Fusarium solani (10), and Penicillium sp. (14) were identified based on morphological features. In this study some important grains allergy were identified based on Durham and Erdtman methods in Kermanshah province (especially in Hassa   Abad). Pollens morphological characters were investigated using the light microscope. Morphological featurs shewd all pollens belonge to Apiaceae, Asteraceae ,Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae , Juglandaceae, Papilionaceae ,Pinaceae,   oaceae and Polygonaceae

  Abstract:The purpose of this study is the fauna on lizards of area southandsouwesterloresstan province by the analysis of the morphological characters and the identification keys, which its results are the identification and introduction of the species existing in this area along with the distributed map of the samples.The first primary study and research were done extensively in twoarea koohdasht and poldokhtar about fauna probably lizards, and the information and the needed maps for this project were provide.During several field works carried out during 2014-2016 a number of 66 specimens of lizards were collected from 10 stations of the study area.Pictures and slides were taken from the live specimense and the specimens were transferred to the laboratory and were fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol and then their metric and meristic features were carefully examined.Then according to these features and based on the valid identification keys, the family, genus, species and in some cases the su  ecies of each sample were identified.In addition, for each specimen, some investigations were carried out in terms of habitate, climate conditions, flora and the amount of the rainfall of this region were also studied. Moreover, different characteristics of the specimens were studied in the natural environment.The identified samples belong to 14 species and 11genusand 6 families including: laudakia nuptanupta   and Trapelus lessonae from the family Agamidae; Cyrtopodion scabrum and Hemidactyluspersicus andHemidactylusromeshkanicusandMicrogeckoehelenaefrom the family Gekkonidae; AsaccuselisaeandAsaccusgriseonotus andAsaccusgranularis from the family Phyllodactylidae; Eublepharis angramainyufrom the family Eublepharidae;Lacerta mediaand Ophisops elegans eleganse from the family Lacertidae; Ablepharus pannonicus and Trachylepisseptemtaeniatusfromthe family Scincidae   Keywords:Lorestan،Lizard،Fauna،Asaccus    

The Eremias montanus from Lasertidea family has been reported and introduced for the first time in 2001 in Siah Darreh area located in the north east of Kermanshah at a height of about 2000m. Considering that so far various biologic aspects of this species not studied, in this study the biology of reproduction and some characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract and blood of this species were studied. For the implementation of this study during the consecutive trips to the accommodation of this kind samples of lizards in the Spring, Summer,Fall with different appliances collected. After hunting and transfering the samples to the lab first their metric and meristic characteristics were measured. Consequently, using insulin syringes the blood samples were prepared from their heart. In blood samples the hematocrit parameters, number of them and their digestive system and morphology and size of the blood cells were examined. Then, the samples were described and their genital and digestive systems were outside of their body. First different parts of the two systems studied in terms of anatomic properties and then by fragmentation for microscopic observations they were took part of the stages of consolidation, dewatering, tra  arent, moulding, cutting and staining with hemotoxin aothin. Finally, the produced tissue cuts were studied and examined accurately under optical microscope. The results of these studies indicated that the maximum weight of the gonads (ovaries and testicles) can be seen in the Spring. While this parameter is associated with decreased appreciably in the fall season.

  Lizard skulls has an interesting and complicated structure that give us manyinformation. Study of skulls and particularly comparative studies in this basis about phylogenic use and >The purpose of the skull osteology is to describe the important patterns of variation in lizard skulls and also to describe the ecomorphologic convergence patterns in this taxonomy. These studies will focus on issues related to the base structures of creatures, different in skulls of various creature and their origins and the reason of these differences. Studies on reptiles and especially mammals have shown that morphology and mechanisms of masticatory organs have been adapted with their feeding and eating habits. Models of jaw system have shown that animals with different feeding ecology, have different digestive system.Clearly, vegetarians bite more tightly their food than insectivorous. ,,In this research, we have studied and compared the skulls of Laudakia, Trapelus, Pherynocephalus species, that are the main purpose of this study and first examined the structures like skull, palate, brain box, mandible and teeth of Laudakia nupta, Laudakia caucasia, Trapelus agilis, Trapelus Lessonae, Phrynocephalus persicus, Phrynocephalus scutellatus species as a representative of the mentioned species and each of the bones was described, then we compare the skull of this species. Then to determine the evolutionary status of the skull structure a study conducted comparative approach. In general we concluded that there is a meaningful different in nasal bone, quadrate bone and the angle between pterygoid bone and square bone between mentioned species.

  Abstract:Because uterus is oocytes and implantation place, position and location of fetal growth and development is important, however, due to certain conditions prone to infection and contamination this member is important. One of the most common types of reproduction infections is fungal infection. To Fungal infection say Candidisis that is created by a fungus called Candida albicans. Currently used of antibiotics to treat this infection Because of increasing drug resistance and the loss of other beneficial microorganisms, better than alternative methods such as the use of medicinal plants including medicinal plants Salvador persica be used. This plant does not have the side effects of antibiotics and its anti-fungal property has been proved conclusively. In this study, first prepare Salvador persica plant and was carried out process its extract then work of cultured Candida albicans fungus (type of pathogenic and non-pathogenic) was done in the field of the culture medium of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. And evaluate the effect different concentrations of medicinal plants Salvador persica (5, 15, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 250 mg on ml) on fungal infection type pathogenic and non-pathogenic Candida albicans. By doing several experiments in invitro culture minimum effective dose of extract on Candida albicans fungal type of pathogen 150 mg / ml determined and in non-pathogenic fungi 75 mg / ml gave a positive result and fungal growth was stopped and treated. Then in invivo culture, first was performed counting the number of fungus-based half McFarland standard using a spectrophotometer (at least one million fungi in one ml) and 8 groups of 5 mice were infected with both pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. After 48 to 72 hours after the assurance of being infected mice (with diagnostic procedures such as macroscopic properties, smear and culture smear on the field of agar) treatment of fungal infections with the plant extract Salvado persica was carried at specified intervals (every 24 hours) and out for a week. Upon completion of the treatment and recovery animal (based on visual observations) proceeded to isolate, sectioned and stained uterus tissue and finally was carried out Lahm preparation of uterine endometrium tissue. Work measurement Textural parameters of samples, such as situation nucleus, cytoplasm, glands, epithelium, etc., in three groups of infected tissue, tissues treated with the plant extract and control samples, was carried out by software dino capture. Based on results of the evaluation endometrial layer uterine tissue dose150 mg / ml of Salvador persica extract on fungi pathogen Candida albicans was effective and in fungal infection type of non-pathogenic dose in 75 mg / ml became effective.Keywords: Candida albican, Salvador persica, uterine endometrium

  Wilting and decaying diseases of Fusarium ordinary peas root caused by fungi (Fusarium oxysprum f.sp.cicer and F. solani f.sp. pisi) were of the most important diseases this plant in different countries and Iran and their control are difficult and costly. Continuous use of fungicides is caused the development, rebellion and resistance the pathogen against fungicides, Biocontrol of plant fungal diseases by bacteria antagonist is a powerful replacement for chemical pesticides. In this study, control factors this disease by ordinary pea plant growth promoting bacteria has been studied in laboratory and greenhouse. Isolation of bacteria was done in the farms of Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces, and screening was performed in the laboratory by inhibiting zone. Number of 100 bacteria were isolated and with screening in the laboratory by inhibiting zone 16 isolates that formed halo, were selected and B6 isolate with 10 mm inhibitory zone introduced as the best isolate. In the results greenhouse B2 and B13 isolates against pathogenic of F. o had the greatest influence and decreased disease more than 90%. B2 isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/73 times and root length of 2/41 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 3/5 times and root dry weight of 2/17 times and B6 isolates against the pathogen with least control, the disease was reduced by 40%. B2 isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/44 times and root length of 1/75 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 5/03 times and root dry weight of 2/99 times and in the greenhouse results B6 isolates was effective against pathogenic of F. s and patients over 70 reduced. This isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/3 times and root length of 1/38 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 5/27 times and root dry weight of 4/48 times. identify R DNA 16S showed that isolates were as B1, B2, B6, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14 and B15 belong to species syringae Pseudomonas, Bacilus subtilis, B6, P. putida, P. syringae, B12, Bulkholderia cepacia, B. subtilis, B. cepacia were. In total isolates B6 and B2 is introduced as superior isolate.Key words: Biological Control, Fusarium Oxysprum, Fusarium Solani, Zone of Inhibitory, Bacillus, Pseudomonas.

Abstract Nowadays, stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the use of natural ingredients have provided new hopes for treating many human diseases.   MSCs are one of the most applicable cells for cell therapy because they are easily isolated from adult tissues and have unlimited proliferation potential. In addition, these cells have the most significant effect on immune system due to their immunomodulatory properties. Eugenol is a natural and versatile vegetable molecule, which has a wide variety of applications in different fields. Eugenol is an extract clove-derived phenolic compound which has anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-mutagenicity, anti-spasmodic, anti-fungal, anti-seizure, anti-fever and analgesic activity. Despite extensive studies on the biological and pharmacological effects of Eugenol, there is no report on its effects on MSCs functions and properties, especially on their immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Eugenol on the expression of genes involved in the immunomodulatory ability of mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs).In this study, MSCs were isolated from mouse (NMRI) femur and tibia, then cultured in medium with 15% FBS. In order to confirm the identity of MSCs, we employed differentiation assays into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Then, the effect of different concentrations of Eugenol on the viability of MSCs was evaluated by MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72h. After determining the IC50 value and concentration which about 90% of MSCs were alive, MSCs were treated with Eugenol. We extracted RNA from the Eugenol-treated and control (without treatment) MSCs. DNase I treated RNAs were used to synthese cDNAs. The expression level of target genes (Tlr3, Tlr4, Ccl2, and Ccl3) in the samples was measured by real-time PCR method.MSCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow and their identity was confirmed by differentiation into adipocytes and osteoblasts. The IC50 values of Eugenol on MSCs were 400 ?g/ml at 24 and 48h and 200 ?g/ml at 72h after treatment. Furthermore, MTT assay results showed that about 90% of MSCs were alive at concentrations less than or equal to 12.5 ?g/ml at 24h after treatment. Therefore, the concentration 10 ?g/ml was used to determine the effect of Eugenol on the expression of target genes at transcript level in BM-MSCs. The results of the quantitative gene expression analysis by real-time PCR indicated that Tlr3, Tlr4, Ccl2, and Ccl3 genes upregulated 1.5 -, 1.8-, 1.3 -, 2.2 -fold, respectively, in Eugenol treated-MSCs compaired to untreated controls In general, according to the results of this study, Eugenol-treated MSCs show increased expression of Tlr3, Tlr4, Ccl2, and Ccl3. Therefore, it can be concluded that Eugenol influences the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs by overexpression of this genes. Furthermore, the results of this study can provide a situation for further studies in the field, which may finally improve and increase the therapeutic potential of MSCs for research and clinicla applications.           

  AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have receved considerable attentio   in the last 15 years. These cells provide a new hope for treatment of many diseases, therefore, scientists try to find efficient protocols to maintain and enhance MSCs behavior and function in vitro using natural and chemical component. Eugenol is the most important component in Caryophillium aromaticus that has several effects such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammation, anti-mutation, anti-oxidant, anti-virus, anti-fungal, anti-microbial and anti-bloat. However, the effects of Eugenol are well known, its effect on MSCs has not been studied yet. Due to the therapeutic advantages of Eugenol and also the importance of proliferation and migration of MSC in new treatment protocols, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Eugenol on the proliferation and migration of MSCs derived from mice bone marrow in vitro.In this study, bone marrow MSCs were isolated from 4 to 8 week old NMRI mice. The identity of MSCs was evaluated by differentiation assays into adipocytes and osteoblasts. To investigation the effect of Eugenol on MSCs migration and proliferation, wound healing and MTT assays were used and the IC50 values was determined at 24h, 48h and 72h after treatment. In continue, to examine the effect of Eugenol on MSCs proliferation and migration, the expression of Rex1, Sox2, Vla4, Cxcr4 genes was evaluated by Real-time PCR.

  ats are one of the most successful mammalian orders and the most diverse in the world after rodents. These groups for flight and Echolocation are unique among mammals and have a wide diversity. So far, more than 1,365 species from 203 genera in 18 families have been identified. Also, 50 species of bats from 19 genera in 8 families has been reported from Iran. Numerous studies have documented that habitat loss, land use alteration, environmental pollution, diseases, over exploitation of some bat species and direct demolition of bat roosts are among the threatening factors that have vanished several bat species and brought more species to the brink of extinction

AbstractNowadays,with progress in industry the dangerous of heavy metals were increased.Cdmium is one of the most abundant toxic elements that contaminates soil, water, and food chain and represents a serious threat for human health and agricultural crops.Industrial waste water, as the most important environmental pollutants that contain significant amounts of heavy metals are high salt density. The technology of biological removal as efficient and effective method comparing to common methods to removing of heavy metals from industrial waste was improved.The biological removing method is cheap and safe for environment. Biological removal of the high toxicity of cadmium with high mobility and widespread ecological effects to be considered as an important field in the biotechnology. Detection of persist bacteria to toxic metals and using of them for removing heavy metal from arouses environments and wastewaters is very important. In this study the ability of Halomonas elongata IBRC-M10433 bacterium removed from Uroumie Salty Lake to removing of Cadmium was test.The purpose from this study was to optimization of Biological removal of Cdmium by Halomonas elongata IBRC - M10433   under environmental factors. Design of Experiments Taguchi method to determine the optimum conditions relative to environmental factors such as cadmium concentration, salt and concentration of glucose as the carbon source in biological removal of Cdmium   y Halomonas elongata IBRC- M10433. This study shown that the Halomonas elongata IBRC- M10433   as potential adsorbent for heavy metal ions from aqueous solution and the   highest removal of Cdmium was observed as 50 mg/L ion concentrations , 10 g/Lto carbon and 200 g/L of salt at 370C and pH7.It was also observed That concentrations of carbon is the most effective factor in the bioremediation. In addition to the experimental design Taguchi method to determine the optimum conditions, environmental factors such as concentration NH4Cl as a nitrogen source, K2HPo4 as a source of phosphorus and cadmium concentrations in biological removal of cadmium by Halomonas elongata IBRC- M10433 Optimum conditions at   P 0/3 g/L, Cdmium concentration 100 mg/L and nitrogen 2 g/L at 37 ° C and pH 7. also observed That concentrations of phosphorus is the most effective factor in the bioremediation. Results from this study shown that Halomonas elongata IBRC-M10433 persist to Cadmium metal,And has the ability to removal of Cdmium containing industry waste water and aqueous solution .The bacteria can be used for further studies in the field of removal of heavy metals.Application of biotechnology and life is very valuable for the treatment of heavy metals.With the help of modern technology can be used to identify genetic changes in microorganisms and make payment And an important step in improving perceptions of environmental pollution.Keyword:heavymetal,biologicalremoval,Taguchimethod, Cadmium, Halomonas elongata IBRC - M10433.     

AbstractFusarium wilt is one of the most important pea diseases in the world being able to impose negative effect on growth and productivity. The disease control using plant extracts was considered as a safe and green method. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antifungal activity of some plant extracts) Scrophularia striata, Scrophularia elymaitica and Verbascum thapsus (against Fusarium oxysporum and fusarium solani prepared with different solvents. In test 1, four concentrations of hydro alcoholic extract (0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm) and five aqueous extracts (0, 2500, 3000, 3500 and 5000 ppm) prepared and added to autoclaved PDA media. The aim of test 2 was to investigate the effects of medicinal plant extracts on growth and physiological parametres of pea plants under Fusarium contamination.The experiment was performed in factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed that the plant extracts of all samples were effective against the growth of this fungus. The Maximum inhibitory concentration of each extract was observed in high extract concentrations. Although two extracts preparation methods inhibited Fusarium growth, hydroalcoholic extract provided better protection compared to aqueous extracts. In low concentrations extracts derived from S. striata were the most effective to inhibit the growth of tested fungi in compared with control. In test 2 statistical analysis showed that treatment had a significance effects on the root and shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot and root height and chlorophyll and carotenoid content. The treatment with all medicinal plants resulted in significantly higher values of all morphological parameters in compared with un-treated plants. Plant extract application improved growth parameters and increased chlorophyll content of pea plants subjected to fusarium contamination and provided significant protection against fusarium fungus. In general results indicated that these medicinal plant extract can be used as natural fungicide to control F. solani and F. oxysporum.Key words: Bio-control, Fusarium, Scrophularia, Verbascum, hydro alcoholic extract, chlorophyll.

  Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers. In these dimensions, physical, chemical and biological characteristics of material are unusual and unique new applications of nanoscale materials are possible. Synthetic nanomaterials are widely used in medicine, biotechnology, energy, fisheries, environment and agriculture. Bacterial processes have considerable potential for reducing heavy metal ions and it can be one of the best candidates for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In this investigation, nine experiments contain three factors (Glucose, NaCl and CuSO4 concentrations) in different three levels were designed by Taguchi method and effect of three factors on optimum of nanoparticles synthesis was analyzed.Maximum production of copper nanoparticles have been seen in optimal conditions, the 0.39 mM glucose, 9.7 mM NaCl, 5.6 mM copper   ulfate.Copper nanoparticles with spectroscopy UV-Vis, analysis FTIR, XRD, SEM   were investigated. The results showed the antibacterial effect of nanoparticles on the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus .Due to the characteristics of copper nanoparticles and their applications in various fields, it is important to optimize production conditions.With regard to copper nanoparticles are widely used in various fields such as medicine, and the use of this strain of Halomonas elongata M-IBRC 10214 for the first time in the production of copper nanoparticles, this research could be the basis for further studies in order to optimize production   of copper nanoparticles by this strain.

  Contribution to the pollen morphology and taxonomy in the Genus Tulipa  Tulipa is one of the most important genera of the family Liliaceae and the pollen morphology studied of its species is very significant. Pollens for this study were taken from the collections in the Main Botanical Garden Moscow (MHA), Russia; Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian, Academy of Science, St. Petersburg (LE); Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MW), Russia; Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran; Razi University Herbarium (RUH), Kermanshah, Iran; Herbarium of Agriculture and natural resources Research center of Kermanshah, Iran. In this study, 30 species of pollen grains by light microscope (LM) and 13 species with scanning electron microscope (SEM) were studied. For Light microscopy was used to Erdtmans acetolysis technique and samples were prepared in glycerin and gelatin. For any 25 pollen grains were studied, in this study, the polar axis (P) and the diameter of the equatorial axis (E) and P / E ratio was determined. The measurements were performed using a calibrated eyepiece at 40x magnification. For SEM studies unacetolysed pollen grains were attached to aluminum stubs and sputter coated with Au and examined under scanning electronic microscope. These studied species were different form each other by size, shape, muri width, Lumina size. This research studied species showed a single, homogeneous, bisymmetrical, monosulcate, trisulcate, broad spherical to oval. Outline of pollen grains at equatorial position in all investigated species is oblate and polar view - oblate-spheroidal. Size of pollen grain T. hoogiana B.Fedtschenko from subg. Leiostemones is medium (33/2 ± 5/4 µm), but the size of pollen T.biebersteiniana Schult.f of sub genus Eriostemones (62/4 ± 6/8 µm) is large. Pollen grains of studied species in subgenus Eriostemoes have monosulcate and foveate-striate surface, the other ones from subgenus Leiostemones have three-apertures and foveate-tuberculate surface. The possible evolutionary trends include (1) monosulcate, (2) monosulcate with operculum, (3) trisulcate. In additional intermediate monosulcate – trisulcate (T. clusiana DC.), and intermediate trisulcate – inaperture (T. tschimganica Z.Botsch ). In shape is the oval (T. tarda Stapf. from sect. Biflores Hall ex Zonn) to nearly spherical (T. ulphylla Wendelbo from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). Also the exine ornamentation from   microreticulate (T. tarda) to striate - foveate (T. biebersteiniana) was developed. Finally psilate ornamentation (T.systola Stap. from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). are the most advanced states. Dendrogram ward cluster analysis using optical microscopy data for all of studied species, divided into four groups: The first group (A) which contains the majority of of the investigation species. The second group (B) and third (C) include the following species belonging to the subg. Eriostemones. The fourth group (D) pollen grains belong to the subg. Leiostemones with nearly spherical in shape, trisulcate and pollen are smaller in size than other groups (A, B, C). In cluster analysis, electron microscopy data Variety of T. montana Lindl. separated from each other. Cluster analysis of the data light and electron microscopic analysis of T. tarda and T. sylvestris L. belonging to the Subg. Eriostemones are together on a branch. Thus, the species studied by palynomorphological characteristic are easily separated.While the morphology of the various parts of their bodies show many similarities with each other.     Key word: Dendrogram, Ornamentation, Outline, Pollen grain, Tulipa

    The pollen morphology of 28 species from 14 tribes of Poaceae family were examined by Light Microscopy (LM). Also 7 of studied species investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).Plant speciemen was collected from different parts of Kermanshahprovince and then transferred them to identify the herbarium at Razi University (RUH). In additional pollens for this study were taken from thecollections in the RUH.For LM observations, pollens were acetolysed following the technique of the Erdtman (1960) andmounted in glycerine jelly. Slides were prepared for LM by mounting pollen in glycerin jelly. Sizemeasurements were taken based on 25 pollen grai   the values of P (polar axis length) and E (equatorialdiameter) were measured and the P/E ratios were calculated. Measurements were recorded using both a 40 ×objective, and a crossed micrometer eyepiece graticule.For SEM studies unacetolysed pollen grains were examined. The results showed that pollen formsin studied species are from Spheroidal to Oblate and size of Pollens are 27-92 µ. The outline of pollen in polar view is spherical and equatorialview is spherical-elliptical.Exine surfacebyLM for all species studied is granular, but exine ornamentation using SEM is areolate, echinate,psilate, or tuberculate.Data obtained from cluster analysis by ward’s method for LM in studied species are divided into four groups by size ofpollen grian. Cluster analysis using SEM based on operculum of pore,pore size, and exine ornamentation shows three groups instudiedspecies.  Keywords: Poaceae, Tribe, exine ornamentation, Microscope, Fusarium