بينش امروزي ما پيرامون جهان هستي مبتني بر مدل استاندارد ذرات بنيادي مي‌باشد. مطابق اين جهان از يك مجموعه فرميون‌هاي بنيادي اسپين 12   به نام كوارك‌ها و لپتون‌ها تشكيل شده است و برهم كنش‌هاي ميان اين سنگ‌هاي اوليه طبيعت عبارتند از: برهم كنش الكترومغناطيسي، برهم كنش هسته‌اي قوي، و برهمكنش هسته‌اي ضعيف است كه از طريق مبادله بوزون‌هاي پيمانه‌اي به نام فوتون، گلئونW±   و‏Z0   صورت مي‌گيرد. اين مدل در نيمه دوم قرن بيستم در نتيجه ي تلاش مشاركت آميز دانشمندان در عرصه جهاني شكل گرفت. فرمول بندي كنوني آن در اواسط دهه ???? ميلادي پس از تاييد تجربي وجود كوارك‌ها نهايي شد.

   Entropy actually expresses the order of the system. We want to get the entropy for the neutron. If we consider the neutron in a non-disordered state (we consider the neutron to be composed of valence quarks), the maximum entropy is obtained from the distribution functions of valence quarks, but in the disordered state and small x, the gluon contribution is dominant, and the entropy is from the gluon distribution function Obtained. We get the entropy in the zeroth and first order of disorder. We can see that as Q2   increases, entropy increases. Then we compare the obtained entropies with the laboratory data in some specific Q2 and observe that the obtained entropy is in good agreement with the laboratory data.   

  AbstractObjective: The most effective way to summarize what we know about a complex system is to identify the potential impact effects of the interaction on that system, so it is essential to examine the potential effects of the interaction in real systems. On the other hand, in the last few decades, we have witnessed a revolution in the world that has been made by science and technology in connection with two-dimensional, one-dimensional and zero-dimensional nanostructured materials. The main context of the attractive and valuable phenomena of quantum structures is quantum confinement and confinement, and therefore research on the origin and effect of confinement in quantum dots has become one of the most basic and exciting introductory fields in modern science. The aim of this study is to study meson systems in quantum dots.Research Methodology: This research is fundamental in terms of type. Due to the confinement of a quark  under the potential of , along with a suitable boundary condition, the corresponding Schrodinger equation is obtained by approximating the effective mass (EMA). For the basic state, the solution and the energy of the base state, the wave function and the probability of the quark probability are obtained. Due to the similarity of mesonic systems to electron-hole system  and also due to the choice of potential parameter approach that has flexibility, this information is compared with quantum dots consisting of electrons and holes.Results: From the phenomenological analysis, it was observed that the assumption for the effective potential of , with a certain range of values "??

   So far a lot of   theoretical and experimental researchs on different two-dimensional monolayers in order to assess their structural stability, electronic properties and application in electronic devices.Nanostructures are materials with nanometer size, different physical, chemical, mechanical and… properties in comparison bulk of them.In material, with nanostructure size, the area atoms ratio to volume atoms is very bigger than bulk case. Also in these structures there are quantum confinement effects and there for properties of them are different from bulk materials.In this work, under the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), the structural and electronic properties of germanene with and without impurity by using the first-principles projector-augmented wave (FP-LAPW) potential within the density functiontheory (DFT) framework.   

  In this thesis, Complex Gradient Method is used to interpret the Self-Potential anomaly.This method is a fast and straightforward method for estimating parameters of the origin of self-potential anomaly by using horizontal and vertical derivatives of SP data simultaneously. Here, it is assumed that the bulk of the SP anomaly is a two-dimensional inclined sheet which its parameters are depth to upper edge, depth to bottom edge, dip angle and electrical dipole moment.The validity of the complex gradient method is proven by applying it to synthetic data, with and without adding noise, for cases in which some parameters are constant while the others are variable. The method is also applied to estimate model parameters for field data in three zones related to a copper mine in the Surda region of India, a copper sulfide mine in Sulymankoy, Turkey, and a graphite mine in Southern Bavarian in Germany. Comparing the results of the latter case with the results of other methods show that the complex gradient method well identifies the parameters of the self-potential source.It should be noted that the results obtained in this thesis were extracted from the coding in MATLAB software.

In this thesis, first we examine the existence of a sequence of weak solution for the non-local equation of the following fraction\\\\ ‎‎\\begin{cases}‎‎‎M\\Big(\\iint‎‎‎‎_{\\mathbb{R}^{2N}}\\frac{\\vert u(x)‎ -u (y)\\vert^{p}}{\\vert x‎ - ‎y\\vert^{N+ps}}dxdy\\Big)‎(-\\Delta)_{p} ‎^{s}u(x)=f(x,u)‎\\qquad‎\\qquad ‎in‎\\qquad‎\\Omega,\\\\‎  ‎‎‎ ‎u=0‎\\qquad‎\\qquad‎\\qquad‎\\qquad‎\\qquad‎\\qquad‎\\qquad‎\\qquad‎‎\\qquad‎‎\\qquad‎ ‎in‎\\qquad‎‎‎\\mathbb{R‎^{N}‎}‎‎\\backslash\\Omega, ‎‎‎\\end{cases}‎‎‎‎\\\\‎where ‎$ ‎\\Omega ‎$‎ ‎is ‎an ‎open ‎bounded ‎subset ‎of‎ ‎$ ‎\\mathbb{R‎^{N}‎} ‎$‎ ‎with ‎Lipshcitz ‎boundary‎ ‎$ ‎\\partial‎\\Omega‎ $‎,‎‎ ‎$ (-‎\\Delta)‎_{p}‎^{s}‎‎‎ $ ‎is ‎the ‎fractional ‎p-Laplacian ‎operator ‎with‎ ‎$ 0<  lt;1<  lt;N $ ‎such ‎that ‎‎‎$   lt;N $‎,‎‎ ‎‎$ M $ ‎is a‎ ‎continuous ‎function ‎and‎ ‎$ f $ ‎is a ‎‎Carat‎‎heodory ‎function ‎satisfying ‎the ‎Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz-type ‎condition‎. When ‎$ f $ ‎satisfies ‎the ‎suplinear ‎growth ‎condition,we ‎obtain ‎the‎ existence of a sequence of nontrivial solutions by using the symmetric mountan pass theorem; when ‎$ f $ ‎satisfies ‎the ‎sublinear ‎growth ‎condition, ‎we ‎obtain ‎infinitely ‎many ‎pairs ‎of ‎nontrivial ‎solutions ‎by ‎applying ‎the ‎Krasnoselskii ‎genus ‎theory. ‎Our ‎results ‎cover ‎the ‎degenerate ‎case ‎in ‎the ‎fractional ‎setting: ‎the ‎Kirchhoff ‎function‎ ‎$ M $ can be zero at zero. ‎Using Mountain pass theorem we prove the existence of infinitely many solutions for the above problem. Then we discuss the existence of infinitely many solutions for fractional equations with sign changing nonlinear terms via varational methods in fact if the nonlinear terms are sign changing and satisfy p-supper growth, we obtain the existence of infinitely many solutions for boundary value problems driven by fractional p-Laplacian.‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎\\\\‎‎\\textbf{Keywords:} \\\\‎‎\\textit{Fractinal p-Laplacian‎, Kirchhoff problems‎, Differential operator‎, Mountain pass Theorem‎, Nonlocal operator‎, Variational methods‎, Weak solution‎ }‎\\end{latin}‎

Investigate of the weak contribution of nucleon structure functions 

As physicists, we want to understand how nature works. Therefore no matter what we calculate, eventually it has to agree with observations. If we want to claim we understand how particles interact with each other eventually we have to link our understanding to quantities that can be measured in experiments. This work has tried to explain some aspects of one of the means that particles can interact, which is via the strong interaction. This leads to many interesting effects but it can make it difficult to study in some regimes. In recent years moving together to provide results at strong coupling. String theory in AdS space is a great tool for studing non-perturbative aspects of QCD. According to AdS/CFT correspondence gravity theory in (d+1)-dim in AdS space is dual to a conformal theory in the d-dim boundary. So machinery of AdS/CFT can be applied to QCD, but QCD is not conformal and gravity dual to QCD is not known yet. Deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering (DIS) and Pomeron dynamics and structure functions is investigated at small x in the frame work of holographic quantum chromodynamics. Finally we study the dual scattering amplitude of 2? 2 scattering of hadrons through the exchange of a spin j field. The parameter length string   is fixed by requiring cross sectio   to have pomeron-like behavior   and   pomeron-like intercept.     Key Words: AdS/QCD duality, AdS/CFT correspondence, hard & soft wall model, pomeron exchange  

supersymmetry 

 quarkonium production

     Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic (EM) signals at both horizontal and vertical interfaces separate media of different electrical parameters EM methods have been developed and employed to recognize the geological features and particularly fault zones in many regions. To achieve higher lateral resolution and also greater penetration depth, the magnetotelluric (MT) method is one of the most effective electromagnetic techniques to create image of the subsurface structures electrically. Due to the contrast of resistivity in different layers of the earth and subsurface structures, such as fault and base rock, we can investigate the structures via MT method.   In 2016 a wide frequency range of magnetotelluric measurements were carried out at the north east of   Kermanshah province to understand the crustal electrical conductivity of the region by putting emphasis on locating the Geological structures. Magnetotelluric profile has been passed in Mianrahan which is situated in different geological structures based on recognizing the base rock as well as the faults.     The electric and magnetic field components were acquired along a profile at 6 stations with 2000m distance.A robust single site processing followed by the inversion. One dimensional and two dimensional modeling were performed .Then the inversion results revealed electrical conductivity structures in correlation with geological features. Two dimensional model has demonstrated a fault structure and resolved layers with sharp resistivity contrasts. The basement was also detected by the two dimensional model at about 9000m depth with 520 ohm.m resistivity.

This thesis describes azimuthal dependence of heavy quark initiated contributions to the lepton-nucleon deep inelastic scattering (DIS). In general, in recent decades, investigation of heavy quark production is of particular interest and the activities that accomplished in different collaborations express significance of this matter. In this work, since the sources of the production of heavy quark is different relative to the kind of colliding particles, we propose different reactions leading to the production of heavy quarks and finally limit our study to production of heavy quark in lepton-nucleon DIS. For this reason, first we investigate deep inelastic electron-proton scattering and define the cross section of this process, then we write the relations between parton-level semi-inclusive structure functions and the helicity   cross sections in terms of arbitrary values of heavy quark mass. Then the azimuth-dependant   lepton-quark DIS in helicity basis has been calculated. Finally, we investigate the numerical properties of   and   distributions caused by photon-quark scattering (QS) contribution. We conclude that contrary to the photon-gluon fusion (GF) component, the QS mechanism practically is -independant. This fact implies that measuring azimuthal distributions in these processes directly can probe the heavy quark inside the proton. Our results indicate that the GF and QS predictions for   asymmetries are quantitatively well defined in fixed flavor number scheme (FFNS): they are stable, both parametrically and perterbatively.   

  در اين پايان­نامه ما در ابتدا به معرفي پروژه برخورددهنده بزرگ هادرون-الكتروني پرداخته و سپس با معرفي مدل استاندارد فيزيك ذرات و جدول ذرات بنيادي، در مورد اهميت و خواص و نيز نحوه توليد كوارك سر به عنوان سنگين­ترين ذره بنيادي شناخته شده در طبيعت با استفاده از نتايج آزمايشگاهي صحبت خواهيم كرد. در محاسبات نظري، كوارك سر به دليل جفت شدگي بسيار زيادي كه با بوزون هيگز دارد مورد بسيار خوبي جهت تحقيق در حيطه فيزيك هيگز مي­باشد. به همين دليل در اين كار ما به جستجو و تعيين سطح مقطع براي جفت شدگي كوارك-پادكوارك سر و بوزن هيگز در فرآيند پراكندگي ناكشسان عميق الكترون-پروتون در برخورددهنده بزرگ هادرون-الكتروني پرداختيم. فرآيند مورد نظر ما كه از پراكندگي ناكشسان عميق بين الكترون و پروتون سر چشمه مي­گيرد، به وسيله فوتون مجازي منتشر شده از الكترون و نيز گلوئون ساتع شده از پروتون انجام مي­شود كه به اين فرآيند همجوشي بوزون-گلوئون مي­گوييم. نتيجه محاسبات ما با استفاده از پتانسيل عظيم به وجود آمده در برخورددهنده بزرگ هادرون-الكتروني مي­باشد به اين دليل كه برخورددهنده­هاي لپتون-هادروني نسل قبل انرژي لازم براي توليد اين ذره سنگين را نداشتند. در نهايت ما نتيجه بدست آمده از سطح مقطع مربوط به جفت­شدگي كوارك-پادكوارك سر و هيگز را با نتايج موجود در برخوردهاي هادرون-هادروني و همجوشي گلوئون-گلوئون مقايسه كرده و بيان مي­كنيم كه هرچند سطح مقطع اين فرآيند از طريق همجوشي بوزون-گلوئون كمتر است اما دقت محاسبات براي شناخت فيزيك هيگز بسيار دقيق­تر خواهد بود.

In this thesis first we are talking about Deep inelastic scattering and Parton model. In short study nuclear model and effect to change parton distribution in nuclei. Then we come to the parton distribution evolution equations, DGLAP, and how to solve it. Here we solve the equation in the approximation DLL. Finally, with the help of a weight factor obtain nuclear Parton distribution functions from a single nucleon Parton distribution functions (related to experimental measurements).Result of study nuclear distribution function show the nuclear effect such as: Shadowing in low x and EMC and anti Shadowing in high x.