Kermanshah Province, due to its remarkable climatic and habitat diversity, hosts a significant assemblage of snakes, particularly venomous and semi-venomous species, in western Iran. This study aimed to identify, map the distribution, and describe the habitats of venomous and semi-venomous snakes in Kermanshah Province. Data were collected through examination of specimens preserved in the Zoological Museum of Razi University and consultation of authoritative scientific sources. Findings revealed the presence of 10 snake species belonging to four families: Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae, and Psammophiidae. Among them, the Levantine viper (Macrovipera lebetina) and the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus) were identified as the dominant and widely distributed species. In contrast, rare species such as the spider-tailed horned viper (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) and the black-headed cat snake (Telescopus nigriceps) were recorded with limited distribution and very few specimens. Notably, the confirmed presence of the Egyptian black snake (Walterinnesia aegyptia) in western Kermanshah expands the known western distributional limit of this species in Iran. The results indicate that regional snake diversity is strongly influenced by climatic conditions, physical habitat structure, and vegetation cover. Kermanshah functions as a crucial ecological ecotone between central, western, and southern Iranian ecosystems. This study provides a foundational reference for future research in systematics, ecology, human-wildlife conflict management (e.g., snakebite prevention), and conservation planning. Kermanshah Province, due to its remarkable climatic and habitat diversity, hosts a significant assemblage of snakes, particularly venomous and semi-venomous species, in western Iran. This study aimed to identify, map the distribution, and describe the habitats of venomous and semi-venomous snakes in Kermanshah Province. Data were collected through examination of specimens preserved in the Zoological Museum of Razi University and consultation of authoritative scientific sources. Findings revealed the presence of 10 snake species belonging to four families: Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae, and Psammophiidae. Among them, the Levantine viper (Macrovipera lebetina) and the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus) were identified as the dominant and widely distributed species. In contrast, rare species such as the spider-tailed horned viper (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) and the black-headed cat snake (Telescopus nigriceps) were recorded with limited distribution and very few specimens. Notably, the confirmed presence of the Egyptian black snake (Walterinnesia aegyptia) in western Kermanshah expands the known western distributional limit of this species in Iran. The results indicate that regional snake diversity is strongly influenced by climatic conditions, physical habitat structure, and vegetation cover. Kermanshah functions as a crucial ecological ecotone between central, western, and southern Iranian ecosystems. This study provides a foundational reference for future research in systematics, ecology, human-wildlife conflict management (e.g., snakebite prevention), and conservation planning.

  Doxorubicin is one of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of various cancers. Despite its high efficacy, it is associated with serious side effects, including toxicity to the reproductive system. The main mechanism of these damages is attributed to increased oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant capacity, tissue destruction, and disruption of reproductive processes, including spermatogenesis in males. On the other hand, the use of plant compounds with antioxidant properties can be considered as an effective strategy to reduce these side effects. Echinacea purpurea is a medicinal plant rich in polysaccharides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, and its protective role against oxidative stress has been reported in numerous studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Echinacea purpurea on doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in NMRI male mice. In this experimental study, 28 male mice with an average weight of 25 to 30 grams were randomly divided into four groups of seven: the control group that received saline, the Echinacea extract group (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally every other day), the doxorubicin group (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally once a week for four weeks), and the combination group that simultaneously received doxorubicin and Echinacea extract by the above methods. After 28 days, the animals were anesthetized and blood and tissue sampling was performed. The indicators studied included testosterone levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, spermatogenesis parameters, and testicular histological changes. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. The results of this study showed that the use of doxorubicin significantly reduced the percentage of sperm with progressive movement and viability, decreased the level of testosterone hormone and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and increased the percentage of non-motile and non-progressive movement sperm, as well as increased the level of malondialdehyde in the serum of mice (p?0.05). The use of Echinacea extract alone improved the parameters of sperm motility and viability, increased testosterone levels, increased SOD activity and decreased MDA (p?0.05). In the group receiving Echinacea extract and doxorubicin simultaneously, the negative effects of doxorubicin on sperm motility and viability and oxidative stress indices were slightly modified, so that the percentage of live and non-motile sperm and MDA levels improved compared to the doxorubicin group, although the increase in SOD activity was not significant. Histological examination of the testes showed that doxorubicin caused structural damage, but concomitant administration of Echinacea extract was able to significantly modulate this damage, indicating the protective effect of Echinacea extract against doxorubicin toxicity on testicular tissue. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that Echinacea hydroalcoholic extract, with its antioxidant properties, is able to modulate part of the damage caused by doxorubicin on the male reproductive system and can be considered as a potential complementary option to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy.

   Objective: The order of reptiles is one of the oldest orders of terrestrial vertebrates. One of the most prominent features studied about this order is the study of reproduction and their reproductive cycles.

   Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the fauna and distribution of lizards in northern Hamadan province by measuring morphological, metric and meristic traits using valid identification keys, which will result in the identification and investigation of the species in this region along with a map of the distribution of the samples. Research methodology: Initially, initial studies were conducted extensively on the northern region of Hamadan province and its possible lizard fauna, and the information and maps required for this work were prepared. During numerous trips to the study area, 120 lizard specimens were sampled from 10 different stations between Farvardin 1402 and Mordad 1403. After taking the sample, it was first photographed and the location of the animal's habitat, the date and time of sample collection, the ambient temperature, and other atmospheric conditions such as wind were recorded in a notebook. To identify lizards, the Iranian Reptile Identification Key was used, then after meristic and metric studies, the specimen was released in situ. Also, with the help of these traits and based on reliable identification keys, the families were first determined, then the genus and species of the specimens were identified. Findings: In this study, the species Laudakia caucasia and Trapelus lessonae: Rastegar-pouyani, 2000 and Eremias montanus and Trapelus agilis: Anderson, 1999 were introduced in Hamedan province for the first time. The species Trapelus lessonae: Rastegar-pouyani, 2000 and Eremias montanus Laudakia, caucasaia and Trapelus agilis: Anderson, 1999 and Lacerta media, Ophisops elegans and Ablepharus bivvitatus were identified from the city of Razan and from the city of Kabudarhang, Laudakia caucasia, Trapelus lessonae, Trapelus agilis and Ophisops elegans were also reported from the city of Famenin. The species Cyrtopodion scabrum was also observed in all three cities. Conclusion: From the Agamidae family, the genus Laudakia, the species L.caucasia, the genus Trapelus, the species T.lessonae and T.agilis, from the Lacertidae family, the genus Eremias, the species E.montanus, E.velox, and E.persica, Blanford, the genus Lacerta, the species L.media, the genus Ophisops, the species O.elegans, from the Scincidae family, the genus Ablepharus, the species A.bivvitstus, and from the Gekkonidae family, the genus Cyrtopodion, the species C.scabrum were observed. Keywords: Reptiles, Lizard, Fauna, North Hamadan, Razan.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of empagliflozin on the side effects of doxorubicin on the function and tissue structure of rat testis. For this purpose, 28 adult male mice were prepared and divided into 4 groups as follows. Control group: They were kept with the usual diet and without taking any medicine, with other groups. Doxorubicin group: the animals of this group were injected intraperitoneally with doxorubicin at the rate of mg/kg2 on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The above amount and method were injected, and at the same time empagliflozin was injected daily at the rate of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 28 days. Empagliflozin group: the animals of this group were administered empagliflozin in the above amount and method. After the end of the experiment period, each animal was anesthetized using ketamine and xylazine and blood was taken from the heart. The test tubes containing the blood clot were centrifuged and the serum samples were transferred to the relevant laboratory to measure the sex hormone testosterone and factors related to oxidative stress (MDA, TAC). Also, anesthetized mice were eased without feeling pain, and their right testicle samples were immediately separated and placed in 10% formalin for tissue fixation, and then transferred to the histology laboratory to prepare a tissue slide. Biochemical results showed that in the doxorubicin group, the amount of testosterone hormone and total antioxidant capacity decreased and the amount of MDA increased compared to the control group. Also, in the doxorubicin group, the percentage of non-motile sperms or with non-progressive movement, as well as abnormalities in the head, neck, and tail increased compared to the control group, and the percentage of motile, progressive and normal sperms decreased. In addition, the number of germ cells, the diameter of the spermatogenic tube, and the thickness of its germinal epithelium decreased in the doxorubicin group compared to the control group. In the histological observations, confusion and lack of coherence and tissue order in the arrangement of the seminiferous tubules, complete or local analysis of the tissue corresponding to the germinal covering of the spermatogenic tubules, and the lack of formation and recognition of different sex cells, as well as the relative emptying of the lumen of the tubules from spermatids in the tissue structure of the testis The mice of the doxorubicin group were observed. But treatment with empagliflozin was able to improve all the above adverse changes. Therefore, it seems that empagliflozin can be used to reduce or treat the adverse side effects of doxorubicin in patients undergoing chemotherapy

 Quercetin and thymoquinone are important plant chemical compounds that have various antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects by inhibiting different signaling pathways and epigenetic changes. MiRNA are also a group of small non-coding RNAs that, by targeting different genes and affecting signaling pathways, play an important role in regulating gene expression and controlling breast cancer symptoms, and are used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. The aim of this research is to investigate the simultaneous effect of quercetin and thymoquinone on the expression of TSG6, ANO9 genes and their targeting microarrays in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In this study, MCF-7 cells were cultured and propagated and then treated with different concentrations of quercetin and thymoquinone. After RNA and microarray extraction from cells and cDNA synthesis, using bioinformatics sites including TargetScan, miRBase and miRDB, target microarrays of studied genes were predicted. Also, by using the mentioned sites and the miRNet site, R and Cytoscape software, the best microarrays targeting these genes were predicted for future research. qRT-PCR method was used to quantitatively investigate the expression of genes and microarrays. The results showed that the treatment of MCF-7 cells simultaneously with thymoquinone and quercetin decreases TSG6 gene expression. When the concentration of quercetin or thymoquinone was kept constant, by increasing the concentration of the other substance, the gene expression approached the control group. It is possible that the reduction of TSG6 expression only at the concentration of 35 ?M thymoquinone and 50 ?M quercetin can be affected by hsa-miR-23a-3p, and at other concentrations, it is probably due to the involvement of other pathways and factors. It was also found that with the increase in the concentration of quercetin, the expression of the ANO9 gene decreased significantly at the concentration of 20 ?M thymoquinone, but at the concentration of 35 ?M, the expression of the gene was closer to the control group and also positive. Examining the effect of these two substances on the expression of has-miR-6789-3p, the target of this gene, revealed that increasing the concentration of thymoquinone and quercetin increased the expression, and low concentrations of these two substances decreased the expression of this microarray. It is possible that this microarray targets the ANO9 gene at the concentration of 20 ?M thymoquinone and 50 ?M quercetin. The data showed that the expression of has-miR-154-3p increased with

   Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the common drugs used in cancer treatment, which causes apoptosis of cancer cells. On the other hand, in addition to cancer cells, this drug also affects other organs of the body and causes toxicity in them, among the organs that are affected by this drug is the reproductive system, which It can cause the patient's infertility. Its other side effects can be called insulin resistance and increased blood glucose levels. Empagliflozin (Empa) is one of the common drugs in diabetes mellitus type II, which prevents the reabsorption of glucose from urine by inhibiting sodium glucose cotra  orter 2 (SGLT2). In addition to its anti-diabetic properties, it also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that cause weight loss, lower blood pressure and reduction of heart diseases. In this study, the effect of empagliflozin on the toxicity caused by the use of doxorubicin in the ovary has been investigated. For this purpose, 24 Syrian female NMRI mice aged six weeks were randomly placed into 4 groups of 6, which were kept under standard conditions for 28 days. In the Dox group, on the first day, 10 mg/kg of Dox was injected intraperitoneally, in the Dox+Empa group, in addition to a single injection of Dox at the rate of 10 mg/kg on the first day; 10 mg/kg of Empat was injected daily until the end of the period, in the third group or Empa, 10 mg/kg was injected daily until the end of the period, and the fourth group or control was also injected with physiological saline serum. During the treatment period, the weight of the mice was recorded weekly. After the end of the course and by injecting anesthesia to the mice, blood samples were collected from the heart, and ovarian samples were also collected for histological studies. After tissue passage, the number of different types of follicles were counted and recorded. In addition, by separating serum from blood samples, parameters such as blood glucose, estradiol and progesterone hormones, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation were measured. The results showed that doxorubicin in the Dox group significantly decreased the number of ovarian follicles, the amount of estradiol and progesterone hormones, the amount of weight, and the total antioxidant capacity compared to other groups (P?0.05). Also, doxorubicin caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (P?0.05). On the other hand, Empa caused a relative improvement in the Dox + Empa group due to its antioxidant properties, and the amount of estradiol and progesterone hormones, the total antioxidant capacity, and the number of follicles showed a significant increase compared to the Dox group (P ?0.05); the amount of lipid peroxidation also decreased significantly (P?0.05). The control and Empa groups did not show any obvious difference except for weight and blood sugar. The results show that Empa, having antioxidant properties, has positive effects on reducing the toxicity caused by Dox consumption in the ovaries and can protect the ovaries from the harmful effects of Dox. Keywords

مواد و روش‌ها: براي اين پژوهش 90 سر موش‌ صحرايي نر چهارتا پنج‌هفته‌اي تشكيل خواهند داد؛ كه پس از دو هفته سازگاري با محيط جديد و القاي چاقي و ديابت، به‌طور تصادفي در نه گروه (با 10 سر موش در هر گروه) شامل: 1- كنترل (ديابت نوع 2)، 2- تمرين (ديابت نوع 2)، 3- مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (ديابت نوع 2)، 4- تمرين + مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (ديابت نوع 2)، 5- دارونما (ديابت نوع 2)، 6- تمرين (سالم)، 7- تمرين+ مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (سالم)، 8- مكمل­دهي ويتامين D (سالم) و 9- شم قرار خواهند ‌گرفت. برنامه­ي فعاليت بدني هوازي شامل گرم كردن، دويدن روي تردميل با شيب صفر درصد و سرد كردن در هشت هفته و پنج روز در هفته به مدت 60 دقيقه و با شدت 60-50 درصد VO2max خواهد بود. گروه مكمل­دهي ويتامين D و گروه تمرين به همراه مكمل­دهي ويتامين D رت‌هاي سالم و ديابتي در هر هفته 5000 واحد بين‌المللي ويتامين D را به‌صورت تزريقي دريافت خواهند‌ كرد. در صورت طبيعي بودن داده‌ها (آزمون شاپيرو)، تفاوت بين گروهي با استفاده از آزمون ANOVA يك طرفه بررسي خواهد شد و آزمون تعقيبي از نوع توكي خواهد بود؛ در غير اين صورت، آزمون ناپارامتريك استفاده مي‌شود؛ نرم‌افزار مورد استفاده    26 و سطح معناداري 05/0 خواهد بود.  

  Abstract Background and purpose: One of the most important dimensions in the life of living organisms is how they reproduce. The study of reproduction in animals is a basic solution for biologists to answer many questions related to the biology of different animals. The green Levant frog with the scientific name Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) is one of them from the Ranidae family, so in this research, the reproductive cycle of the female Levant green frog Pelophylax bedriagae was carried out in the Mianrahan area, in Sahne city of Kermanshah province Materials and methods: In this research, after obtaining the relevant permits, samples were taken from their natural habitats in Dinor region in different seasons of the year. SEP was determined by recording the time and place of sampling information related to topographical conditions. The samples were transferred to 10% formalin. Then, the samples were dissected and the shape, color, size and location of the various parts of the reproductive and urinary system in the body were determined and photographed by removing the visceral organs. Then histopathology studies were doneResults: In the non-reproductive season of sexual reproduction, the ovary is inactive, condensed and collected, but in the season of sexual reproduction, these changes and cells are all ready for activity and ciliated cells are all active, to move the egg on the surface of the ovary. In the mating season, many mature eggs were observed on the surface of the ovary, while the eggs were not mature in the non-breeding season. Fat cells in the mating season have abundant fat reserves, but in the non-breeding season, these cells are dense and stacked on top of each other and contain less fat than in the breeding season Discussion and conclusion: Studying the reproductive cycle of Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) in different seasons of the year and different weather conditions showed that this cycle is influenced by weather and seasonal conditions. Paying attention to the information obtained from the species helps the biological studies.

The incubation environment plays an important role in the development of the chick embryo and during this process, the management of temperature, humidity, light, egg rotation and air composition is very important to achieve successful artificial incubation. Light is an external stimulus in the environment and plays an important role in regulating biological processes. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of light on chick embryos during embryonic and hatching periods. In the systematic review study, articles from 1974 to 2022 whose full text was available were used. All published studies in the PubMed database were searched using relevant keywords including photostimulation and chicken. In the initial search, 800 articles were found, after removing unrelated studies, 48 articles were finally included in the study. According to the obtained data, 75% of the studies were conducted on the meat breed and 23% on the egg-laying breed. In 2% of the articles, the studied race was not reported. 26% of the articles used full 24-hour lighting and 24% used a photoperiod consisting of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. 33% of the photoperiod articles did not report the treatment of fertilized eggs. Based on the extracted data, 63% of studies used LED light sources, 20% of fluorescent lamps, 11% of incandescent lamps, 2% of optical fibers and 2% of lasers. In 2% of the researches, the type of lighting source was not reported. In 45% of the luxury articles used, it was between 100 and 1000. 16% used 100 lux and 8% used more than 1000 lux for treatment. 31% of articles did not report their choice. After checking the color of the light source used, it was found that 29% of the articles used green color, 25% white light, 17% red color and 12% blue color for their experiments. 17% of articles did not report color in their research. 17 articles also investigated the effect of light on development and 13 articles on its effect on chick embryo growth. Analysis of the results showed that light controls many physiological and behavioral processes such as growth, development, behavior, somatotropic axis, reproduction and migration in birds. Exposure of developing embryos to light can play an important role in hatching performance and embryo growth rate, reduce the stress response to the post-hatching environment, and ultimately affect the bird's performance, behavior and well-being. In general, light intensity, spectral composition and photoperiod are the three main parameters of light that can be used as a tool to manage poultry production.   

   Cancer cells consume large amounts of glucose due to their excessive proliferation. Tumors have a high rate of glycolytic pathway which leads to an increase in lactate concentration. The tumor microenvironment contains two types of cancer cells: glycolytic and oxidative cells. Glycolytic cells produce lactate, which is taken up by oxidative cells and converted into pyruvate for use in the Krebs cycle. This forms a metabolic symbiosis between the two cell types. The family of monocarboxylate tra  orters (MCTs) consists of 14 members, with MCT1-4 being proton-coupled tra  orters that can tra  ort short-chain monocarboxylates like lactate and pyruvate across the cell membrane. Cancer cells have high levels of MCT1 and MCT4 expression. MCT1 facilitates lactate influx into oxidative cells, whereas MCT4 is predominantly found in glycolytic cells. Overexpression of these tra  orters has been associated with various malignancies, such as breast, stomach, lymphoma, brain, lung, skin, and soft tissue cancers, making them attractive targets for anticancer drug discovery. By inhibiting MCT1, it is possible to stop oxidative cells from consuming lactate, which will then force them to take up glucose. This process will reduce glucose availability to glycolytic cells and eventually lead to cell death. For this research, we used structure-based virtual screening techniques to discover small chemical compounds capable of inhibiting monocarboxylate tra  orter 1. The atomic coordinates of the protein in the open-inward conformation were obtained from the protein database with the code 7CKO. We utilized a library of chemical compounds which included 12 million molecules that are available for purchase from the ZINC database. Additionally, we included 4683 drugs that have been approved by the FDA. Following library preparation, we utilized a consensus approach by performing molecular docking with AutoDock Vina, Molegro Virtual Docker, and DOCK programs. The ligands possessing high binding energy were subjected to further analysis to determine their interaction with the crucial residues in the protein's binding site. Compounds that showed promising results were subjected to molecular dynamics analysis, including RMSD, RMSF calculations, and analysis of ligand-protein interactions. Based on the findings, it was discovered that enacidnib, an oral medication used to treat acute myeloid leukemia, can create strong binding with important residues such as Tyr 34, Lys 38, and Ser 154 found in the lactate binding site. As a result, it has the potential to effectively inhibit the targeted protein.

The largest genus of the Gammaridae family is GammarusFabricius, 1775, which are widely found in freshwater environments of the northern hemisphere. To date, 19 species of this genus have been identified in Iran. The aim of this research is to investigate the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the genus Gammarus in the Yuan wetland of Kermanshah province. In this study, samples ofthe Gammarus genus were collected from five stations in the Yuan wetland, and the chemical characteristics of the water were evaluated. In the laboratory, first, the gender of the samples was identified and then the body parts of each sample were separated with dissection needles and placed on a slide containing Euparal glue.In the next step, the body parts of each sample were measured and photographedby LAMBOMED iVu 7000 light microscope equipped with a camera. Subsequently, various parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator software.The results of the morphological examinations confirmed the new record of the species G. anodon (the only Gammarus species in the Yuan wetland) based on the diagnostic characteristics of the species using the identification key of this genus. The distinguishing features of this species include the presence of a keel on the dorsal-median surface of urosomites1-3, the presence of small spines on the dorsal surface of pereonites 6-7, and relatively large black eyes. In addition, the investigations showed that intrapopulation variations are minor. Ecological data analysis also revealed that members of this species are found in environments with high water hardness, alkaline conditions, and high oxygen levels. Key words:G. anodon, morphological characters, Yuan wetland, Kermanshah Province.   

  Reproduction is one of the most importante events in an organism lifetime in which the survival and the transfer of genetic pool depend on it. The succsessful maturation of the oocyte is the beging point of this complex process that includes nucleus and cytoplasm maturation. In vitro maturation is an artificial process and aimes to start the oocyte internal mechanisms for completion of maturation in vitro. The essentials for starting, continuing and the completion of oocyte maturation is the availability of energy. This energy is provided by mitochondria and also calcium homeostasis that plays an important role in maturation is controlled by mitochondria as well, but during in vitro culture the gathering of oxidative stress becomes an obsticle for maturation and reduces the oocyte maturation rate. Empagliflozin is an antidiabatic drug with antioxidant properties that through different ways such as improving the energy metabolism, activating the AMPK signaling pathway which is an important signaling pathway in starting the oocyte maturation process, preventing damage to mitochondria, improving calcim homeostasis and providing energy, aides oocyte maturation in vitro. In this research we separated the NMRI 6-8 weeks mice with 27 gage syringe and put the oocytes in 25 microlitter MEM alpha media culture with 50 nanomole, 100 nanomole, 10 micromole and 1 micromole of Empagliflozin doses and incubated them for 24 and 48 houre in an 37 degree, 5% CO2 incubator. After 24 and 48 houre of incubation, we investigated the oocytes under an inver microscope. In order to investigate the results we used Chi-square test. The percentage of maturation in controle group, 50 nanomole, 100 nanomole, 10 micromole and 1 mictomole after 24 houre were 26/70, 38/54, 27/33, 31/34 and 29/05 respectively, and 50 nanomole had meaningful difference in comparison to controle group (P?0.05). After 48 h of incubation the results were 44/50, 59/37, 48/66, 46/26 and 37/16 respectively which 50 nanomole had meaningful difference in comparison to controle group (P?0.05). Our findings in this research show that Empagliflozin is an effective element in oocyte in vitro maturation and it could affect oocytes in order to achive MII phase dose depending, and it could be used as a suppliment in oocyte culture media. Key words: in vitro maturation, empagliflozin, oocyte, mouce

  Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder that is mainly caused by overweight and obesity accumulating inflammatory factors in adipose tissue. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of exercise and vitamin D supplementation in the prevention, control, and treatment of diabetes. While decreased physical activity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with obesity, blood glucose level, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation on the expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, UCP-1, and PTP1B genes in the visceral fat tissue of obese rats with type 2 diabetes.Research Method: In this experimental study, fifty 4 to 5 weeks old Wistar male rats, weighing 180 to 210 grams, were randomly selected after screening among 55 rats. First, rats were randomly divided into a healthy food group (n=10) and a high-fat diet (n=40); After 2 weeks of weight gain in the high-fat diet group, intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) was injected; After confirming diabetes in high-fat diet group the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 in each group): aerobic training + vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D), aerobic training (AT), vitamin D supplementation (vitamin D), control (C). Then, the rats of the AT and AT+Vit D groups performed an 8-week aerobic training 5 days a week. Vitamin D and AT+Vit D groups received 5000 international units of vitamin D once a week by injection. While sesame oil was injected instead in AT and C groups. Forty-eight hours after the last session of aerobic training and after a night of fasting, blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin levels and for AMPK, PGC-1a, PTP1B, and UCP-1 gene expression, the visceral fat samples were collected by dissection. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05 using    version 26 software.Results: Based on our results, BW, BMI, FI, visceral fat, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR were significantly lower in the AT+Vit D, AT and Vit D groups compared to the C group (P<0.001); While the healthy control and diabetic control groups showed a significant increase in BW, BMI, and FI. Based on these results, after 8 weeks of intervention, there was a significant difference in BW, BMI, and FI between all five grou   with the AT+Vit D group showing the greatest decrease in BW, BMI, and FI compared to other groups. Also, the research findings showed that after 8 weeks, AT+Vit D significantly improved the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, UCP-1, and PTP1B in the white fat tissue of type 2 diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Although a significant improvement was observed in the aforementioned variables in the AT and Vit D alone, compared to the control group. In the AT+Vit D, the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1?, and UCP-1 was significantly higher and the expression of PTP1B genes was significantly lower than in AT or Vit D groups. Also, the results of this study showed a significant difference between the AT and Vit D groups in the mentioned variables. In addition, after eight weeks of intervention, the serum irisin, and vitamin D levels increased significantly in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D grou   However, serum irisin and vitamin D levels were decreased in the diabetic control group.

   The study of reptiles in Iran has attracted the attention of zoologists due to the abundance and diversity of species. Although these studies have not fully covered all regions of Iran. By correctly knowing the species present in a region and the inter-species and trans-species relationships, one can obtain part of the necessary preparation to deal with environmental damage and use different resources in a more favorable way. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the fauna of reptiles in the southern cities of Ilam province. In this research, sampling of reptiles was done in several stations in the south of Ilam province in the spring and summer of 1400. The research factors included the appearance characteristics, habitat, behavior and day or night activity of the species as well as the collection method. Our field research has identified 19 species of reptiles including 10 species of lizards Laudakia nupta, Trapelus lessonae, Eublepharis angrainyu, Hemidactylus persicus, Ophisops elegans, Saara loricata, Trachylepis aurata, Varanus griseus, Cyrtopodion scabrum, Asaccus Elisae, 8 species of snakes Pseudocerastes urarachnoides, Platyceps rhodorachis, Macrovipera lebetina, Eryx jaculus, Spalerosophis diadema, Platyceps najadom, Natrix tessellata, Dolichophis jugularis and 1 species of turtle Mauremys caspica were found in the study areas.

Abstract Diabetes is a multifactorial, chronic and progressive metabolic disorder characterized by chronic elevation of blood sugar caused by defects in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a drug used to reduce pain, fever or inflammation. Aspirin is used long-term to help prevent more heart attacks, ischemic strokes, and blood clots in people at risk. Due to the fact that no study has been conducted on the effect of aspirin on diabetes and its related pathways, the present study aims to investigate the effect of aspirin on the expression of genes involved in the development of pancreatic beta cells and the regulation of transmission. Glucose was measured in pancreatic and liver tissues of alloxan-induced diabetes rats. The present study was conducted on 24 adult male Wistar rats. These animals were divided into 3 groups of 8 including control (non-diabetic), alloxan-treated diabetic rats, and aspirin-treated diabetic rats. In order to investigate the effect of aspirin, changes in weight, blood sugar and expression of candidate genes including Ins1/2, Insr, Glut1, Glut2, Pdx1, and Tnfa were performed in liver and pancreas. The results of the present study showed that the administration of aspirin caused a decrease in blood sugar and weight in the treatment groups compared to the diabetic group. In addition, the relative expression of genes in the liver tissue has decreased in the comparison of the group receiving aspirin and the diabetic group, and this decrease in expression has occurred in a significant way in all genes. In the pancreatic tissue, comparing the diabetic group with the aspirin receiving group, the expression changes related to Pdx1and Ins1/2 are increased and the changes shown are significant. Also, the expression changes related to Insr and Tnfa decreased, although the decrease shown is not significant. In general, it was shown that the administration of aspirin can have an effect on various cell pathways and signaling involved in diabetes, in addition to affecting weight and blood sugar. In fact, the administration of aspirin has increased insulin expression by reducing inflammatory factors and positive effects on pancreatic tissue. Also, the administration of aspirin reduced insulin resistance caused by the Insr gene and modulated the expression of Glut genes. Key words: diabetes, aspirin, gene expression, pancreas, liver   

The increasing progress of knowledge in the field of cancer has increased the survival rate of cancer patients during the past decades. In this way, different drugs have been proposed for these treatments, which have almost the same mechanism of action. According to the use of these drugs Infertility caused by the action of these drugs, which is considered one of the side effects of these drugs, has caused many concerns in these patients, and the research about this has received attention in the last few years, because people who have These drugs are treated, they lose their strength and fertility in many cases, and these drugs have caused many concerns about the continuation of the generation of these people. This has been done, it is reviewed and reviewed, and a review of the mechanism of action and how these drugs function and the chemical structure on the tissue, cellular and molecular characteristics of the reproductive system in humans and other mammals is done..

Rapidpopulation growth in the 21st century will lead to reduced access to food and,consequently, increased demand for protein. Scientists have suggested insectsas alternatives to animals because of their high nutritional value, highreproductive ability, low greenhouse gas emissions, and animal protein source. Tenebriomolitor species is a suitable option for industrial cultivation due to itsrelative ease of breeding. This insect has complete metamorphosis, i.e. fourstages: egg, larva (mealworm), pupa and adult. Mealworm has a high nutritionalvalue and is used for feeding farmed animals. This study examined the effect ofseven types of diets including 400 grams (gr) of wheat bran flour as a controltreatment (W), 200 + 200 gr of barley and wheat flour (A), 100 +300 gr ofbarley and wheat flour (B), 200 + 200 gr of chickpea and wheat flour (C), 100 +300 gr of chickpea and wheat flour (D), 200 + 200 gr of corn and wheat flour(E), 100 + 300 g of corn and wheat flour (F) on physiological parameters، nutritionalvalue and growth rate of larval body length and weight of T. molitorlarvae.   The effect of the mentionedseven treatments with five temperature treatments of 22, 25, 28, 31 and 34Celsius degrees on biological and reproductive parameters of T. molitor,life table, absence of fruit in insect breeding and cannibalism behavior havebeen investigated. The highest and lowest average length of body were recordedin W and A treatments and weight in W and D treatments, respectively. The lifetable was designed and the shape of the survival curve in different treatments wasconvex. The effect of the nutritional factor and the absence of fruit in thediet on the biological and reproductive parameters of T. molitor

چكيدهمقدمه:واژينيتيك بيماري التهابي همراه با خارش، سوزش، بو و ترشحات غير طبيعي واژن بوده كه همراه با عواقبي مانند عفونت هاي دستگاه ادراري، زايمان زودرس، بيماري التهابي لگن و ناباروري است.استرپتوكوكوس آگالاكتيه يا استرپتوكوك گروهB(GBS)يك پاتوژن انسانيبوده كه از واژن زنان بالغ جدا شده است. اين باكتري ها دارايتوانايي بالقوه­اي برايايجاد بيوفيلمبوده كه وضعيتمزمن و پايداري از بيماريبه وجود مي­آورد. آمپي سيلينيا پني سيلين، آنتي بيوتيك هاي خط اول، براي درمان عفونت ناشي ازGBSهستند.مطالعات متعددي مقاومت GBS را نسبت به اين آنتي بيوتيك ها نشان داده است. بنابراين،استفاده از عوامل ضد باكترياييجايگزين مانندنانوذرات مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.در ميانانواع مختلف نانومواد، نقره به دليل خواص استثنايي خود يكي از پركاربردترين محصولات بوده است. باتوجه به كاربرد گسترده اين مواد، نگراني هاي بسياري در زمينه سميت آن­ها وجود دارد. به منظور محافظت در برابر اثرات سمي نانوذرات از ويتامين سي به عنوان يك ماده آنتي اكسيدان استفاده شد. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي اثرات ضد باكتريايي و ضد بيوفيلمينانوذرات نقرهعليه GBS، بررسي ميزان سميت سلولي اين نانوذرات، ارزيابي اثر محافظتي ويتامين سي بر نانوذرات نقره و بررسي تاثير مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي در درمان عفونت واژن ايجاد شده در موش است.روش­ها: مدل عفونت واژن ناشي از باكتري GBS از طريق تلقيح داخل واژنيCFU/ml108×1باكتري در موش هاي ماده و بالغ نژاد NMRI ايجاد شد. در اين مطالعه از مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي براي درمان عفونت واژن استفاده شد. تعداد 70 موش به طور تصادفي در 10 گروه مجزا (7 موش در هر گروه) تقسيم بندي شدند: كنترل، ويتامين سي (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي سالمي كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند)، عفونت (موش هاي آلوده با GBS)، عفونت و ويتامين سي (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، عفونت و نانوذرات (موش هاي عفوني كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، عفونت و آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي عفوني كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، عفونت و ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند). قبل از انجام آزمايش در موش ها ابتدا اثرات ضدميكروبي و سميت نانوذرات نقره سنجيده شد. در اين مطالعه فعاليت ضد باكتريايينانوذرات نقره با روش حداقل غلظت بازدارنده (MIC) و حداقل غلظت مهاري بيوفيلم (MBIC) برايGBS تعيين شد.ميزان سميت نانوذرات نقره با استفاده از روش MTT سنجيده شد و اثر حفاظتي ويتامين سي عليه اين سميت مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. نانوذرات نقره به صورت تلقيح داخل واژني در غلظت 512 پي پي ام وويتامين سيبه صورت تزريق داخل صفاقي در دوز 250 ميلي گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن بدن موشيك بار در روز به مدت دو هفته صورت گرفت. در طي دوره آزمايش به منظور بررسي روند درمان عفونت واژن در موش، تعيين بار ميكروبي و چرخه استروس موش ها طي درمان مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. در پايان آزمايش نمونه خون موش ها و مقاطع بافتي واژن جداسازي و مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت.

The genus Niphargus Schi?dte 1847 (Amphipoda: Niphargidae) is the largest genus of freshwater amphipods that distributed in the Western Palearctic. Most of the species inhabit subterranean waters and constitute a substantial part of groundwater biodiversity. Sofar, more than 20 species of Niphargus genus described from Iran that most of these are endemic. In this study, morphological and molecular diversity of subterranean amphipods of genus Niphargus in central and southern parts of Ardebil province was investigated. Four populations from more than 70 stations were collected. To study the morphology of the specimens, different parts of the specimen were measured and photographed with an optical microscope equipped with a camera. Morphological characters were drawn using adobe illustrator software. More than 150 morphological traits and about 90 morphometric traits were investigated in each sample. To study molecular data, we analyzed nuclear molecular marker, such as 28S rDNA. The analyses of Bayesian tree suggested new populations are placed N. daniali in one clade. Finally, the results confirmed the presence of two new species of Niphargus genus in this region.   

Abstract In this study, from families, Agamidae، Lacertidae، Scincidae، Geckonidae, species of Laudakia nupta،Lacerta media، Hermites auratua، Cyrtopodion scabrum، were selected to study the morphology and histology of the skin and its appendages. Samples were prepared of the Razi university Zoology Museum. The specimens were then dissected and sections of skin tissue were removed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and their femoral glands and preanal glands were removed, and after performing the tissue passage steps, the prepared slides were stained, and studied under a light microscope, findings from microscopic observations of the skin structure of the studied species showed that all species from the surface to the depth have a horny layer (keratinocyte layer), epidermis layer, dermis layer and hypodermis layer that the thickness of the epidermis layer in Laudakia nupta is more than Lacerta media، Cyrtopodion scabrum و Hermites aurata, but the dermis layer in C. scabrum is more developed and has more fat cells, the hypodermic layer develops in the femoral pores of L. media and the preanal glands and dorsal surface of C. scabrum and is rich in fat cells, on the dorsal surface of H. auratua, unlike the other three species, the melanin pigment is located in the hypodermis, and on the abdominal surface, in the hypodermic layer , there are cartilaginous plates, muscle tissue and skeletal tissue, generally, it can be concluded that the thickness of different layers of skin is related to the living environment of lizards, thus, having a thick epidermis (L. nupta) can be related to hard and dry living environment and having a thin epidermis and thick dermis (L. media and H. auratua) can be related to a mild and mountainous environment, the large number of fat cells (C. scabrum) in some species is a factor in isolating the body as well as protecting the body in the event of an impact. In this study, from families, Agamidae، Lacertidae، Scincidae، Geckonidae, species of Laudakia nupta،Lacerta media، Hermites auratua، Cyrtopodion scabrum، were selected to study the morphology and histology of the skin and its appendages. Samples were prepared of the Museum of Zoology the Razi university. The specimens were then dissected and sections of skin tissue were removed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and their femoral glands and preanal glands were removed, and after performing the tissue passage steps, the prepared slides were stained, and studied under a light microscope, findings from microscopic observations of the skin structure of the studied species showed that all species from the surface to the depth have a horny layer (keratinocyte layer), epidermis layer, dermis layer and hypodermis layer that the thickness of the epidermis layer in Laudakia nupta is more than Lacerta media، Cyrtopodion scabrum و Hermites aurata, but the dermis layer in C. scabrum is more developed and has more fat cells, the hypodermic layer develops in the femoral pores of L. media and the preanal glands and dorsal surface of C. scabrum and is rich in fat cells, on the dorsal surface of H. auratua, unlike the other three species, the melanin pigment is located in the hypodermis, and on the abdominal surface, in the hypodermic layer , there are cartilaginous plates, muscle tissue and skeletal tissue, generally, it can be concluded that the thickness of different layers of skin is related to the living environment of lizards, thus, having a thick epidermis (L. nupta) can be related to hard and dry living environment and having a thin epidermis and thick dermis (L. media and H. auratua

   House flies have cost the world dearly by transmitting more than 100 different pathogens to humans. In addition, they have been important economic pest in livestock and poultry production, which has affected the world agricultural economy by contamination livestock products and trasmitting variuos pathogens to them.As a result it forces affected communities to use pesticided extensively. Chemical control (by insecticides) is the most important method of controlling pests and vectors due to its immediate and rapid effect on the pest population and the property of controlling disease-carrying insects. Pest resistance to insecticides and residual toxins in nature poses undesirable risks. The essential oils and extracts of a number of plants have been identified and used to kill and repel insects, which due to their toxicity, systemicity, easy biodegradability and the nature of the effect on host metabolism, have the potential to manage insect and pests. In this study, the repellent and lethal effects of walnut, chamomile, yarrow and oak leaf essential oils on houseflies in natural and laboratory environments were investigated and it was found that walnut leaf essential oil used in the highest dose and time period has the highest lethality (96.6%)and to a lesser extent yarrow essential oil (80%), chamomile essential oil (56.6%) and finally the least effect belonged to oak leaf essential oil (36.6%). In the study of repellent performance of the mentioned plants on houseflies, in the highest dose of essential oil and the first time period used, the highest repellent effect (46.6%) belonged to yarrow essential oil and chamomile essential oils (30%), walnut leaves (16.6) And oak leaves (6.6%) were in the next ranks. In this study,different lethal and repellent results were obtained from different doses of each of the plant essential oils, which finally, due to their biocompatibility and minimal effects of human and animal poisoning, these essential oils can be used to kill and repel houseflies. Of course, they kill for a longer period of time than conventional chemical insecticides. I would like to note that with more accurate and continuous research, it is possible to find essential oils and plant extracts with higher lethal and repellent effects and to provide more conditions for their use in a suitable period of time. Keywords: Herbal Essential Oil, Houseflies, Insecticides, Kurdish Ethnic Medicine, Mortality, Repellency

Cyrtopodion scabrum Heyden 1827 is a lizard that is widely distributed in southwestern Asia and northern Africa. In Iran, this species is abundant in most parts of the country and is commonly known as a domestic lizard. In this study, 58 specimens of Keeled Rock Gecko were collected by hand from June 2016 to September 2017 from different stations in Iran. After photographing, the samples were fixed in 75% alcohol and identified using valid sources. 10 morphometric and meristic traits were measured from all samples. The sex of adult specimens was determined by observing the anterior pores in males and its absence in females. Independent T-test analysis was used to evaluate sexual dysfunction and PCA principal component analysis was used to examine the differences between different populations. All analyzes were performed in    v.16 software. On the other hand, skulls of C. scabrum and C. caspium were compared. The results show that according to descriptive statistics, most males are larger than females in most traits, and independent T-test analysis shows that the tail length trait is significantly larger in males than females. Populations are completely homogeneous. In terms of skull comparison, the skull length of C. caspium is larger than C. scabrum. Key words: Reptiles, Gekkonidae, Sexual dimorphism and Skull.

Lizards belong to the order Squamuta and sub-order Sauria and include the largest number of reptiles. According to the studies of Iranian plateau researchers, with 9 families and more than 148 species, it has one of the richest and most diverse collections of the lizard family in the world. . Due to its geographical conditions such as the existence of many mountains and plains, numerous rivers and temperate climate, Kurdistan province has a high diversity of animals, including a large variety of lizards. So far, little research has been done in this province on the various families of lizards. In the present study, based on desert work from September 2016 to December 2016, a number of lizards related to the family, which is one of the most diverse and abundant families of lizards in Iran with more than 15 species, from 9 stations in the cities of Kurdistan province. In particular, the city of Kamyaran was collected and in the present study, three species of the Cinedidae family including: Ablepharus pannonicus, Mabuya aurata transcaucasia, Eumeces schneiderii zarudnyi were identified in this province.  

The second leading cause of death among women of childbearing age is cancer. One of the most common treatments for cancer is chemotherapy. Some common chemotherapy drugs cross the placenta during pregnancy and cause abnormalities in the development of some organs, including the reproductive organs. Concomitant use of antioxidants with chemotherapy is possible; Reduce its negative effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of ginger extract on testicular berets in offspring born to mice that received chemotherapy during pregnancy. Thus, adult female mice were divided into four groups after mating and determining zero pregnancy. The first group: the control group did not receive any medication, the second group: received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg / kg on day 11 of pregnancy, the third group: received ginger at a dose of 10 mg / kg on days 7 to 11 of pregnancy, the fourth group: Simultaneous administration of ginger and cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg / kg on days 7 to 11 and day 11 of pregnancy, respectively. Eight weeks after the birth of male offspring and their dissection, the testis and tail of the epididymis were isolated and examined for histomorphological and sperm parameters. Histological studies showed that cyclophosphamide significantly reduced the number of Sertoli cells, primary spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids, and significantly reduced sperm count, viability, motility and increased abnormalities in sperm parameters. Sperm morphology is compared to the control group. Concomitant use of ginger extract with cyclophosphamide improves tissue and sperm parameters compared to the cyclophosphamide group, so it can be said that the use of ginger can reduce the destructive effects of cyclophosphamide in offspring of pregnant mice. Reduce chemotherapy treatment.   

Abstract Electrogastrography is a non-invasive method for recording signals of gastric control myoelectric activity. Electrogastrography has no side effects and is a painless study, so it can be used as a suitable diagnostic method especially for children. Of course, it is worth noting that for accurate diagnosis, additional information from other diagnostic methods will be useful. In this project, while receiving signals from 100 female students aged 18-16, we try to examine these signals with the help of FFT and detect the presence of tachygastria, bradygastria, dyspepsia and gastric ulcer in them. In this regard, the signals were obtained from the students in two modes, preprandial and postprandial. They were then transferred to the computer to be viewed in the graphic environment of Lab View software. After visual analysis, signals were processed and analyzed using MATLAB software. Six statistical features and two signal features were extracted for electrogastrograms. After smoothing, the signals were analyzed by Fourier transform. Finally, for >Among the subjects, 16 had tachygastria (4-9 cpm) in their preprandial electrogastrogram and 2 recorded signals at 15 cycles per minute. 21 subjects showed tachygastria in their postprandial electrogastrogram and two subjects had signals at 13 cycles per minute. 8 subjects had bradygastria (0.5-2 cpm) in their preprandial signals.This number increased in the study of postprandial signals and 16 subjects recorded signals less than 2 cycles per minute. Other subjects had signals in the normal range (2-4 cpm). Among the graphs obtained from the Naive Bayesian >   Key words: Electrogastrography, Fourier analysis, Kermanshah      

Abstract Target: Reptiles are one of the oldest species of terrestrial animals (vertebrates).Given that reproduction is a fundamental feature of all life and one of the aspects of morphological studies of reptiles is their reproductive biology، In this study, the Hemidactylus persicus species of the Gekkonidae family was selected to study the anatomy and histology of the reproductive system and the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Research methodology: To conduct this study, several trips were made to an abandoned brick kiln in Qasr-Shirin city of Kermanshah province in spring and summer, and samples of Hemidactylus persicus were collected and transferred to Razi University laboratory. After examining the appearance of the samples, their body weight and SVL were measured in each season.   The specimens were then dissected and their urogenital tract was removed from the body after examination for anatomy and position. Ovarian and testicular weight were measured and gonadosomatic index was calculated for each sex.   The samples were then fixed in formalin buffer and tissue passage steps were performed on the cut samples, which include dewatering, clarification, impregnation and dominance.   The slides were then stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the prepared slides were studied under a light microscope. Findings:The maximum weight of gonads (ovaries and testes) in Hemidactylus persicus was observed in summer. On the other hand, the average diameter of seminal vesicles and epididymal tubes in males is higher in summer than in spring. The maximum diameter of ovarian follicles is also larger in females in summer than in spring.   In summer most ovarian follicles are in Vitellogenic and Preovalatory phase and in spring in Pre-vitellogenic phase. A large egg was also seen in the oviduct in the spring.   The lumen of the seminiferous tubules of the testis and epididymis in males contain mature sperm in summer, but in the spring there are no sperm in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis.   Sex kidney (RSS) was also observed in males in both spring and summer, but in summer the average diameter of RSS tubes is larger than in spring due to sexual activity. Conclusion:In this study, the results showed that the reproductive activity of male and female specimens in summer is significantly higher than in spring and in fact the animal in spring in the pre-sexual activity phase and in summer in the sexual activity phase .   On the other hand, according to the studies of the reproductive system of this species, it can be concluded that the reproductive pattern of H. persicus is associated and depends on the ambient temperature. Keywords: Hemidactylus persicus, Gekkonidae, histology, reproductive system, seminiferous, epididymis, ovarian follicles.   

Target: Until a few years ago, the study of reptiles was not considered necessary and important, and it was important to interpret these animals as harmful, but the scientific community, due to the various roles of these animals in the lives of other living beings and human social and economic life, recently, research on reptiles It has been considered from different perspectives, especially geographical dispersion. Considering that except for morphological studies, no study has been done on the histology and reproductive cycle of Ablepharus pannonicus, in this study, this aspect of the biology of this species should be addressed. Research methodology: In this study, specimens were collected from nature around Sorkheh Dizeh village located in the west of Kermanshah province. The specimens were then transferred to Razi University Laboratory and after initial examination and recording of morphological characteristics, were described. Then their reproductive system was removed from the body and slice after tissue passage. At the end, the sections were stained and studied under a light microscope. Findings: The male has two testicles, with the right testicle positioned above the left testicle in the abdominal cavity. Each testicle is connected to a tortuous epididymis by a number of efferent ducts. Next to the epididymis is the vas deferens, which also leads to the cloaca. The lumen of each of the testicular tubes of the testis and epididymis has a large amount of free sperm in spring and summer, but in autumn almost no free sperm is seen and more evolving spermatids can be seen. In spring and summer, as a result of testicular activity and increased spermatogenesis, testicular weight and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules increase. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries and an oviduct tube. Examination of ovarian incisions in spring and early summer reveals almost all types of primitive, mature, and ready to ovulate follicles, but in autumn specimens, the ovaries are often devoid of any mature follicles and their follicles are mostly primitive Or in the pre-yolk stage. Conclusion: Given that most of the sexual activity of the animal, the activation of the gonads and ducts connected to them takes place in late spring and early summer, it seems that reproduction in this species is highly dependent on ambient temperature and the animal simultaneously with increasing ambient temperature and Following mating conditions, it reproduces. Therefore, it is concluded that the reproduction pattern in this species is seasonal and is very similar to its other family, Mabuya capensis (1994 Flemming)   .   

Western Iran in general and Ilam province in particular, have a unique geography and climatic conditions that support a rich fauna. Ilam province is more or less forested and the Zagros mountain range stretches along it, which has caused a geographical barrier and diverse climate in the province, so that in the north of the province, temperate mountainous climate and in the south, which has been the focus of our studies in this region. The weather is hot and dry. Due to the lack of detailed studies on lizards of the Lacertidae family in this region, research was conducted in most areas of Ilam province on the species of this family and their habitats. In this study, four species of Lasertidae lizards including Acanthodactylus boskianus, Apathya cappadocica, Mesalina brevirostris and Ophisops elegans were identified and collected. It was found that Ophisops elegan species is present in all habitats of the province.  

  Use of chemotherapy during pregnancy due to placental absorption causes negativeeffects and abnormalities in the development of some organs, including thereproductive system. Cyclophosphamide is one of the common chemotherapy drugs.In this study, the protective effects of ginger on the negative effects ofcyclophosphamide in infants born to mother undergoing chemotherapy in mice wereinvestigated. In this study, 30 mature male and female NMRI mice. We placed 1male and 2 female mice in a cage for mating. Mature female mice after mating andobserving vaginal pluque and determining the zero day of pregnancy were dividedinto 4 groups. 1)control group that did not received any drug. 2)ginger group thatreceived the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger at a does of 10 mg/kg body weight onthe sixth to tenth day of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection. 3)cyclophosphamidegroup which received this drug at a does of 10 mg/kg body weight on the eleventhday of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection. 4)ginger/cyclophosphamide groupwhich are simultaneously injected with cyclophosphamide at a does of 10 mg/kgbody weight on the eleventh day a pregnancy, and hydroalcoholic extract of gingerat a does of 10 mg/kg body weight on the sixth to tenth days of pregnancy receivedintraperitoneally. 60 days after birth, female infants were killed, ovaries wereprepared tissue sections and the effects of the treatment on the animal body weight,diameter and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the ovaries wereinvestigated. In the cyclophosphamide group, body weight and ovarian diameterwere reduced compared to the control group, damage in ovarian interstitial cells,fibrosis of the ovarian cortex were observed, and the number of atresia follicles wereincreased (p?0.05). In the ginger group were not significant difference in the bodyweight and ovarian diameter compared to the control group and no damage wereobserved, decrease in the number of atresia follicles and an increase in folliclegrowth were observed (p?0.05). In the ginger/cyclophosphamide group, bodyweight and ovarian diameter increased significantly compared to thecyclophosphamide group and decreased significantly compared to the control andginger groups (p?0.05). Hydroalcoholic extract of ginger seems to improve thedamage caused by cyclophosphamide on the ovaries.

AbstractThe use of chemotherapy drugs during pregnancy is often associated with adverse effects on the fetus and often causes abnormalities in the developing fetus, including the fetal reproductive system. Cyclophosphamide is a class of alkaline anti-cancer drugs. The use of this drug during pregnancy, even in the second and third trimesters, due to the passage of the placenta, can cause a variety of abnormalities in the fetus.Ginger has antioxidant properties and its concomitant use with chemotherapy drugs such as cyclophosphamide can reduce the side effects of treatment. In the present study, the protective effects of ginger on the modulation of cyclophosphamide-induced abnormalities in fetuses whose mothers received cyclophosphamide on the 11th day of pregnancy were investigated.This study was performed on pregnant mice that were divided into 4 groups.The control group received normal saline, the cyclophosphamide group received 10 mg / kg body weight of cyclophosphamide on the 11th day of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection, the ginger group received 10 mg / kg body weight of ginger hydroalcoholic extract from the sixth to the tenth day of pregnancy. They received intraperitoneal injection and finally the cyclophosphamide and ginger group, which received the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger from the sixth to the tenth day of pregnancy before receiving the drug cyclophosphamide, and on the eleventh day of pregnancy, 10 mg / kg of cyclophosphamide as an intravenous injection. They received a peritoneum.Mice were killed on the 19th day of gestation by chloroform anesthetics and their embryos were collected. After examining the apparent abnormalities, the embryos were cut on a transverse plate and the tail section of the embryos was studied. Histology was used.Ovarian diameter was measured, and the number of germ cell cysts and the percentage of oocytes in the ovary were examined.The results of macroscopic studies of the fetal body showed that in the cyclophosphamide group, the drug reduced fetal weight, reduced limb length, tail and umbilical cord, and reduced placental weight and diameter compared to the control group (p.050.05). It also induces oligodactyly in the toes, alfantiasis (edema or subcutaneous swelling with thickening of the skin caused by obstruction of lymph flow) in the frontal limb, and bleeding on the surface of the body in fetuses belonging to the cyclophosphamide group. Was controlled with the group. In the ginger cyclophosphamide group, fetal weight showed a significant increase compared to the cyclophosphamide group and the ginger group (p?0.05). Cord length in this group showed a significant difference with control, cyclophosphamide and cyclophosphamide / ginger groups (p?0.05). Placental weight in cyclophosphamide / ginger group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p?0.05). Fetal weight and tail length in the ginger group showed a significant increase compared to the control group and cyclophosphamide / ginger group (p?0.05) while there was no significant difference with the cyclophosphamide group. Cord length in this group is significantly different from cyclophosphamide / ginger group and cyclophosphamide group (p?0.05). While there is no significant difference with the control group.

   Lizards belong to the order Squamata and suborder Sauria. They make up the majority of reptiles. so far, according to researchers, 33 genera and about 147 species of lizards have been identified in Iran. Sampling has been done in Divandere region and from the villages of Aliabad, Ebrahimabad, Kalkan, Sharifabad and the mountains around Siah Zagh dam. Done. Divandere city is the center of Divandere city in Kurdistan province in western Iran. The city is surrounded on one side by the Hawazu Mountains and on the other by the Bijar Gross and Tilko areas. Divandere is a city with a mountainous climate in terms of geographical location and climate, which has cold winters and mild and mild summers and rainy springs. Large samples were first fixed by injecting 10% formalin in various parts of the body and then stored in 10% formalin. Some large specimens and all small specimens have been fixed by injecting 96% alcohol into all parts of the body. And then kept in 96% alcohol. In this study, a total of 2 families, 3 genera and 3 species of lizards were collected and identified from the study areas. Among the family Agamidae, two genera of Laudakia and Trapelus were identified. The species of Laudakia, L. caucasia and the species of Trapelus, T. lessonae were identified and collected. Genus Laudakia, of this genus, L. caucasia was identified in Divandere region and Aliabad, Ebrahimabad and Yapal villages. The genus Trapelus, of which only T.lessonae was collected and studied. The family Lacertidae was collected from this family of the genus Ophisops and the species O.elegans. The genus Ophisops, of this genus of lizards, there is only one species and has a very specific trait compared to other lizards of the family Lacertidae. Because this genus is the only genus in this family that does not have eyelids.

  Amphibians are an indicator of environmental health their population is decreasing around the world at a significant rate. The climate change, chemical pollutants, increased ultraviolet radiation, habitat changes, exotic species, and pathogens are some of the causes of amphibian decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of density, water level and predator cues factors on the growth rate, metamorphosis, survival and cannibalism in marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus. In this study, an experiment was carried out with 2 × 3 × 2 factors consisted of two levels of density (low density (n: 5) and high density (n: 25)), three levels of water level (low water level (400 cc), high water level (1400 cc) and decreasing water level (100 cc each week)) and two levels of predator (presence (as indirect) or absence of predator (Gambusia holbrooki). The results of our experiment showed the highest growth rate was observed in low-density treatment/ predator presence/high water level with 0.144 mm/day, maximum snout-vent length during metamorphosis (SVL) in low-density treatment/predator presence/low water level (17/006 mm ± 1/07), and the highest mean of head width (HW) was recorded in the low-density/predator presence/ decreasing water level (7/853 mm ± 1/755) during 201 days. Also, the highest mean age of metamorphosis in high-density of treatment/absence of predator/low water level (134/415 days ± 26/99), highest percentage of metamorphosis in low-density of treatment/ predator presence/decreasing water level (86/66% ± 23/094), highest survival rate in low-density of treatment/predator/high water level (86/666% ± 11/547), and highest overall cannibalism (head + tail + full) was recorded in the high-density of treatment/absence of predator/low water level (3/522% ± 5/994). The ANOVA results showed that density factor independently had a significant effect on SVL, HW, age and percentage of metamorphosis but had no effect on survival rate over time. The water level had no significant effect on total cannibalism percentage, metamorphosis time, metamorphosis percentage and survival percentage but had a significant effect on head width. Also, the interactive effect of three factors had no significant on SVL, head width, metamorphosis time, percentage of metamorphosis, total cannibalism percentage and survival rate.

In the present study, we investigate the herpetofauna of western part of Kermanshah province through measuring the metric and meristic characters using valid identification keys. This task lead to identifying and introduction of probable species in the part along with the distribution maps of the specimens. At first, an extensive preliminary research was done regarding the western part and its probable fauna, and then basic data and essential maps were prepared. Through successive expeditions in the study area between July 2018-September 2019, we recorded 183 specimens from 10 sampling station, and took photographs from them as well as the habitats. The specimens were fixed in ethanol 75% in the laboratory, and their metric and meristic characters were checked and measured. The families, genera and species of the specimens were identified. The species Hemidactylus persicus, Mediodactylus aspratilis, Bunapus tuberculatus, and Tenuidactylus caspius were introduced for the first time in the province. Acanthodactylus nilsoni from Dalahoo and Apathya cappadocica from Dalahoo and Sarmast, Eumeces schneideri princeps from Islam Abad, Homeil, Gilan-e-Gharb, and Dalahoo were introduced. In the present study, 21 species belonged to 19 genera and 7 families from the lizard fauna of the province were collected, as follows, and their morphological characters were studied: the family Agamidae, the subfamily Agaminae, the species Laudakia nupta and Trapelus lessonae, the subfamily Uromastycinae, the species Saara loricata, the family Gekkonidae, the species Cyrtopodiun scabrum, Tenuidactylus caspius, Mediodactylus asperatilis, Hemidactylus persicus, Microgeko helenae, Bunapus tubercuolatus, the family Lacertidae, the species Ophisops elegans, Lacerta media, Acantodactilus nilsoni, Apathya cappadocica, the family Scincidae, the species Ablepharus pannonicus, Heremites septemtniata, Heremites vittata, Eumeces schneideri princeps, the family Varanidae, the species Varanus griseus, the family Eublepharidae, the species Eublepharis angraainyu, the family Phyllodactylidae, the species Asaccus elisae and Asaccus griseonotus were recognized. To assess sexual size dimorphism in H. septemtniata, 17 metric and meristic characters were evaluated and subjected to   -22 in order to analyze statistically. Our results demonstrate a dimorphism between the genders with larger size in females.   

  The tortoise and terappin of the species Testudo graeca and Mauremys caspica are belonged to the families Testudinidae and Geomydidade, respectively. A comparative osteological study can lead to clarification of the adaptive attributes of the species. In the present study, at first we review the systematics and distribution of testudines in Iran, and then investigate their cranial and postcranial osteology in detail. The bones of the species were cleaned according to the common protocol used for preparation of bony material. The skulls of the species showed considerable differences regarding the total appearance, the figures of the bony elements and their connections. Postcranially, even though the cervical and dorsal vertebrae showed considerable differences in shape, but they are same in number in both species. However, the caudal vertebrae are different in shape and number. The sacral vertebrae in both species are same number. The shape and total appearance of the bones constituting the pectoral and pelvic girdles of both species were investigated and their differences were noted. In addition to the superficial differences of the arm, forearm, thigh and shin, the numbers and shapes of the bones constituting the hands and legs of the species are different.

   خانواده سوسماران مانيتور يا   Varanidae يكي از نه خانواده سوسمار­هاي ايران است كه تنها داراي يك جنس (مونوفايلتيك) است اما حدود   73گونه در اين جنس قرار دارد. مانيتور­ها يا بزمچه­ها بزرگترين سوسماران جهان از لحاظ جثه هستند بزمچه­ها داراي بدن كشيده، پوزه بلند، كشيده و دوكي شكل هستند و دم در آنها بلند و حدود 5/1 برابر طول بدن است، زبان بلند و دو شاخه و چشم­ها با پلك متحرك و مردمكي گرد است، بزمچه­ها روز گرد و شكارچي بوده و آرواره بسيار نيرومندي دارند از جنس وارانوس گونه­هاي الف) بزمچه بنگال (1802، Daudin) Varanus Bengalensis ب) بزمچه بياباني (1803، Daudin) Varanus griseus ج) بزمچه نسترو Varanus nesterovi )(B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015)   در ايران مشاهده شده است. مطالعه روي جمجمه سوسماران بر روي مسائل مربوط به اختلافات بين جمجمه در موجودات متنوع و منشاء آنها و علت اين اختلافات، تمركز كرده است. در ايران مطالعه جامعي در مورد اسكلت كامل سوسماران صورت نگرفته، و اين در حالي است كه اسكلت تاثير بسزايي در زندگي، حركت، شكار، تغذيه و ... دارد و محيط نيز تاثير مستقيم بر اسكلت جاندار مي گذارد. در اين مطالعه به بررسي اسكلت ( Varanus griseus (Daudin, 1803 و B?hme, Ehrlich, Milto Orlov & Scholz, 2015 Varanus nesterovi مي­پردازيم. در اين پروژه براي بررسي اسكلت، از دو روش استفاده شده است. ?. خارج كردن اجزاء اسكلتي و عكسبرداري از آن­ها. ?. استفاده از روش CTscan. نتيجه استخراج 302 قطعه استخوان ازبدن سوسمار كه 28 قطعه متصل به هم جمجمه جانور را تشكيل مي­دهد. در مرحله بعد با استفاده از تصاوير اسكن استخوان­هاي خارج شده نامگذاري و اتصالات اسكلتي شناسايي شد. مقايسه اسكلت با گونه­هاي ديگر جنس وارانوس و خانواده­هاي ديگر سوسماران انجام شد و نتيجه وجود تفاوت اندك بين گونه­اي و اختلافات چشمگير بين خانواده­ها مي­باشد كه اين اختلاف­ها ناشي از عوامل متعدد مثل جدايي تكاملي، تفاوت در نوع محيط زيست، تغذيه و رفتار جانور است.

  چكيدهبيماري هاي عصبي از جمله تومورمغزي از علل شايع مرگ و مير هستند. داروهاي توليد شده در اين زمينه رو به افزايشاست ، اما به دليل ساختار ويژه سد خوني- مغزي، انتقال دارو به مغز با مشكل مواجهاست و يكي از مهم ترين چالش هاي پيش روي درمان بيماري هاي سيستم عصبي مركزي است.علي رغم تحقيقات مختلفي كه در زمينه انتقال دارو به مغز صورت گرفته ولي هنوز روشيكه به طور مطلوب و بدون عوارض جانبي و با هزينه كمتر بر اين مشكل غلبه كند ،شناخته نشده است ، در اين ميان شناسايي تركيبي كه بتواند بدون تخريب سدخوني مغزيو   با مهار موقت و برگشت پذير ABCtra  oter   هاي سدخوني مغزي موجبافزايش تجمع درون سلولي دارو در بافت هاي مغزي شود و يا تركيبي كه بتواند با سست كردنجزئي   پروتئين هاي دخيل در اتصالات محكم به صورت موقت به انتشارپاراسلولي دارو به مغز كمك كند مي تواند باعث تسهيل انتقال دارو به مغز شود. دراين راستا مطالعات درون رايانه اي با توجه به اينكه مي تواند مسير رسيدن به هدف راهموار سازد و از بين تركيبات مختلف بهترين تركيب را جهت مطالعات تجربي معرفي كردهو ميزان آزمون و خطاهاي آزمايشات تجربي را به حداقل برساند ، بسيار سودمند است. در اين مطالعه اتصالفيتوكانابينوئيدها و شبكه پروتئيني سدخوني- مغزي كه انتقال دارو به مغز را بامحدوديت مواجه مي كنند با استفاده از روش داكينگ مولكولي مورد بررسي قرار خواهدگرفت.

  Endometriosis occurs in 6% to 10% of women of reproductiveage,1 is associated with chronic pelvic pain andinfertility, and represents a huge socioeconomic burden.2The defining feature of the condition is the presence ofendometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, typically onthe peritoneal wall3 or the surface of the ovary

  Due to the richness of the reptile fauna of the Kuhdasht and Rumshigan cities and the lack of precise bioassay studies, this research studies the maritime phonistic of this city in 1396-1397. A total of 30 specimens from different regions of the study were collected using the Margarine Wool and also using T-shaped long logs. After identification of the samples, the matrix and meristic traits of each sample were measured.

  Endometriosis occurs in 6% to 10% of women of reproductiveage,1 is associated with chronic pelvic pain andinfertility, and represents a huge socioeconomic burden.2The defining feature of the condition is the presence ofendometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, typically onthe peritoneal wall3 or the surface of the ovary

  Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in womenof reproductive age and can cause both pain and infertility.

مقدمه: مطالعه بر روي گياهان ضددرد از جمله گياهاني كه در طب سنتي به­عنوان گياهان ضددرد شناخته شده­اند مثل ميخك، سقز و سياهدانه در فيزيولوژي رفتار و درمان درد اهميت دارد.   درد دهاني- صورتي يكي از مشكلاتي است كه با صورت و دهان ارتباط دارد.   تبعات ناشي از درد دهاني- صورتي بر جنبه­هاي مختلف زندگي روزانه تأثيرگذار است. هدف: هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسي اثر روغن­هاي ميخك، سقز و سياهدانه بر درد اعصاب صورت در موش سوري نر بود. روش كار: در اين مطالعه تعداد 63 سر موش سوري آزمايشگاهي مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و حيوانات به 10 گروه كنترل، دريافت­كننده مورفين، وازلين، روغن ميخك+ وازلين، روغن سقز + وازلين، روغن سياهدانه + وازلين، روغن ميخك +روغن سياهدانه + وازلين، روغن ميخك +روغن سقز + وازلين، روغن سياهدانه + روغن سقز + وازلين و روغن ميخك +روغن سقز + روغن سياهدانه + وازلين تقسيم شدند.   در گروه مورفين، مورفين با دوز 10 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن به صورت   داخل صفاقي تزريق شد و براي تست درد، فرمالين 5/2 درصد به به حجم 10 ميكروليتر به ناحيه سمت راست لب بالاي موش تزريق شد. نتايج: داده­هاي اين پژوهش نشان داد كه روغن ميخك، روغن سقز، روغن سياهدانه (001/0    ) باعث كاهش معناداري در درد حاد مي شوند.   البته در درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز و سياهدانه(001/0    )چشم­گيرتر از روغن ميخك (05/0   (Pبود.   استفاده هم­زمان روغن ميخك و سقز اثرات متفاوتي را نشان داد به طوري كه در كاهش درد حاد اثر روغن ميخك و در كاهش درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز بارزتر بود.   استفاده هم­زمان روغن ميخك و سياهدانه تأثير معناداري در كاهش درد حاد و مزمن نشان ندادند.   و استفاده هم زمان روغن سقز و سياهدانه تأثير آن­ها در كاهش درد حاد كم­تر شد اما در كاهش درد مزمن اثر روغن سقز بارزتر بود.   و استفاده هم­زمان سه روغن با هم در درد حاد تأثير روغن ميخك و سياهدانه مشهود بود و در درد مزمن تأثير روغن سقز بيشتر نمود پيدا كرد. نتيجه گيري: نتايج اين پژوهش اثر ضد دردي و ضد التهابي فوق­العاده­ي روغن سقز در مقايسه با ساير روغن ها را در كاهش درد حاد و مزمن تأييد كرد كه اين اثر ضددردي را مي­توان به دليل بالا بودن ميزان توكوفرول در اين روغن دانست.   اين پژوهش هم­چنين تأثير فوق­العاده­ي روغن سياهدانه در كاهش درد مزمن را نيز تأييد كرد.   كلمات كليدي:   روغن ميخك، روغن سقز، روغن سياهدانه، درد اعصاب صورت، موش

  Endometriosis is a condition characterizedby endometrial tissue located outside of theuterus, most commonly on the ovary and peritoneum.It affects approximately 10% ofwomen in the United States and 20%–40% ofwomen seeking infertility evaluation

  The yellow-spotted mountain newt Neurergus derjugini is listed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation ofNature (IUCN). In spite of its conservation status and laws protecting it, thespecies continues to decline in the wild. A captive breeding program wassuccessfully established to provide information to support the species’recovery.We designed a   2 ×2 × 2 factorial experiment with two high (N = 14) and low (N = 4) densities,two levels offood (high and low) and the present and absence of spatial complexity (refugia)including (LD/LF/R), (LD/HF/R), (HD/LF/R), (HD/HF/R),(LD/LF/NR), (LD/HF/NR), (HD/LF/NR), (HD/HF/NR).The resultsof the experiment in 10 months showed that the growth, development and survivalrate in larval of N. derjugini is influenced by the amount of availablefood, so that larvae grown in high levels of food have a faster metamorphosistime (P?0.01), larger size (P?0.01) and highersurvival rate (P?0.0001) compared to reared at low levels of food. On the otherhand, the density (P?0.04) and the presence of refugia (P?0.03) showed a significanteffect on survival over time. Also, the interactive effect of these threefactors showed a significant effect on the ageof metamorphosis (P?0.05) and survival rate (P?0.04) over time. In this study, also, the level of cannibalistic behaviour (including the loss of fore and hind limbs, missing toes, tail, and gills, body damage, andwhole body consumption) was investigated. According to the results cannibalism changed as the larvaegrew, from a low level during the first five weeks, peaking from weeks 5–15,and then dropped during weeks 15–37. The results of thisstudy showed that the presence of sufficient food (P?0.002) significantly reducedthe rate of cannibalism over time but interaction it with density and refugiashowednon significant effect. Information obtained from the current experiment could improve the productivity of captive breeding facilities toensure the release of adequate numbers of individuals for reintroductionprograms.

AbstractToday,the use of pesticides in agriculture is inevitable. Pesticides produce freeradicals and can damage the reproductive system. . Therefore, antioxidants ornanoparticles can be used to improve the damage caused by pesticides.Antioxidants can slow down or prevent cell damage by neutralizing freeradicals. Cerium oxide is essential for protecting the cells against oxidativestress. In this study, the effects of cerium oxide on parameters and malathionpesticide abnormalities were investigated.Therefore, we divided adult male ratsinto 5 groups of 5 for a duration of 4 weeks. The first control group receivedno medication. The second group, malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg,a third group of serum oxide at a concentration of 55 mg / kg, a fourth groupof malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg, of cerium oxide at aconcentration of 5 mg / kg, a fifth group with a concentration of 155 mg Per kgof serum oxide at a concentration of 15 mg / kg, the sixth group was injectedwith malathion with a concentration of 155 mg / kg, of cerium oxide at aconcentration of 25 mg / kg, the seventh group was injected with malathion 155mg bicarbonated and serum oxide55 mg / kg, bw were treatedintraperitoneally. After the treatment period, all rats were sacrificed bydisplacement of the neck and the genitals were removed from their body. Theglands were used for histological studies from the stages of stabilization,dehydration, clarification, and treatment. Then 5 micrometers were cut andstained with Hematoxylin Eosin paint. Also after sperm and smear suspensionsthe slides were stained with papanicula staining. And sperm morphology werestudied.Histopathological and spermatic studiesshowed that malathionis reduce the number of sertoli cells, primaryspermatocytes, spermatylated round spleen, and in sperm parameters, spermcount, survival, motility and sperm morphological abnormalities increasecompared to the grooved control. While the results showed that cerium oxideplus malathionis improves the parameters of tissue and sperm and morphology ofmalathion. It can be said that serum oxide can reduce the negative effects ofthe use of malathion in spermatogenesis and improve the quality of sperm.Keywords:Malathion, Cerium oxide, Testis, Sperm, Mice  

  Abstract:The project is based on the distribution of Samaritan Lahtian or keiseri workshops.In order to find new habitats for this organism, in order to assess the conservation status of Lorestani salamanders, as well as providing suggestions for the conservation of the speciesin question.In the course of this work, the past research in this field and the use of previous and new researches and researches were carried out. Asked by the local staff and specialists, and the fieldwork, and information gathering from the Von Fleur district and information retrieval of the previous habitats and new habitats.In this work, changes in the annual precipitation and changes in the temperature of humidity were studied (the table and the modalities of these three very effective factors were prepared), which was carried out with the help of other ministries, such as the Meteorological Office, the Environment and Agricultural Directorate, which partly relates to a distribution in relation to distribution The general living, living habitats, mapping out the distribution of Samaritan Lorestani and species reduction during the last several years. The reasons for reducing such salamanders include: 1- Natural threats such as floods, spasms, bait-eaters, bombs and dangers. 2. Human threats such as financial abuse. -Decoration-removal of specimens from the country-Non-scientific research activities-tourists and climbers with noise pollution. And degradation of the habitat and disinfection of the detergent to the water; 3 - the lack of research projects and in particular research.In this research, 29 habitats have been identified and investigated. The area where the Samaritan is found is from the Tanghaft and continues to the -Shahzadehahmad. These areas are in the territory of Lorestan and Khuzestan.The habitats of Lorestan province include: Tafo - Dareh Gol - DoolShali - Abanbar - Nargeseh - Koolchap waterfall - Abkesh - Choobeh - Ashkab - Abliseneh - Doolnesar - Kerser - Mordestan - Vejenab and habitats of the province Khuzestan also includes: Sar gach–Dareh palangi - Kermab - Labsefid–Cheshmeh zeid- Bozorgab waterfall - Abzaleh - Absardeh-Chenare mongreh -Dehsorkhe-Shahzadehahmad–Hajibarikab – Talehzang - Koolsat.A new habitat has been identified in the village of Seven-Cheshmeh, Poldokhtar, in the Lorestan province of Chalkal, located 5 km from   Goribalmak, which, unlike the cascading habitats, has a warm and dry climate.

Neurergus derjugini

  In this study, the origin of the reptiles is reviewed, and generalizations are given about them, the families of lizards that there are in Iran are introduced then the characteristics of each are described. The focus of this review is on the Agamidae family which is a deffer family with ecological and morphological structure, more than 33   ecies and 54 genera and is one of the fourth largest reptile family in the vast areas of Australia and Asia. All of the four genera and 20   ecies of Agamidae in Iran is investigated by ecological and morphological characteristics.

Iridaceae family have important herbs, some of which are widely used by humans and many of them are distributed in rangelands and used by livestock. Since the plants have a swollen underground, they can be invaded by many diseases such as fungi, viruses and bacteria. For this reason, it is very important to identify different species of this family in Iran, especially in western Iran. Also, due to the diversity of herbaceous herbs and the importance of palynology in the dissociation of this family taxon, the study of pollen morphology with the aid of light microscopy (LM) and in particular the electron microscopy of transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) is scientifically significant. Pollen grains were studied by LM (14 species), SEM (6 species), and TEM (5 species). Pollen grains of the studied species are very large (Iris hymenospatha), large (10 species) and medium (3 species), in spherical, spherical, oval and oval forms, with maroreticulate, reticulate, barbed echinate-perforated. In addition, the species differed in terms of the sulcus surface, width of muri and the size of lumen. Using the transient electron microscope, the ectexine thickness (thickness of the tectum, foot layer thickness and length and width of the columns), different layers of the intine, and the presence or absence of the endexine, the shape and diameter of the caput of cullumella were shown in the studied specimens. The highest thickness of the tectum was (I / I 33.1-66.3) in Iris reticulata micron and the lowest was in Crocus pallasii (0-4 / 57) microns. The shape of the columns in most of the studied species was fungal and the microrelief (the surface of tectum) were smooth in all species. Endexine was absent in all studied species and only in species I. Reticulata and Gynandriris Sisyrinchium were fragmented and thin. Using the plotted chart, with the aid of LM data, it can be seen that the different studied species of each genus were next to each other and the Gynandriris genus was closely related to the Iris. So, the palynomorphological data showed a large variation in pollen grain size. In this study, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from this underlying underground part, which were identified by their morphological characteristics. Therefore, due to the importance of preserving irrigated ornamentation of iridaceae family and the use of these plants in the production of various herbal medicines, identification of pathogens and species associated with these plants is important.Keywords: Iridaceae, LM, SEM, TEM, Fusarium solani،   Rhizoctonia solani

  The Heremites vittatus is one of the lizards of the Scincidae family, which spreads beyond the Algeria, Egypt, Cyprus, Jordan, occupied Palestine, Lebanon and Turkey in the western regions of Iran. According to available information, this species is viable in terms of reproductive breeding, but, unlike lactation species, there has been no study on the structure and histology of the reproductive system of living species. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the genitourinary and histological study of urinary and digestive system, which is closely related to reproduction.The fixed lizard sample from the Zoology Museum of the Faculty of Sciences of Razi University of Kermanshah was prepared. After this step, the specimens were described and the genital and digestive system was removed from the body.Different parts of these two organs were first studied for descriptive characteristics and then they were stained with microscopic observations of stabilization, dewatering, clarification, molding, cutting and staining with H&E. The tissue cuts were ultimately studied under a light microscope.Studies on the genitourinary system showed that in the reproductive system of the female, in the direction of the ovary duct, the diameter of the duct is larger from the beginning of the oviduct to its end, and along this path, a large number of secreted cells, such as glandular cells along the digestive tract there are. Also, during kidney histology studies, in these lizards, we found a small dispersion of kidney flesh, which is evidence of low urine output in these reptiles.Histologic studies on the digestive system also showed that in the case of the esophagus, this member, unlike the mammalian mammalian organs, was implanted by one or two rows of lobed squamous cells, the stomach was mammals like a cytoplasmic single-layer epithelium Shortcodes are surrounded In the case of narrow intestines, an interesting feature observed is the presence of enterocytes with their cystic cytoplasm containing secretion vesicles. Another thing we noticed about the intestine was that it was rarely found among intestinal enterocytes of jar cells. Also in the large intestine, the size of the intestine was smaller than other species.During the study on the liver, this lizard noticed dark spots in the liver cells. Liver organs, unlike what is in the mammal, have no liver lobes and are integrated.In general, according to the results obtained from genital studies, it can be concluded that the reproductive pattern of this species is a viable laying. Also, by studying the device, it can be seen from the differences in the structure of near and far twisted tubes, as well as the glomerular network compared with other animals and how it is distributed throughout the kidneys. It also has features in the structure of its digestive tract. The equivalent is not seen in mammals.

سمينار 

  The use of pesticides in agriculture is inevitable. Given the negative effects that humans have on the fertility of those exposed to these toxins, pesticides produce free radicals and damage to the reproductive system, hence can be used to compensate for damage. Pesticide-induced antioxidants use natural antioxidants that are better and more affordable, so plant extracts containing phenolic compounds as antioxidants can be used as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs for the treatment of infertility. For this project, adult male mice with a mean age of 10 to 12 weeks of NMRI race were selected randomly and divided into 6 groups. The first group was treated with a solution of 3.65 mg / kg of cyromazine pesticide in physiologic serum. The second group was treated with a solution of 11 mg / kg of cyromazine pesticide weights. The third group was treated with cyromazine pesticide solution with a 1% concentration of Rosa Cinina extract. The fourth group was treated with a solution of the second group with a 1% concentration of seed extract of Rosa canina. The group 5 received 1% concentration of Rosa canina seed extract and group 6 without receiving. Intraperitoneal injections For 14 days, after 14 days of treatment, the mice were killed. Finally, the testes were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin to analyze the damage. The results of the experiments and the results showed that the use of cyromazine pesticides damaged the reproductive system. Mice receiving cyromazine had a significant reduction in body weight and testis weight in mice. Also, a significant decrease in pulmonary diameter, stem diameter, lumen diameter of the seminal tube, reduction of reproductive epithelium thickness, cyromazine significantly decreased in the index Important sperms such as total sperm count, survival rate of sperm, sperm motility. In this group, morphological anomalies of sperm were also observed in this group. Based on our histomorphometric analyzes, the use of Rosa canina seed extract significantly increased body weight, testicular weight, increased osteoporosis, diarrhea, gingival epithelium thickness, increase in vital vital parameters of sperm, such as total sperm count, Survival rate, sperm motility, and a significant reduction in the morphological abnormalities of sperms. There was no significant difference in the mice that received the extract of Rosa canina compared to the control group.

  AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) is currently a fast-growing clinical complication in the world.In pregnancy, Pancreatic ?-cells hyperplasia is a normal finding and this could lead to a higher fasting and postprandial insulin levels.Along with mentioned process, placental hormones release, can enhance insulin resistance especially in third trimester of pregnancy period.Gestational diabetes mellitus results when increased ?-cell function does not overcome insulin resistance in body.Diabetes can induce genital system developmental defects in fetus.The objective of our investigation was to evaluate impacts of Boric acid administation on animal model of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus and consequently its effects on testicular development in offsprings of pregnant diabetic mice.In order to carry out this research we coupled male and female mice and after pregnancy all mice were divided into four groups.Group 1(Normal control):animals which recieved normal saline. Group 2(Diabetic control):animals that recieved single intraperitoneal(i.p) injection of alloxan 200 mg/kg on the third day of pregnancy for diabetes mellitus induction. Group 3(Boric acid control(:animals were recieved boric acid 10 mg/kg three times intraperitoneally on days 6th,8th and 10th of pregnancy. Group 4(Diabetic treated with boric acid):animals were recieved intraperitoneally alloxan on third day and boric acid on days 6th,8th and 10th of pregnancy.After 60 days from birth of male mice,they were sacrificed and their testes were seperated and prepared for experimental precedures. Boric acid administation in appropriate dosage could ameliorate adverse effects of diabetes mellitus on testicular development and consequently, testes structure and function.In offspring of diabetic control animals treated with boric acid a significant increase was shown in sperm vital indices (SVIs) such as total sperms count(TSC),sperms viability(SV) and sperms motility(SM) in comparison with diabetic control offspering.A signficant decrease in sperms morphological anomalies was shown in boric acid treated diabetic mouses in comparison with diabetic control offsprings.According to our histomorphometric analysis,diabetic control offsprings in comparison with normal control offsprings showed a   significant decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and also in testicular lumen and germinal epithelium thickness.In boric acid control offsprings in comparison with normal control group offsprings there were no signifcant change showed in both sperm vital indices and histomorphometric quantities in comparison with normal control group offsprings.Diabetic control offsprings in comparison with normal control offsprings showed significant increase but a significant decrease in testes weight.In boric acid treated diabetic animals offsprings in comparison with diabetic control group offsprings showed significant increase.But boric acid treated diabetic animals offsprings showed no significant change in comparison with normal control offsprings.

    AbstractPseudocerastes Boulenger 1896 is a part of Viperidae family & Viperinae subfamily. This kind ikclude 3 species: P.fieldi, P.persicus, P.urarachnoides.In the current study new habitats of P.urarachnoides in Dehloran city in Ilam province is introduced. To introduce these new habitats, different indexes of P.urarachnoides will be considered like type of vegetation, type of bed, height of sea surface, gradient, direction and size of the floor of the tree. Vegetation of the habitat of this viper is variable & consist of types of tropical plants, annual plant & grass bushes. Of the many years old plants, more than two tree species Pistacia otlantica and Quercus are selected by P.urarachnoides. According to the studies of viper habitat the ambush bed of all samples were in chalk bed. At the beginning of work, information like date and time of sampling and coordinates of the presence point of viper (including geographical latitude and elevation and height of area recorded by GPS. To record the gradient the android application Clinometer was used. Then, using digital camera photos taken from the habitat & also samples. Non biological parameter like temperature recorded by mercury thermometer. Another part of the current study was to compare the various skeletal bone elements in adult specimens P.urarachnoides and P.pericus and different patterns between skulls of these two type studied structurally.Skull and jaw elements were identified using valid sources. Then, using a digital camera and scanner HP G4010 model, photos taken from the back, abdominal, anterior and posterior perspectives of the skulls. After that, bone elements were identified and named. The identified bony elements were measured by a digital caliper with a precision of 0.01 mm and then standardized. For standardization the size of all bony elements was divided into square bone(Quadrates) sizes & multiplied by 100. Then, the standardized numbers for each bone element were compared between the two species. Differences between the two species are anterior bone marrow end (squaremosals) in P.persicus that does not reach the sternum but in P.urarachnoides it contacts the bone. In P.persicus about 30% and in P.urarachnoides about 20% of the length of the bony loop extends to the ultrasonal bone. Bones in the back of the forehead (post frontal) 0f P.persicus touch the P.urarachnoides. The other difference that seen on the appearance of the skull’s bones was the bone of the tooth. This bone is in two species & in P.urarachnoides is thinner & has more arc than P.persicus.Keywords: ambush, habitat, Ilam province, Dehloran city, skull, P.urarachnoides, and P.persicus

  Abstract:The purpose of this study is the fauna on lizards of area southandsouwesterloresstan province by the analysis of the morphological characters and the identification keys, which its results are the identification and introduction of the species existing in this area along with the distributed map of the samples.The first primary study and research were done extensively in twoarea koohdasht and poldokhtar about fauna probably lizards, and the information and the needed maps for this project were provide.During several field works carried out during 2014-2016 a number of 66 specimens of lizards were collected from 10 stations of the study area.Pictures and slides were taken from the live specimense and the specimens were transferred to the laboratory and were fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol and then their metric and meristic features were carefully examined.Then according to these features and based on the valid identification keys, the family, genus, species and in some cases the su  ecies of each sample were identified.In addition, for each specimen, some investigations were carried out in terms of habitate, climate conditions, flora and the amount of the rainfall of this region were also studied. Moreover, different characteristics of the specimens were studied in the natural environment.The identified samples belong to 14 species and 11genusand 6 families including: laudakia nuptanupta   and Trapelus lessonae from the family Agamidae; Cyrtopodion scabrum and Hemidactyluspersicus andHemidactylusromeshkanicusandMicrogeckoehelenaefrom the family Gekkonidae; AsaccuselisaeandAsaccusgriseonotus andAsaccusgranularis from the family Phyllodactylidae; Eublepharis angramainyufrom the family Eublepharidae;Lacerta mediaand Ophisops elegans eleganse from the family Lacertidae; Ablepharus pannonicus and Trachylepisseptemtaeniatusfromthe family Scincidae   Keywords:Lorestan،Lizard،Fauna،Asaccus    

The Eremias montanus from Lasertidea family has been reported and introduced for the first time in 2001 in Siah Darreh area located in the north east of Kermanshah at a height of about 2000m. Considering that so far various biologic aspects of this species not studied, in this study the biology of reproduction and some characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract and blood of this species were studied. For the implementation of this study during the consecutive trips to the accommodation of this kind samples of lizards in the Spring, Summer,Fall with different appliances collected. After hunting and transfering the samples to the lab first their metric and meristic characteristics were measured. Consequently, using insulin syringes the blood samples were prepared from their heart. In blood samples the hematocrit parameters, number of them and their digestive system and morphology and size of the blood cells were examined. Then, the samples were described and their genital and digestive systems were outside of their body. First different parts of the two systems studied in terms of anatomic properties and then by fragmentation for microscopic observations they were took part of the stages of consolidation, dewatering, tra  arent, moulding, cutting and staining with hemotoxin aothin. Finally, the produced tissue cuts were studied and examined accurately under optical microscope. The results of these studies indicated that the maximum weight of the gonads (ovaries and testicles) can be seen in the Spring. While this parameter is associated with decreased appreciably in the fall season.

  Lizard skulls has an interesting and complicated structure that give us manyinformation. Study of skulls and particularly comparative studies in this basis about phylogenic use and >The purpose of the skull osteology is to describe the important patterns of variation in lizard skulls and also to describe the ecomorphologic convergence patterns in this taxonomy. These studies will focus on issues related to the base structures of creatures, different in skulls of various creature and their origins and the reason of these differences. Studies on reptiles and especially mammals have shown that morphology and mechanisms of masticatory organs have been adapted with their feeding and eating habits. Models of jaw system have shown that animals with different feeding ecology, have different digestive system.Clearly, vegetarians bite more tightly their food than insectivorous. ,,In this research, we have studied and compared the skulls of Laudakia, Trapelus, Pherynocephalus species, that are the main purpose of this study and first examined the structures like skull, palate, brain box, mandible and teeth of Laudakia nupta, Laudakia caucasia, Trapelus agilis, Trapelus Lessonae, Phrynocephalus persicus, Phrynocephalus scutellatus species as a representative of the mentioned species and each of the bones was described, then we compare the skull of this species. Then to determine the evolutionary status of the skull structure a study conducted comparative approach. In general we concluded that there is a meaningful different in nasal bone, quadrate bone and the angle between pterygoid bone and square bone between mentioned species.

  Abstract:Because uterus is oocytes and implantation place, position and location of fetal growth and development is important, however, due to certain conditions prone to infection and contamination this member is important. One of the most common types of reproduction infections is fungal infection. To Fungal infection say Candidisis that is created by a fungus called Candida albicans. Currently used of antibiotics to treat this infection Because of increasing drug resistance and the loss of other beneficial microorganisms, better than alternative methods such as the use of medicinal plants including medicinal plants Salvador persica be used. This plant does not have the side effects of antibiotics and its anti-fungal property has been proved conclusively. In this study, first prepare Salvador persica plant and was carried out process its extract then work of cultured Candida albicans fungus (type of pathogenic and non-pathogenic) was done in the field of the culture medium of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. And evaluate the effect different concentrations of medicinal plants Salvador persica (5, 15, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 250 mg on ml) on fungal infection type pathogenic and non-pathogenic Candida albicans. By doing several experiments in invitro culture minimum effective dose of extract on Candida albicans fungal type of pathogen 150 mg / ml determined and in non-pathogenic fungi 75 mg / ml gave a positive result and fungal growth was stopped and treated. Then in invivo culture, first was performed counting the number of fungus-based half McFarland standard using a spectrophotometer (at least one million fungi in one ml) and 8 groups of 5 mice were infected with both pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. After 48 to 72 hours after the assurance of being infected mice (with diagnostic procedures such as macroscopic properties, smear and culture smear on the field of agar) treatment of fungal infections with the plant extract Salvado persica was carried at specified intervals (every 24 hours) and out for a week. Upon completion of the treatment and recovery animal (based on visual observations) proceeded to isolate, sectioned and stained uterus tissue and finally was carried out Lahm preparation of uterine endometrium tissue. Work measurement Textural parameters of samples, such as situation nucleus, cytoplasm, glands, epithelium, etc., in three groups of infected tissue, tissues treated with the plant extract and control samples, was carried out by software dino capture. Based on results of the evaluation endometrial layer uterine tissue dose150 mg / ml of Salvador persica extract on fungi pathogen Candida albicans was effective and in fungal infection type of non-pathogenic dose in 75 mg / ml became effective.Keywords: Candida albican, Salvador persica, uterine endometrium